bims-tumhet Biomed News
on Tumor heterogeneity
Issue of 2026–07–12
three papers selected by
Sergio Marchini, Humanitas Research



  1. BMC Cancer. 2026 Jul 11.
       BACKGROUND: Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are implicated in anti-tumor immunity. However, their prognostic value in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) following neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy (NCI) remains unestablished, particularly in high-risk subgroups.
    METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed a cohort of 186 ESCC patients who underwent curative-intent surgery after NCI. TLS density, maturity, and spatial distribution were evaluated. Prognostic models were developed using LASSO and multivariable Cox regression. Spatial proteomic profiling (GeoMx DSP) and immunohistochemistry were performed to characterize TLS-associated immune landscapes in high-risk stage III patients.
    RESULTS: High overall TLS (oTLS) density and the presence of secondary follicle-like TLSs (SFTs) were independently associated with superior overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). Notably, in patients with poor pathological response, lymph node metastasis, or advanced-stage disease, those with robust TLS signatures had survival outcomes that were not significantly different from those of lower-risk patients who lacked favorable TLS features. Furthermore, TLSs in the peritumoral compartment demonstrated significant prognostic value. A TLS-incorporated nomogram and a simplified TLS-based risk-scoring system were developed, which demonstrated superior predictive accuracy over models based on traditional clinicopathological factors alone. Spatial proteomic and immunohistochemical analyses revealed that TLS-high tumors exhibited enrichment of CD38⁺ plasma cells surrounding TLSs.
    CONCLUSION: TLS characteristics are potent, independent prognostic determinants in ESCC after NCI, capable of mitigating risks associated with adverse clinicopathological features. The developed models provide practical tools for personalized risk stratification, with mechanistic insights linking TLSs to plasma cell-mediated immunity.
    Keywords:  Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; High-risk subgroups; Neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy; Prognosis; Tertiary lymphoid structure
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-026-16518-w
  2. NPJ Precis Oncol. 2026 Jul 09.
      Mesothelioma is a rare cancer with poor prognosis. Somatic mutations show prognostic value in smaller studies; however, detailed survival analysis of mutations, specific variants, and co-mutations are unknown. This study gathered one of the largest mesothelioma cohorts in North America to determine prognostic impact of treatments, tumor characteristics, and somatic mutations. Among 195 patients, 70% (n = 137) had pleural and 30% (n = 58) had peritoneal mesothelioma. NF2, TERT, and CDKN2A had worse OS in pleural mesothelioma. NF2 mutations with truncated NF2 protein (non-sense and frameshift with premature stop codon) had worse OS in pleural mesothelioma (log-rank-p < 0.001). Conversely, NF2 pathogenic mutations with loss-of-function/structural variants were not associated with OS, revealing that NF2 truncating mutations may drive NF2's prognostic impact. This is emphasized by higher mortality at 1-year (44% vs 7.7%, p = 0.044) and 18-months (69% vs 17%, p = 0.006) compared to non-truncating NF2 mutations. Overall, this study found that pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma have unique mutations with prognostic significance. Furthermore, as trials demonstrate varied results in NF2-targeted treatments, this study supports biomarker-informed strategies to guide trial enrollment and development of targeted-therapies.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41698-026-01495-x
  3. N Engl J Med. 2026 Jul 09. 395(2): 151-161
    ELEVATE Study Group
       BACKGROUND: Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitors have emerged as promising agents for patients with resectable ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Whether ensartinib, a second-generation ALK inhibitor, is safe and effective in such patients is unknown.
    METHODS: In this phase 3, double-blind, randomized trial involving patients with completely resected, ALK-positive stage IB to IIIB NSCLC after adjuvant chemotherapy, we randomly assigned patients in a 1:1 ratio to receive ensartinib at a dose of 225 mg once daily or placebo for 24 months. The primary end point was disease-free survival in patients with stage II to IIIB NSCLC. The key secondary end point was disease-free survival in the overall patient population.
    RESULTS: A total of 274 patients were randomly assigned to receive ensartinib or placebo (137 patients in each group). At 24 months, the percentage of patients with stage II to IIIB disease who were alive and disease-free was 86.4% in the ensartinib group and 53.5% in the placebo group (hazard ratio for disease recurrence or death, 0.20; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.11 to 0.38; P<0.001). In the overall patient population, the percentage of patients who were alive and disease-free was 87.3% in the ensartinib group and 57.2% in the placebo group (hazard ratio, 0.20; 95% CI, 0.10 to 0.37; P<0.001). Overall survival data were immature. Adverse events of grade 3 or higher occurred in 35.8% of the patients who received ensartinib (most commonly rash) and in 18.2% of those who received placebo.
    CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with completely resected stage IB to IIIB ALK-positive NSCLC, the percentage of patients who were alive and disease-free at 24 months was significantly higher with ensartinib than with placebo. (Funded by Betta Pharmaceuticals; ELEVATE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT05341583.).
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2518990