bims-tremyl 2022-03-13 papers

on Therapy resistance biology in myeloid leukemia

Issue of 2022–03–13
twenty-six papers selected by
Paolo Gallipoli, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London

RNAi-Mediated Screen of Primary AML Cells Nominates MDM4 as a Therapeutic Target in NK-AML with DNMT3A Mutations.
Identification of the global miR-130a targetome reveals a role for TBL1XR1 in hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal and t(8;21) AML.
Blocking UBE2N abrogates oncogenic immune signaling in acute myeloid leukemia.
Integrated Multiomic Profiling Identifies the Epigenetic Regulator PRC2 as a Therapeutic Target to Counteract Leukemia Immune Escape and Relapse.
ZNF384 fusion oncoproteins drive lineage aberrancy in acute leukemia.
In vivo anti-tumor effect of PARP inhibition in IDH1/2 mutant MDS/AML resistant to targeted inhibitors of mutant IDH1/2.
CDK7/12/13 inhibition targets an oscillating leukemia stem cell network and synergizes with venetoclax in acute myeloid leukemia.
Role of Biomarkers in FLT3 AML.
Characterization of disease-propagating stem cells responsible for myeloproliferative neoplasm-blast phase.
Inhibition of oxidized nucleotide sanitation by TH1579 and conventional chemotherapy cooperatively enhance oxidative DNA-damage and survival in AML.
Molecular heterogeneity and measurable residual disease of rare NPM1 mutations in acute myeloid leukemia: a nationwide experience from the GBMHM study group.
Erythroblast predominance without CD41/cyCD41-positive blasts predicts favorable prognosis in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemias treated with azacitidine.
Venetoclax in combination with hypomethylating agents or low dose cytarabine for relapsed and refractory acute myeloid leukemia.
Adult acute myeloid leukemia patients with NUP98 rearrangement have frequent cryptic translocations and unfavorable outcome.
Loss of IRF7 accelerates acute myeloid leukemia progression and induces VCAM1-VLA-4 mediated intracerebral invasion.
Treatment of Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia with the Targeted Alpha-Particle Nano-Generator Actinium-225-Lintuzumab.
Efficacy of Flotetuzumab in Combination with Cytarabine in Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Pediatric Acute Myeloid Leukemia.
High burden of clonal hematopoiesis in first responders exposed to the World Trade Center disaster.
Hematopoietic differentiation is characterized by a transient peak of entropy at a single-cell level.
Co-targeting of BAX and BCL-XL proteins broadly overcomes resistance to apoptosis in cancer.
Upregulation of FHL1, SPNS3, and MPZL2 predicts poor prognosis in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia patients with FLT3-ITD mutation.
A non-canonical tricarboxylic acid cycle underlies cellular identity.
The prognostic factors in acute myeloid leukaemia with double-mutated CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (CEBPAdm).
Outcomes of Allogeneic Transplantation after Hypomethylating Agents with Venetoclax in Acute Myeloid Leukemia.
Comprehensive analysis of metabolic isozyme targets in cancer.
"Randomized phase II study of azacitidine ± lenalidomide in higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia with a karyotype including Del(5q)".

Cells. 2022 Mar 02. pii: 854. [Epub ahead of print]11(5):

RNAi-Mediated Screen of Primary AML Cells Nominates MDM4 as a Therapeutic Target in NK-AML with DNMT3A Mutations.

Olga Alexandra Sidorova, Shady Sayed, Maciej Paszkowski-Rogacz, Michael Seifert, Aylin Camgöz, Ingo Roeder, Martin Bornhäuser, Christian Thiede, Frank Buchholz.

  DNA-methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) mutations belong to the most frequent genetic aberrations found in adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Recent evidence suggests that these mutations arise early in leukemogenesis, marking leukemic progenitors and stem cells, and persist through consolidation chemotherapy, providing a pool for AML relapse. Currently, there are no therapeutic approaches directed specifically against this cell population. To unravel therapeutically actionable targets in mutant DNMT3A-driven AML cells, we have performed a focused RNAi screen in a panel of 30 primary AML samples, all carrying a DNMT3A R882 mutation. As one of the strongest hits, we identified MDM4 as a gene essential for proliferation of primary DNMT3AWT/R882X AML cells. We analyzed a publicly available RNA-Seq dataset of primary normal karyotype (NK) AML samples and found a trend towards MDM4 transcript overexpression particularly in DNMT3A-mutant samples. Moreover, we found that the MDM2/4 inhibitor ALRN-6924 impairs growth of DNMT3AWT/R882X primary cells in vitro by inducing cell cycle arrest through upregulation of p53 target genes. Our results suggest that MDM4 inhibition is a potential target in NK-AML patients bearing DNMT3A R882X mutations.

Keywords:  DNMT3A; MDM4; RNAi; acute myeloid leukemia; functional screen

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11050854
Cell Rep. 2022 Mar 08. pii: S2211-1247(22)00214-5. [Epub ahead of print]38(10): 110481

Identification of the global miR-130a targetome reveals a role for TBL1XR1 in hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal and t(8;21) AML.

Gabriela Krivdova, Veronique Voisin, Erwin M Schoof, Sajid A Marhon, Alex Murison, Jessica L McLeod, Martino M Gabra, Andy G X Zeng, Stefan Aigner, Brian A Yee, Alexander A Shishkin, Eric L Van Nostrand, Karin G Hermans, Aaron C Trotman-Grant, Nathan Mbong, James A Kennedy, Olga I Gan, Elvin Wagenblast, Daniel D De Carvalho, Leonardo Salmena, Mark D Minden, Gary D Bader, Gene W Yeo, John E Dick, Eric R Lechman.

  Gene expression profiling and proteome analysis of normal and malignant hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) point to shared core stemness properties. However, discordance between mRNA and protein signatures highlights an important role for post-transcriptional regulation by microRNAs (miRNAs) in governing this critical nexus. Here, we identify miR-130a as a regulator of HSC self-renewal and differentiation. Enforced expression of miR-130a impairs B lymphoid differentiation and expands long-term HSCs. Integration of protein mass spectrometry and chimeric AGO2 crosslinking and immunoprecipitation (CLIP) identifies TBL1XR1 as a primary miR-130a target, whose loss of function phenocopies miR-130a overexpression. Moreover, we report that miR-130a is highly expressed in t(8;21) acute myeloid leukemia (AML), where it is critical for maintaining the oncogenic molecular program mediated by the AML1-ETO complex. Our study establishes that identification of the comprehensive miRNA targetome within primary cells enables discovery of genes and molecular networks underpinning stemness properties of normal and leukemic cells.

Keywords:  21) AML; AML1-ETO; TBL1XR1; acute myeloid leukemia; chimeric AGO2 eCLIP-seq; hematopoietic stem cell; microRNA; molecular network; self-renewal; stemness; t(8

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110481
Sci Transl Med. 2022 Mar 09. 14(635): eabb7695

Blocking UBE2N abrogates oncogenic immune signaling in acute myeloid leukemia.

Laura Barreyro, Avery M Sampson, Chiharu Ishikawa, Kathleen M Hueneman, Kwangmin Choi, Mario A Pujato, Somchai Chutipongtanate, Michael Wyder, Wendy D Haffey, Eric O'Brien, Mark Wunderlich, Vighnesh Ramesh, Ellen M Kolb, Cem Meydan, Yaseswini Neelamraju, Lyndsey C Bolanos, Susanne Christie, Molly A Smith, Madeline Niederkorn, Tomoya Muto, Santosh Kesari, Francine E Garrett-Bakelman, Boris Bartholdy, Britta Will, Matthew T Weirauch, James C Mulloy, Zartash Gul, Stephen Medlin, Rhett A Kovall, Ari M Melnick, John P Perentesis, Kenneth D Greis, Elmar Nurmemmedov, William L Seibel, Daniel T Starczynowski.

Dysregulation of innate immune signaling pathways is implicated in various hematologic malignancies. However, these pathways have not been systematically examined in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We report that AML hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) exhibit a high frequency of dysregulated innate immune-related and inflammatory pathways, referred to as oncogenic immune signaling states. Through gene expression analyses and functional studies in human AML cell lines and patient-derived samples, we found that the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UBE2N is required for leukemic cell function in vitro and in vivo by maintaining oncogenic immune signaling states. It is known that the enzyme function of UBE2N can be inhibited by interfering with thioester formation between ubiquitin and the active site. We performed in silico structure-based and cellular-based screens and identified two related small-molecule inhibitors UC-764864/65 that targeted UBE2N at its active site. Using these small-molecule inhibitors as chemical probes, we further revealed the therapeutic efficacy of interfering with UBE2N function. This resulted in the blocking of ubiquitination of innate immune- and inflammatory-related substrates in human AML cell lines. Inhibition of UBE2N function disrupted oncogenic immune signaling by promoting cell death of leukemic HSPCs while sparing normal HSPCs in vitro. Moreover, baseline oncogenic immune signaling states in leukemic cells derived from discrete subsets of patients with AML exhibited a selective dependency on UBE2N function in vitro and in vivo. Our study reveals that interfering with UBE2N abrogates leukemic HSPC function and underscores the dependency of AML cells on UBE2N-dependent oncogenic immune signaling states.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.abb7695
Cancer Discov. 2022 Mar 07. pii: candisc.0980.2021. [Epub ahead of print]

Integrated Multiomic Profiling Identifies the Epigenetic Regulator PRC2 as a Therapeutic Target to Counteract Leukemia Immune Escape and Relapse.

Valentina Gambacorta, Stefano Beretta, Martina Ciccimarra, Laura Zito, Kety Giannetti, Angela Andrisani, Daniela Gnani, Lucia Zanotti, Giacomo Oliveira, Matteo Giovanni Carrabba, Davide Cittaro, Ivan Merelli, Fabio Ciceri, Raffaella di Micco, Luca Vago.

Immune escape represents a major driver of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) reemergence after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT), with up to 40% of relapses prompted by non-genomic loss of HLA class II expression in leukemia cells. By integrative analysis of gene expression, DNA methylation, and chromatin accessibility in paired diagnosis/relapse primary samples and in the respective patient-derived xenografts (PDXs), we identify the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) as key epigenetic driver of this immune escape modality. We report that loss of expression of HLA class II molecules is accompanied by a PRC2-dependent reduction in chromatin accessibility. Pharmacological inhibition of PRC2 subunits rescues HLA class II expression in AML relapses in vitro and in vivo, with consequent recovery of leukemia recognition by CD4+ T cells. Our results uncover a novel link between epigenetics and leukemia immune escape, which may rapidly translate into innovative strategies to cure or prevent AML post-transplantation relapse.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-21-0980
Blood Cancer Discov. 2022 Mar 04. pii: bloodcandisc.0163.2021. [Epub ahead of print]

ZNF384 fusion oncoproteins drive lineage aberrancy in acute leukemia.

Kirsten M Dickerson, Chunxu Qu, Qingsong Gao, Ilaria Iacobucci, Zhaohui Gu, Hiroki Yoshihara, Emily A Backhaus, Yunchao Chang, Laura J Janke, Beisi Xu, Gang Wu, Evangelia K Papachristou, Clive S D'Santos, Kathryn G Roberts, Charles G Mullighan.

ZNF384-rearranged fusion oncoproteins (FO) define a subset of lineage ambiguous leukemias, but their mechanistic role in leukemogenesis and lineage ambiguity is poorly understood. Using viral expression in mouse and human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and a Ep300::Znf384 knockin mouse model, we show that ZNF384 FO promote hematopoietic expansion, myeloid lineage skewing, and self-renewal. In mouse HSPCs, concomitant lesions, such as NRASG12D, were required for fully penetrant leukemia, whereas in human HSPCs expression of ZNF384 FO drove B/myeloid leukemia, with sensitivity of a ZNF384-rearranged xenograft to FLT3 inhibition in vivo. Mechanistically, ZNF384 FO occupy a subset of predominantly intragenic/enhancer regions with increased histone 3 lysine acetylation and deregulate expression of hematopoietic stem cell transcription factors. These data define a paradigm for FO-driven lineage ambiguous leukemia, in which expression in HSPCs results in deregulation of lineage-specific genes and hematopoietic skewing, progressing to full leukemia in the context of proliferative stress.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1158/2643-3230.BCD-21-0163
Leukemia. 2022 Mar 10.

In vivo anti-tumor effect of PARP inhibition in IDH1/2 mutant MDS/AML resistant to targeted inhibitors of mutant IDH1/2.

Rana Gbyli, Yuanbin Song, Wei Liu, Yimeng Gao, Giulia Biancon, Namrata S Chandhok, Xiaman Wang, Xiaoying Fu, Amisha Patel, Ranjini Sundaram, Toma Tebaldi, Padmavathi Mamillapalli, Amer M Zeidan, Richard A Flavell, Thomas Prebet, Ranjit S Bindra, Stephanie Halene.

Treatment options for patients with relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are scarce. Recurring mutations, such as mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 and -2 (IDH1/2) are found in subsets of AML and MDS, are therapeutically targeted by mutant enzyme-specific small molecule inhibitors (IDHmi). IDH mutations induce diverse metabolic and epigenetic changes that drive malignant transformation. IDHmi alone are not curative and resistance commonly develops, underscoring the importance of alternate therapeutic options. We were first to report that IDH1/2 mutations induce a homologous recombination (HR) defect, which confers sensitivity to poly (ADP)-ribose polymerase inhibitors (PARPi). Here, we show that the PARPi olaparib is effective against primary patient-derived IDH1/2-mutant AML/ MDS xeno-grafts (PDXs). Olaparib efficiently reduced overall engraftment and leukemia-initiating cell frequency as evident in serial transplantation assays in IDH1/2-mutant but not -wildtype AML/MDS PDXs. Importantly, we show that olaparib is effective in both IDHmi-naïve and -resistant AML PDXs, critical given the high relapse and refractoriness rates to IDHmi. Our pre-clinical studies provide a strong rationale for the translation of PARP inhibition to patients with IDH1/2-mutant AML/ MDS, providing an additional line of therapy for patients who do not respond to or relapse after targeted mutant IDH inhibition.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41375-022-01536-x
EMBO Mol Med. 2022 Mar 07. e14990

CDK7/12/13 inhibition targets an oscillating leukemia stem cell network and synergizes with venetoclax in acute myeloid leukemia.

Lixiazi He, Christian Arnold, Judith Thoma, Christian Rohde, Maksim Kholmatov, Swati Garg, Cheng-Chih Hsiao, Linda Viol, Kaiqing Zhang, Rui Sun, Christina Schmidt, Maike Janssen, Tara MacRae, Karin Huber, Christian Thiede, Josée Hébert, Guy Sauvageau, Julia Spratte, Herbert Fluhr, Gabriela Aust, Carsten Müller-Tidow, Christof Niehrs, Gislene Pereira, Jörg Hamann, Motomu Tanaka, Judith B Zaugg, Caroline Pabst.

  The heterogeneous response of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) to current anti-leukemic therapies is only partially explained by mutational heterogeneity. We previously identified GPR56 as a surface marker associated with poor outcome across genetic groups, which characterizes two leukemia stem cell (LSC)-enriched compartments with different self-renewal capacities. How these compartments self-renew remained unclear. Here, we show that GPR56+ LSC compartments are promoted in a complex network involving epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) regulators besides Rho, Wnt, and Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. Unexpectedly, Wnt pathway inhibition increased the more immature, slowly cycling GPR56+ CD34+ fraction and Hh/EMT gene expression, while Wnt activation caused opposite effects. Our data suggest that the crucial role of GPR56 lies in its ability to co-activate these opposing signals, thus ensuring the constant supply of both LSC subsets. We show that CDK7 inhibitors suppress both LSC-enriched subsets in vivo and synergize with the Bcl-2 inhibitor venetoclax. Our data establish reciprocal transition between LSC compartments as a novel concept underlying the poor outcome in GPR56high AML and propose combined CDK7 and Bcl-2 inhibition as LSC-directed therapy in this disease.

Keywords:  AML; CDK7 inhibition; GPR56; leukemia stem cell; self-renewal

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.15252/emmm.202114990
Cancers (Basel). 2022 Feb 24. pii: 1164. [Epub ahead of print]14(5):

Role of Biomarkers in FLT3 AML.

Nitika, Jiao Wei, Ai-Min Hui.

  Acute myeloid leukemia is a disease characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of clonal myeloid blast cells that are incapable of maturation to leukocytes. AML is the most common leukemia in adults and remains a highly fatal disease with a five-year survival rate of 24%. More than 50% of AML patients have mutations in the FLT3 gene, rendering FLT3 an attractive target for small-molecule inhibition. Currently, there are several FLT3 inhibitors in the clinic, and others remain in clinical trials. However, these inhibitors face challenges due to lack of efficacy against several FLT3 mutants. Therefore, the identification of biomarkers is vital to stratify AML patients and target AML patient population with a particular FLT3 mutation. Additionally, there is an unmet need to identify alternative approaches to combat the resistance to FLT3 inhibitors. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the utilization of diagnostic, prognostic, predictive, and pharmacodynamic biomarkers for FLT3-mutated AML. The resistance mechanisms to various FLT3 inhibitors and alternative approaches to combat this resistance are also discussed and presented.

Keywords:  FLT3 inhibitors; FLT3-ITD; FLT3-TKD; acute myeloid leukemia; biomarkers; resistance

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14051164
JCI Insight. 2022 Mar 08. pii: e156534. [Epub ahead of print]

Characterization of disease-propagating stem cells responsible for myeloproliferative neoplasm-blast phase.

Xiaoli Wang, Raajit K Rampal, Cing Siang Hu, Joseph Tripodi, Noushin Farnoud, Bruce Petersen, Michael R Rossi, Minal Patel, Erin McGovern, Vesna Najfeld, Camelia Iancu-Rubin, Min Lu, Andrew Davis, Marina Kremyanskaya, Rona Singer Weinberg, John Mascarenhas, Ronald Hoffman.

  Chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) frequently evolve to a blast phase (BP) that is almost uniformly resistant to induction chemotherapy or hypomethylating agents. We explored the functional properties, genomic architecture, and cell of origin of MPN-BP initiating cells (IC) using a serial NSG mouse xenograft transplantation model. Transplantation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNC) from 7 of 18 patients resulted in a high degree of leukemic cell chimerism and re-created clinical characteristics of human MPN-BP. The function of MPN-BP ICs was not dependent on the presence of JAK2V617F, a driver mutation associated with the initial underlying MPN. By contrast, multiple MPN-BP IC subclones co-existed within MPN-BP MNCs characterized by different myeloid malignancy gene mutations and cytogenetic abnormalities. MPN-BP ICs in 4 patients exhibited extensive proliferative and self-renewal capacity as demonstrated by their ability to recapitulate human MPN-BP in serial recipients. These MPN-BP IC subclones underwent extensive continuous clonal competition within individual xenografts and across multiple generations and their subclonal dynamics were consistent with functional evolution of MPN-BP IC. Finally, we show that MPN-BP ICs originate from not only phenotypically identified hematopoietic stem cells but also lymphoid-myeloid progenitor cells which were each characterized by differences in MPN-BP initiating activity and self-renewal capacity.

Keywords:  Hematopoietic stem cells; Leukemias; Oncology; Stem cells

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.156534
Mol Cancer Ther. 2022 Feb 28. pii: molcanther.0185.2021. [Epub ahead of print]

Inhibition of oxidized nucleotide sanitation by TH1579 and conventional chemotherapy cooperatively enhance oxidative DNA-damage and survival in AML.

Anders Centio, Montserrat Estruch, Kristian Reckzeh, Kumar Sanjiv, Camilla Vittori, Sophia Engelhard, Ulrika Warpman Berglund, Thomas Helleday, Kim Theilgaard-Mönch.

Currently, the majority of AML patients still die of their disease due to primary resistance or relapse toward conventional ROS- and DNA damage-inducing chemotherapy regimens. Herein, we explored the therapeutic potential to enhance chemotherapy response in AML, by targeting the ROS scavenger enzyme MutT homolog 1 (MTH1, NUDT1), which protects cellular integrity through prevention of fatal chemotherapy-induced oxidative DNA damage. We demonstrate that MTH1 is a potential druggable target expressed by the majority of AML patients and the inv(16)/KITD816Y AML mouse model mimicking the genetics of AML patients exhibiting poor response to standard chemotherapy (i.e. anthracycline & cytarabine). Strikingly, combinatorial treatment of inv(16)/KITD816Y AML cells with the MTH1 inhibitor TH1579 and ROS- and DNA damage-inducing standard chemotherapy induced growth arrest and incorporated oxidized nucleotides into DNA leading to significantly increased DNA damage. Consistently, TH1579 and chemotherapy synergistically inhibited growth of clonogenic inv(16)/KITD816Y AML cells without substantially inhibiting normal clonogenic bone marrow cells. In addition, combinatorial treatment of inv(16)/KITD816Y AML mice with TH1579 and chemotherapy significantly reduced AML burden and prolonged survival compared to untreated or single treated mice. In conclusion, our study provides a rationale for future clinical studies combining standard AML chemotherapy with TH1579 to boost standard chemotherapy response in AML patients. Moreover, other cancer entities treated with ROS- and DNA damage-inducing chemo- or radiation therapies might benefit therapeutically from complementary treatment with TH1579.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-21-0185
Leukemia. 2022 Mar 07.

Molecular heterogeneity and measurable residual disease of rare NPM1 mutations in acute myeloid leukemia: a nationwide experience from the GBMHM study group.

Elise Fournier, Maël Heiblig, Christine Lespinasse, Pascale Flandrin-Gresta, Antoine Geay, Laurent Miguet, Laurene Fenwarth, Laurent Vallat, Brigitte Soubeyrand, Alice Marceau-Renaut, Adriana Plesa, Claude Preudhomme, Pierre Sujobert, Sandrine Hayette, Nicolas Duployez, Sarah Huet.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41375-022-01534-z
Int J Hematol. 2022 Mar 11.

Erythroblast predominance without CD41/cyCD41-positive blasts predicts favorable prognosis in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemias treated with azacitidine.

Akihito Matsuoka, Masaki Tanibuchi, Ieharu Yamazaki, Teruhisa Taoka.

  This study examined the prognostic impact of erythroblast predominance (EP) in 61 patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) (n = 51) or acute myeloid leukemia (n = 10) treated with azacitidine. Median age was 78 years. EP, defined as > 40% erythroblasts and M/E < 1.0, was found in 21 patients, including 9 complex karyotypes (CK). In the 24 CK of the entire cohort, 5 were hyperdiploid and 15 were monosomal karyotype with -5/5q-, and 10 had immunophenotypically CD41/cyCD41 positive blasts (cyCD41+). The complete response (CR) rate was 32.8%. Median follow-up was 14 months, and median overall survival (OS) was 17 months. Although all patients with EP achieved high CR rates (61.9%) and extended OS (28 M, P = 0.056), patients with EP and cyCD41+ blasts had shorter OS (8 M, P = 0.002). EP (HR 0.39, P = 0.009) and cyCD41+ (HR 3.49, P = 0.018) were identified as prognostic factors in multivariate analysis. All patients with cyCD41+ had hyperdiploid or CK with -5/5q-. In conclusion, we divided patients into three risk categories: high (cyCD41+), low (EP without cyCD41+), and intermediate (non-CD41+ and non-EP), and median OS in these categories was 34, 17 and 8 months, respectively (P < 0.001).

Keywords:  Azacitidine; CD41/cyCD41; Erythroblast predominance; Myelodysplastic syndromes; Prognostic analysis

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1007/s12185-022-03317-9
Leuk Lymphoma. 2022 Mar 08. 1-6

Venetoclax in combination with hypomethylating agents or low dose cytarabine for relapsed and refractory acute myeloid leukemia.

Molly E Graveno, Alison Carulli, Craig W Freyer, Brendan L Mangan, Robert Nietupski, Alison W Loren, Noelle V Frey, David L Porter, Saar I Gill, Elizabeth O Hexner, Selina M Luger, Mary Ellen Martin, Shannon R McCurdy, Alexander E Perl, Daria V Babushok, Keith W Pratz.

  Limited treatment options exist for patients with relapsed/refractory (R/R) acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Venetoclax (VEN) in combination with a hypomethylating agent (HMA) or low-dose cytarabine (LDAC) has been recently approved for treatment-naïve patients unfit for intensive induction. Limited data are available to characterize the efficacy of VEN combinations in R/R AML. We retrospectively analyzed 77 patients with a median of 1 prior therapy (range 0-5) treated with VEN combinations for R/R AML or AML secondary to myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) progressing after HMA monotherapy. The median overall survival (OS) was 13.1 months (95% CI 9.2-15.1). The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 12 months (95% CI 8.2-15.4) with a median duration of response of 8.9 months (95% CI 5.7-13.9). Overall response rate (ORR) was 68% with a composite complete response (CR) and CR with incomplete hematologic recovery (CRi) rate of 53%. VEN combination therapy is efficacious in R/R AML and further prospective studies are warranted.

Keywords:  Relapsed/refractory AML; hypomethylating agent; low-dose cytarabine; venetoclax

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1080/10428194.2022.2042688
Leuk Lymphoma. 2022 Mar 08. 1-10

Adult acute myeloid leukemia patients with NUP98 rearrangement have frequent cryptic translocations and unfavorable outcome.

Wei Xie, Philipp W Raess, Jennifer Dunlap, Cristina Magallanes Hoyos, Hongmei Li, Peng Li, Ronan Swords, Susan B Olson, Fei Yang, Tauangtham Anekpuritanang, Shimin Hu, Joanna Wiszniewska, Guang Fan, Richard D Press, Stephen R Moore.

  Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with NUP98 rearrangement (AML-NUP98) has been uncommonly reported in adults, and its incidence in our institution is ∼2.5%. There were four men and five women with a median age of 49 years, among which six cases were de novo AML and three were therapy-related. Five cases were AML with minimal differentiation or without maturation, followed by four with monocytic differentiation. NUP98 rearrangement was confirmed in all cases by FISH, and five cases showed cryptic translocations. The median overall survival (OS) was 13 months, shorter than that of AML-NPM1 (p < 0.05), and similar to that in AML-KMT2A patients in our institution. The unfavorable OS was further confirmed by comparing to AML patients in TCGA database. In conclusion, adult AML-NUP98 is associated with cryptic translocations and an unfavorable outcome. Our study suggests that incorporating the NUP98 probe into AML FISH panels are warranted to improve clinical management.

Keywords:  Acute myeloid leukemia; NUP98 rearrangement; adult; cryptic translocation

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1080/10428194.2022.2047672
Oncogene. 2022 Mar 07.

Loss of IRF7 accelerates acute myeloid leukemia progression and induces VCAM1-VLA-4 mediated intracerebral invasion.

Hao Wang, Dongyue Zhang, Xiaoxi Cui, Yibo Dai, Chenchen Wang, Wenli Feng, Xiaoqian Lv, Yifei Li, Lina Wang, Yongxin Ru, Yingchi Zhang, Qian Ren, Guoguang Zheng.

Interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) is widely studied in inflammatory models. Its effects on malignant progression have been documented mainly from the perspective of the microenvironment. However, its role in leukemia has not been established. Here we used MLL-AF9-induced acute myeloid leukemia (AML) mouse models with IRF7 knockout or overexpression and xenograft mouse models to explore the intrinsic effects of IRF7 in AML. AML-IRF7-/- mice exhibited accelerated disease progression with intracerebral invasion of AML cells. AML-IRF7-/- cells showed increased proliferation and elevated leukemia stem cell (LSC) levels. Overexpression of IRF7 in AML cells decreased cell proliferation and LSC levels. Furthermore, overexpression of transforming growth-interacting factor 1 (TGIF1) rescued the enhanced proliferation and high LSC levels caused by IRF7 deficiency. Moreover, upregulation of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1), which correlated with high LSC levels, was detected in AML-IRF7-/- cells. In addition, blocking VCAM1-very late antigen 4 (VLA-4) axis delayed disease progression and attenuated intracerebral invasion of AML cells. Therefore, our findings uncover the intrinsic effects of IRF7 in AML and provide a potential strategy to control central nervous system myeloid leukemia.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41388-022-02233-w
Clin Cancer Res. 2022 Mar 03. pii: clincanres.3712.2021. [Epub ahead of print]

Treatment of Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia with the Targeted Alpha-Particle Nano-Generator Actinium-225-Lintuzumab.

Todd L Rosenblat, Michael R McDevitt, Jorge A Carrasquillo, Neeta Pandit-Taskar, Mark G Frattini, Peter G Maslak, Jae H Park, Dan Douer, Dragan Cicic, Steven M Larson, David A Scheinberg, Joseph G Jurcic.

PURPOSE: The anti-CD33 antibody lintuzumab has modest activity against acute myeloid leukemia (AML). To increase its potency, lintuzumab was conjugated to actinium-225 (225Ac), a radionuclide yielding 4 α-particles. This first-in-human, phase I trial was conducted to determine the safety, pharmacology, and biological activity of 225Ac-lintuzumab.
PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eighteen patients (median age, 64 years; range, 45-80) with relapsed or refractory AML received a single infusion of 225Ac-lintuzumab at activities of 18.5-148 kBq/kg.
RESULTS: The maximum tolerated dose was 111 kBq/kg. Dose-limiting toxicities included myelosuppression lasting > 35 days in one patient receiving 148 kBq/kg and death from sepsis in two patients treated with 111 and 148 kBq/kg. Myelosuppression was the most common toxicity. Significant extramedullary toxicities were limited to transient grade 3 liver function abnormalities. Pharmacokinetics were determined by gamma counting serial whole blood, plasma, and urine samples at energy windows for the 225Ac daughters, francium-221 and bismuth-213. Two-phase elimination kinetics were seen with mean plasma t1/2-α and t1/2-β of 1.9 and 38 hours, respectively. Peripheral blood blasts were eliminated in 10 of 16 evaluable patients (63%) but only at doses of {greater than or equal to} 37 kBq/kg. Bone marrow blasts were reduced in 10 of 15 evaluable patients (67%), including 3 patients with marrow blasts {less than or equal to} 5% and 1 patient with a morphologic leukemia-free state.
CONCLUSIONS: Therapy for AML with the targeted α-particle generator 225Ac-lintuzumab was feasible with an acceptable safety profile. Elimination of circulating blasts or reductions in marrow blasts were observed across all dose levels.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-21-3712
J Clin Med. 2022 Feb 28. pii: 1333. [Epub ahead of print]11(5):

Efficacy of Flotetuzumab in Combination with Cytarabine in Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Pediatric Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

Sonali P Barwe, Anne Kisielewski, Ezio Bonvini, John Muth, Jan Davidson-Moncada, Edward Anders Kolb, Anilkumar Gopalakrishnapillai.

  Children with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have a poor prognosis despite the intensification of chemotherapy. Future efforts to improve outcomes should focus on more precise targeting of leukemia cells. CD123, or IL3RA, is expressed on the surface of nearly all pediatric AML samples and is a high-priority target for immunotherapy. The efficacy of an investigational dual-affinity retargeting antibody (DART) molecule (CD123 × CD3; MGD006 or flotetuzumab) was assessed in two distinct patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of pediatric AML. MGD006 simultaneously binds to CD123 on target cells and CD3 on effector T cells, thereby activating T cells and redirecting them to induce cytotoxicity in target cells. The concurrent treatment of cytarabine and MGD006 was performed to determine the effect of cytarabine on T-cell counts and MGD006 activity. Treatment with MGD006 along with an allogeneic human T-cell infusion to act as effector cells induced durable responses in both PDX models, with CD123 positivity. This effect was sustained in mice treated with a combination of MGD006 and cytarabine in the presence of T cells. MGD006 enhanced T-cell proliferation and decreased the burden of AML blasts in the peripheral blood with or without cytarabine treatment. These data demonstrate the efficacy of MGD006 in prolonging survival in pediatric AML PDX models in the presence of effector T cells and show that the inclusion of cytarabine in the treatment regimen does not interfere with MGD006 activity.

Keywords:  CD123; acute myeloid leukemia; flotetuzumab; immunotherapy; patient-derived xenograft models; pediatric leukemia

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11051333
Nat Med. 2022 Mar 07.

High burden of clonal hematopoiesis in first responders exposed to the World Trade Center disaster.

Sakshi Jasra, Orsi Giricz, Rachel Zeig-Owens, Kith Pradhan, David G Goldfarb, Angelica Barreto-Galvez, Alexander J Silver, Jiahao Chen, Srabani Sahu, Shanisha Gordon-Mitchell, Gaurav S Choudhary, Srinivas Aluri, Tushar D Bhagat, Aditi Shastri, Cosmin A Bejan, Shannon S Stockton, Travis P Spaulding, Victor Thiruthuvanathan, Hiroki Goto, Jeannine Gerhardt, Syed Hissam Haider, Arul Veerappan, Matthias Bartenstein, George Nwankwo, Ola Landgren, Michael D Weiden, Jacqueline Lekostaj, Ryan Bender, Frederick Fletcher, Lee Greenberger, Benjamin L Ebert, Ulrich Steidl, Britta Will, Anna Nolan, Advaitha Madireddy, Michael R Savona, David J Prezant, Amit Verma.

The terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center (WTC) created an unprecedented environmental exposure to aerosolized dust, gases and potential carcinogens. Clonal hematopoiesis (CH) is defined as the acquisition of somatic mutations in blood cells and is associated with smoking and exposure to genotoxic stimuli. Here we show that deep targeted sequencing of blood samples identified a significantly higher proportion of WTC-exposed first responders with CH (10%; 48 out of 481) when compared with non-WTC-exposed firefighters (6.7%; 17 out of 255; odds ratio, 3.14; 95% confidence interval, 1.64-6.03; P = 0.0006) after controlling for age, sex and race/ethnicity. The frequency of somatic mutations in WTC-exposed first responders showed an age-related increase and predominantly affected DNMT3A, TET2 and other CH-associated genes. Exposure of lymphoblastoid cells to WTC particulate matter led to dysregulation of DNA replication at common fragile sites in vitro. Moreover, mice treated with WTC particulate matter developed an increased burden of mutations in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell compartments. In summary, the high burden of CH in WTC-exposed first responders provides a rationale for enhanced screening and preventative efforts in this population.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-01708-3
BMC Biol. 2022 Mar 09. 20(1): 60

Hematopoietic differentiation is characterized by a transient peak of entropy at a single-cell level.

Charles Dussiau, Agathe Boussaroque, Mathilde Gaillard, Clotilde Bravetti, Laila Zaroili, Camille Knosp, Chloé Friedrich, Philippe Asquier, Lise Willems, Laurent Quint, Didier Bouscary, Michaela Fontenay, Thibault Espinasse, Adriana Plesa, Pierre Sujobert, Olivier Gandrillon, Olivier Kosmider.

   BACKGROUND: Mature blood cells arise from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow by a process of differentiation along one of several different lineage trajectories. This is often represented as a series of discrete steps of increasing progenitor cell commitment to a given lineage, but as for differentiation in general, whether the process is instructive or stochastic remains controversial. Here, we examine this question by analyzing single-cell transcriptomic data from human bone marrow cells, assessing cell-to-cell variability along the trajectories of hematopoietic differentiation into four different types of mature blood cells. The instructive model predicts that cells will be following the same sequence of instructions and that there will be minimal variability of gene expression between them throughout the process, while the stochastic model predicts a role for cell-to-cell variability when lineage commitments are being made.
RESULTS: Applying Shannon entropy to measure cell-to-cell variability among human hematopoietic bone marrow cells at the same stage of differentiation, we observed a transient peak of gene expression variability occurring at characteristic points in all hematopoietic differentiation pathways. Strikingly, the genes whose cell-to-cell variation of expression fluctuated the most over the course of a given differentiation trajectory are pathway-specific genes, whereas genes which showed the greatest variation of mean expression are common to all pathways. Finally, we showed that the level of cell-to-cell variation is increased in the most immature compartment of hematopoiesis in myelodysplastic syndromes.
CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that human hematopoietic differentiation could be better conceptualized as a dynamical stochastic process with a transient stage of cellular indetermination, and strongly support the stochastic view of differentiation. They also highlight the need to consider the role of stochastic gene expression in complex physiological processes and pathologies such as cancers, paving the way for possible noise-based therapies through epigenetic regulation.

Keywords:  Cell-to-cell variability; Entropy; Hematopoiesis; Myelodysplastic syndromes; Single-cell RNA-seq

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-022-01264-9
Nat Commun. 2022 Mar 07. 13(1): 1199

Co-targeting of BAX and BCL-XL proteins broadly overcomes resistance to apoptosis in cancer.

Andrea Lopez, Denis E Reyna, Nadege Gitego, Felix Kopp, Hua Zhou, Miguel A Miranda-Roman, Lars Ulrik Nordstrøm, Swathi-Rao Narayanagari, Ping Chi, Eduardo Vilar, Aristotelis Tsirigos, Evripidis Gavathiotis.

Deregulation of the BCL-2 family interaction network ensures cancer resistance to apoptosis and is a major challenge to current treatments. Cancer cells commonly evade apoptosis through upregulation of the BCL-2 anti-apoptotic proteins; however, more resistant cancers also downregulate or inactivate pro-apoptotic proteins to suppress apoptosis. Here, we find that apoptosis resistance in a diverse panel of solid and hematological malignancies is mediated by both overexpression of BCL-XL and an unprimed apoptotic state, limiting direct and indirect activation mechanisms of pro-apoptotic BAX. Both survival mechanisms can be overcome by the combination of an orally bioavailable BAX activator, BTSA1.2 with Navitoclax. The combination demonstrates synergistic efficacy in apoptosis-resistant cancer cells, xenografts, and patient-derived tumors while sparing healthy tissues. Additionally, functional assays and genomic markers are identified to predict sensitive tumors to the combination treatment. These findings advance the understanding of apoptosis resistance mechanisms and demonstrate a novel therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-28741-7
Leuk Lymphoma. 2022 Mar 06. 1-10

Upregulation of FHL1, SPNS3, and MPZL2 predicts poor prognosis in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia patients with FLT3-ITD mutation.

Nasr Eshibona, Abdulazeez Giwa, Sophia Catherine Rossouw, Junaid Gamieldien, Alan Christoffels, Hocine Bendou.

  Chromosomal translocations and gene mutations are characteristics of the genomic profile of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We aim to identify a gene signature associated with poor prognosis in AML patients with FLT3-ITD compared to AML patients with NPM1/CEBPA mutations. RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) count data were downloaded from the UCSC Xena browser. Samples were grouped by their mutation status into high and low-risk groups. Differential gene expression (DGE), machine learning (ML) and survival analyses were performed. A total of 471 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, of which 16 DEGs were used as features for the prediction of mutation status. An accuracy of 92% was obtained from the ML model. FHL1, SPNS3, and MPZL2 were found to be associated with overall survival in FLT3-ITD samples. FLT3-ITD mutation confers an indicative gene expression profile different from NPM1/CEBPA mutation, and the expression of FHL1, SPSN3, and MPZL2 can serve as prognostic indicators of unfavorable disease.

Keywords:  Acute myeloid leukemia; CEBPA; FLT3-ITD; NPM1; prognostic indicators

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1080/10428194.2022.2045594
Nature. 2022 Mar 09.

A non-canonical tricarboxylic acid cycle underlies cellular identity.

Paige K Arnold, Benjamin T Jackson, Katrina I Paras, Julia S Brunner, Madeleine L Hart, Oliver J Newsom, Sydney P Alibeckoff, Jennifer Endress, Esther Drill, Lucas B Sullivan, Lydia W S Finley.

The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is a central hub of cellular metabolism, oxidizing nutrients to generate reducing equivalents for energy production and critical metabolites for biosynthetic reactions. Despite the importance of the products of the TCA cycle for cell viability and proliferation, mammalian cells display diversity in TCA-cycle activity1,2. How this diversity is achieved, and whether it is critical for establishing cell fate, remains poorly understood. Here we identify a non-canonical TCA cycle that is required for changes in cell state. Genetic co-essentiality mapping revealed a cluster of genes that is sufficient to compose a biochemical alternative to the canonical TCA cycle, wherein mitochondrially derived citrate exported to the cytoplasm is metabolized by ATP citrate lyase, ultimately regenerating mitochondrial oxaloacetate to complete this non-canonical TCA cycle. Manipulating the expression of ATP citrate lyase or the canonical TCA-cycle enzyme aconitase 2 in mouse myoblasts and embryonic stem cells revealed that changes in the configuration of the TCA cycle accompany cell fate transitions. During exit from pluripotency, embryonic stem cells switch from canonical to non-canonical TCA-cycle metabolism. Accordingly, blocking the non-canonical TCA cycle prevents cells from exiting pluripotency. These results establish a context-dependent alternative to the traditional TCA cycle and reveal that appropriate TCA-cycle engagement is required for changes in cell state.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04475-w
Br J Haematol. 2022 Mar 10.

The prognostic factors in acute myeloid leukaemia with double-mutated CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (CEBPAdm).

Hui Wei, Chunlin Zhou, Bingcheng Liu, Dong Lin, Yan Li, Shuning Wei, Benfa Gong, Guangji Zhang, Kaiqi Liu, Xiaoyuan Gong, Qiuyun Fang, Yuntao Liu, Shaowei Qiu, Runxia Gu, Zhen Song, Jiayuan Chen, Miao Yang, Junping Zhang, Jingjing Jin, Ying Wang, Yingchang Mi, Jianxiang Wang.

  The prognostic factors to stratify acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) with double-mutated CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (CEBPAdm) into different risk groups remains to be determined. In this retrospective study, we evaluated 171 consecutive patients with newly diagnosed AML with CEBPAdm by a Cox proportional hazards regression model. In univariate analyses, colony stimulating factor 3 receptor (CSF3R) and Wilms tumour 1 (WT1) mutations were associated with poor relapse-free survival (RFS). The induction regimens including homoharringtonine (omacetaxine mepesuccinate) or intermediate-dose cytarabine was associated with favourable RFS and overall survival (OS). The induction regimen including both homoharringtonine and intermediate-dose cytarabine was associated with the most favourable RFS (3-year RFS 84.7%) and OS (3-year OS 92.8%) compared to the conventional cytarabine and daunorubicin regimen (3-year RFS 27.7%, hazard ratio [HR] 0.126, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.051-0.313, Wald p < 0.001; and 3-year OS 56.4%, HR 0.179, 95% CI 0.055-0.586, Wald p = 0.005). In multivariate analyses, the induction regimen including intermediate-dose cytarabine (HR 0.364, 95% CI 0.205-0.646, Wald p < 0.001) and CSF3R mutations (HR 2.667, 95% CI 1.276-5.572, Wald p = 0.009) were independently associated with RFS. Taken together, we found that induction regimen and CSF3R mutations were independent prognostic factors for AML with CEBPAdm.

Keywords:  CEBPA mutations; CSF3R mutations; acute myeloid leukaemia; induction; prognosis

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.18113
Am J Hematol. 2022 Mar 09.

Outcomes of Allogeneic Transplantation after Hypomethylating Agents with Venetoclax in Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

Vanessa E Kennedy, Gavin Hui, Tali Azenkot, Daria Gaut, Matthew J Wieduwilt, Caspian Oliai, Brian A Jonas, Varun Mittal, Aaron C Logan, Lori S Muffly, Gabriel N Mannis.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajh.26524
Cancer Res. 2022 Feb 28. pii: canres.CAN-21-3983-E.2021. [Epub ahead of print]

Comprehensive analysis of metabolic isozyme targets in cancer.

Michal Marczyk, Vignesh Gunasekharan, David Casadevall, Tao Qing, Julia Foldi, Raghav Sehgal, Naing Lin Shan, Kim R M Blenman, Tess A O'Meara, Sheila Umlauf, Yulia V Surovtseva, Viswanathan Muthusamy, Jesse Rinehart, Rachel J Perry, Richard Kibbey, Christos Hatzis, Lajos Pusztai.

Metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of malignant transformation, and loss of isozyme diversity (LID) contributes to this process. Isozymes are distinct proteins that catalyze the same enzymatic reaction but can have different kinetic characteristics, subcellular localization, and tissue specificity. Cancer-dominant isozymes that catalyze rate-limiting reactions in critical metabolic processes represent potential therapeutic targets. Here we examined the isozyme expression patterns of 1,319 enzymatic reactions in 14 cancer types and their matching normal tissues using TCGA mRNA expression data to identify isozymes that become cancer dominant. Of the reactions analyzed, 357 demonstrated LID in at least one cancer type. Assessment of the expression patterns in over 600 cell lines in the cancer cell line encyclopedia showed that these reactions reflect cellular changes instead of differences in tissue composition; 50% of the LID-affected isozymes showed cancer-dominant expression in the corresponding cell lines. The functional importance of the cancer-dominant isozymes was assessed in genome-wide CRISPR and RNAi loss-of-function screens: 17% were critical for cell proliferation, indicating their potential as therapeutic targets. Lists of prioritized novel metabolic targets were developed for 14 cancer types; the most broadly shared and functionally validated target was acetyl-CoA carboxylase-1 (ACC1). Small molecule inhibition of ACC reduced breast cancer viability in vitro and suppressed tumor growth in cell line- and patient-derived xenografts in vivo. Evaluation of the effects of drug treatment revealed significant metabolic and transcriptional perturbations. Overall, this systematic analysis of isozyme expression patterns elucidates an important aspect of cancer metabolic plasticity and reveals putative metabolic vulnerabilities.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-21-3983
Leukemia. 2022 Mar 11.

"Randomized phase II study of azacitidine ± lenalidomide in higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia with a karyotype including Del(5q)".

Bengt Rasmussen, Gudrun Göhring, Elsa Bernard, Lars Nilsson, Magnus Tobiasson, Martin Jädersten, Hege Garelius, Ingunn Dybedal, Kirsten Grønbaek, Elisabeth Ejerblad, Fryderyk Lorenz, Max Flogegård, Claus Werenberg Marcher, Annette Öster Fernström, Lucia Cavelier, Elli Papaemmanuil, Freja Ebeling, Astrid Olsnes Kittang, Jan Maxwell Nørgaard, Leonie Saft, Lars Möllgård, Eva Hellström-Lindberg.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41375-022-01537-w