bims-supasi 2024-08-18 papers

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2024 Aug 15. 108(1): 440

Biosynthesis of animal-free recombinant chondroitin sulfate E using a functional chondroitin sulfotransferase in E. coli.

Aditi Dey Tithi, Yuefan Song, Elena Paskaleva, Mattheos Koffas.

Chondroitin sulfate E (CS-E) is a vital sulfated glycosaminoglycan with diverse biological functions and therapeutic potential. This study marks a significant milestone by achieving the first successful microbial production of chondroitin 4-sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase (GalNAc4S-6ST) in Escherichia coli, enabling recombinant CS-E biosynthesis. Initially, we identified sulfotransferases capable of converting chondroitin sulfate A (CS-A) to CS-E, but these enzymes were non-functional when expressed in E. coli. Moreover, there is no experimentally derived three-dimensional structure available for this specific sulfotransferase in the protein databases. To overcome this challenge, we developed a 3D model of GalNAc4S-6ST using AlphaFold2 and employed PROSS stability design to identify mutations that enhance enzyme solubility and stability with different N-terminal truncations. Experimental validation of these mutations led to the identification of several functional enzymes. Among various E. coli strains tested for enzyme expression, Origami B (DE3) emerged as the most effective host. This facilitated the enzymatic conversion of CS-A to CS-E, achieving a conversion rate of over 50%, and marking the first successful biosynthesis of animal-free CS-E. These findings represent a significant advancement towards the large-scale synthesis of CS-E using cost-effective carbon sources, offering a sustainable alternative to traditional sourcing from endangered animals like sharks. KEY POINTS: • Functional expression of GalNAc4S-6ST in a simple prokaryote was accomplished. • First-time biosynthesis of animal-free chondroitin sulfate E was accomplished.

Keywords: Chondroitin; Recombinant glycosaminoglycan; Sulfotransferase

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-024-13275-3

ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci. 2024 Aug 09. 7(8): 2484-2495

Epigenetic Targeting of Heparan Sulfate 3-O- and 6-O-Sulfation in Breast Cancer Cells: Prospects for Attenuating Prothrombotic Tumor Cell Activities.

Nico Bückreiß, Marie Schulz-Fincke, Philipp König, Marco Maccarana, Toin H van Kuppevelt, Jin-Ping Li, Martin Götte, Gerd Bendas.

The deregulation of cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) is a main issue of cancer cells for increasing their malignancy. In these terms, the sulfation pattern of HS, created by an orchestrated activity of enzymes balancing a site-specific sulfation, is of key importance. These enzymes are often deregulated by epigenetic processes in cancer, e.g., being silenced by DNA hypermethylation. Here, we address this issue in human breast cancer cell lines aiming to target epigenetic processes to reactivate HS sulfation, shifting HS into an antithrombotic phenotype for which 3-O-sulfation is particularly important. Treatment of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells with nontoxic concentrations of 5-azacytidine (azacytidine) and 5-fluoro-2'-deoxycytidine (FdCyd) as DNMT inhibitors or vorinostat for targeting HDAC increased HS3-O-sulfation remarkably, as confirmed by fluorescence microscopy, by upregulating HS3-O-sulfotransferases, detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Flow cytometry and microscopic approaches confirm that upon inhibitor treatment, increased HS3-O-sulfation improves cell binding to antithrombin, leading to an antithrombotic activity. Nevertheless, only azacytidine- and vorinostat-treated cells display anticoagulative properties, represented by attenuated thrombin formation, a lower activation of human platelet aggregation, or ATP release. In contrast, FdCyd additionally upregulated tissue factor expression in both cell lines, overshadowing the anticoagulant effects of HS, leading to an overall prothrombotic phenotype. Our data provide evidence for the first time that targeting epigenetic processes in HS sulfation is a valuable means to foster anticoagulative cell properties for decreasing malignancy and metastatic potency. These data warrant further investigations to fine-tune epigenetic targeting and to search for potential biomarkers attributed to these activities.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.4c00295

Cell Mol Life Sci. 2024 Aug 14. 81(1): 350

The extracellular heparan sulfatase SULF2 limits myeloid IFNβ signaling and Th17 responses in inflammatory arthritis.

Maarten Swart, Andia N Redpath, Joy Ogbechi, Ryan Cardenas, Louise Topping, Ewoud B Compeer, Michael Goddard, Anastasios Chanalaris, Richard Williams, Daniel S Brewer, Nicola Smart, Claudia Monaco, Linda Troeberg.

Heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans are important regulators of cellular responses to soluble mediators such as chemokines, cytokines and growth factors. We profiled changes in expression of genes encoding HS core proteins, biosynthesis enzymes and modifiers during macrophage polarisation, and found that the most highly regulated gene was Sulf2, an extracellular HS 6-O-sulfatase that was markedly downregulated in response to pro-inflammatory stimuli. We then generated Sulf2+/- bone marrow chimeric mice and examined inflammatory responses in antigen-induced arthritis, as a model of rheumatoid arthritis. Resolution of inflammation was impaired in myeloid Sulf2+/- chimeras, with elevated joint swelling and increased abundance of pro-arthritic Th17 cells in synovial tissue. Transcriptomic and in vitro analyses indicated that Sulf2 deficiency increased type I interferon signaling in bone marrow-derived macrophages, leading to elevated expression of the Th17-inducing cytokine IL6. This establishes that dynamic remodeling of HS by Sulf2 limits type I interferon signaling in macrophages, and so protects against Th17-driven pathology.

Keywords: Heparan sulfate; Inflammation; Interferon; Macrophage

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-024-05333-w

J Clin Med. 2024 Jul 26. pii: 4384. [Epub ahead of print]13(15):

Impact of Serum Indoxyl Sulfate on One-Year Adverse Events in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients with Heart Failure.

Keiichiro Iwasaki, Toru Miyoshi, Chikara Urabe, Satoru Sakuragi, Yusuke Kawai, Soichiro Fuke, Masayuki Doi, Atsushi Takaishi, Takefumi Oka, Naoto Tokunaga, Hiroshi Ito.

Background/Objectives: Indoxyl sulfate, a uremic toxin, is associated with mortality and cardiovascular events in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic implications of serum indoxyl sulfate levels in patients with heart failure and CKD. Methods and Results: This was a prospective multicenter observational study. Overall, 300 patients with chronic heart failure with a previous history of hospitalization and an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 45 mL/min/1.73 m2 or less (CKD stage G3b to G5) without dialysis were analyzed. The primary outcome assessed in a time-to-event analysis from the measurement of indoxyl sulfate was a composite of all-cause death, hospitalization for heart failure, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and nonfatal stroke. Clinical events were followed-up to one year after indoxyl sulfate measurement. The median patient age was 75 years, and 57% of the patients were men. We divided the cohort into low and high indoxyl sulfate categories according to a median value of 9.63 mg/mL. The primary outcome occurred in 27 of 150 patients (18.0%) in the low indoxyl sulfate group and 27 of 150 patients (18.0%) in the high indoxyl sulfate group (hazard ratio, 1.00; 95% confidence interval, 0.58 to 1.70, p = 0.99). In the post hoc exploratory analyses, the results were consistent across age, sex, body mass index, left ventricular ejection fraction, eGFR, and N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide. Conclusions: Among heart failure patients with CKD stages G3b to 5G, serum indoxyl sulfate concentrations were not significantly associated with the subsequent occurrence of cardiovascular events.

Keywords: chronic kidney disease; heart failure; indoxyl sulfate

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13154384