J Cell Sci. 2025 May 01. pii: jcs263757. [Epub ahead of print]138(9):
Mitochondria are metabolic hubs that are essential for cellular homeostasis. Most mitochondrial proteins are translated in the cytosol and imported into the organelle. However, import machineries can become overwhelmed or disrupted by physiological demands, mitochondrial damage or diseases, such as metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders. Impaired import affects mitochondrial function and causes un-imported pre-proteins to accumulate not only in the cytosol but also in other compartments, including the endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus. Quality control pathways have evolved to mitigate the accumulation of these mistargeted proteins and prevent proteotoxicity. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we summarize the fate of un-imported mitochondrial proteins and the compartment-specific quality control pathways that regulate them.
Keywords: Mitochondrial protein import; Mitochondrial stress; Protein quality control