bims-supasi 2023-10-29 papers

bims-supasi

Biomed News

on Sulfation pathways and signalling

Issue of 2023–10–29
ten papers selected by
Jonathan Wolf Mueller, University of Birmingham

A Review of Chondroitin Sulfate's Preparation, Properties, Functions, and Applications.
Hyaluronic Acid-Based Injective Medical Devices: In Vitro Characterization of Novel Formulations Containing Biofermentative Unsulfated Chondroitin or Extractive Sulfated One with Cyclodextrins.
Tunable Sulfated Alginate-based Hydrogel Platform with enhanced anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacity for promoting burn wound repair.
Full-thickness osteochondral defect repair using a biodegradable bilayered scaffold of porous zinc and chondroitin sulfate hydrogel.
SLC22A11 Inserts the Uremic Toxins Indoxyl Sulfate and P-Cresol Sulfate into the Plasma Membrane.
Synthesis and interaction with growth factors of sulfated oligosaccharides containing an anomeric fluorinated tail.
The Effects of Heparan Sulfate Infusion on Endothelial and Organ Injury in a Rat Pneumosepsis Model.
Non-reducing End of Heparin Tri-saccharide is a Scavenger Tool to Detoxify the Glucose Toxicity in Diabetes.
Biochemical signatures of disease severity in Multiple Sulfatase Deficiency.
Indoxyl sulfate induced frailty in patients with end-stage renal disease by disrupting the PGC-1α-FNDC5 axis.

Molecules. 2023 Oct 15. pii: 7093. [Epub ahead of print]28(20):

A Review of Chondroitin Sulfate's Preparation, Properties, Functions, and Applications.

Qingshan Shen, Yujie Guo, Kangyu Wang, Chunhui Zhang, Yanli Ma.

  Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a natural macromolecule polysaccharide that is extensively distributed in a wide variety of organisms. CS is of great interest to researchers due to its many in vitro and in vivo functions. CS production derives from a diverse number of sources, including but not limited to extraction from various animals or fish, bio-synthesis, and fermentation, and its purity and homogeneity can vary greatly. The structural diversity of CS with respect to sulfation and saccharide content endows this molecule with distinct complexity, allowing for functional modification. These multiple functions contribute to the application of CS in medicines, biomaterials, and functional foods. In this article, we discuss the preparation of CS from different sources, the structure of various forms of CS, and its binding to other relevant molecules. Moreover, for the creation of this article, the functions and applications of CS were reviewed, with an emphasis on drug discovery, hydrogel formation, delivery systems, and food supplements. We conclude that analyzing some perspectives on structural modifications and preparation methods could potentially influence future applications of CS in medical and biomaterial research.

Keywords:  chondroitin sulfate; function and application; preparation; property

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28207093
Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2023 Oct 09. pii: 1429. [Epub ahead of print]16(10):

Hyaluronic Acid-Based Injective Medical Devices: In Vitro Characterization of Novel Formulations Containing Biofermentative Unsulfated Chondroitin or Extractive Sulfated One with Cyclodextrins.

Valentina Vassallo, Celeste Di Meo, Giuseppe Toro, Alberto Alfano, Giovanni Iolascon, Chiara Schiraldi.

  Currently, chondroitin sulfate (CS) and hyaluronic acid (HA) pharma-grade forms are used for osteoarthritis (OA) management, CS as an oral formulations component, and HA as intra-articular injective medical devices. Recently, unsulfated chondroitin, obtained through biofermentative (BC) manufacturing, has been proposed for thermally stabilized injective preparation with HA. This study aimed to highlight the specific properties of two commercial injective medical devices, one based on HA/BC complexes and the other containing HA, extractive CS, and cyclodextrins, in order to provide valuable information for joint disease treatments. Their biophysical and biomechanical features were assayed; in addition, biological tests were performed on human pathological chondrocytes. Rheological measurements displayed similar behavior, with a slightly higher G' for HA/BC, which also proved superior stability to the hyaluronidase attack. Both samples reduced the expression of specific OA-related biomarkers such as NF-kB, interleukin 6 (IL-6), and metalloprotease-13 (MMP-13). Moreover, HA/BC better ensured chondrocyte phenotype maintenance by up-regulating collagen type 2A1 (COLII) and aggrecan (AGN). Notwithstanding, the similarity of biomolecule components, the manufacturing process, raw materials characteristics, and specific concentration resulted in affecting the biomechanical and, more interestingly, the biochemical properties, suggesting potential better performances of HA/BC in joint disease treatment.

Keywords:  articular cartilage; biofermentative chondroitin; human primary pathological chondrocytes; hyaluronic acid; osteoarthritis

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16101429
J Nanobiotechnology. 2023 Oct 24. 21(1): 387

Tunable Sulfated Alginate-based Hydrogel Platform with enhanced anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacity for promoting burn wound repair.

Can Huang, Lanlan Dong, Baohua Zhao, Shurun Huang, Yifei Lu, Xiaorong Zhang, Xiaohong Hu, Yong Huang, Weifeng He, Yong Xu, Wei Qian, Gaoxing Luo.

  Amidst progressive advancements in tissue engineering, there has been a significant enhancement in the efficacy of anti-inflammatory hydrogel dressings, addressing a myriad of clinical challenges on wound healing. A frequent complication during the initial stages of deep second-degree burn wound healing is the onset of an inflammatory storm, typically occurring without effective intervention. This event disrupts normal biological healing sequences, leading to undesirable regression. In response, we have customized a tunable, multidimensional anti-inflammatory hydrogel platform based on sulfated alginates (Algs), loaded with Prussian blue (PB) nanozymes. This platform competently eliminates surplus reactive oxygen species (ROS) present in the wound bed. Algs, functioning as a mimic of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (including heparin, heparan sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate) in the extracellular matrices (ECM), demonstrate a high affinity towards inflammatory chemokines such as interleukin-8 (IL-8) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1). This affinity effectively impedes the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the wound. Concurrently, Algs markedly modulate the macrophage phenotype transition from M1 to M2. Ultimately, our potent anti-inflammatory hydrogels, which strategically target inflammatory chemokines, M1 macrophages, and ROS, successfully attenuate dysregulated hyperinflammation in wound sites. Precise immunomodulation administered to deep second-degree burn wounds in mice has demonstrated promotion of neovascular maturation, granulation tissue formation, collagen deposition, and wound closure. Our biomimetic hydrogels, therefore, represent a significant expansion in the repertoire of anti-inflammatory strategies available for clinical practice.

Keywords:  Anti-inflammatory hydrogels; Chemokines; Macrophages; ROS; Wound healing

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-023-02144-2
Bioact Mater. 2024 Feb;32 400-414

Full-thickness osteochondral defect repair using a biodegradable bilayered scaffold of porous zinc and chondroitin sulfate hydrogel.

Fan Yang, Yageng Li, Lei Wang, Haodong Che, Xin Zhang, Holger Jahr, Luning Wang, Dong Jiang, Hongjie Huang, Jianquan Wang.

  The regeneration of osteochondral tissue necessitates the re-establishment of a gradient owing to the unique characteristics and healing potential of the chondral and osseous phases. As the self-healing capacity of hyaline cartilage is limited, timely mechanical support during neo-cartilage formation is crucial to achieving optimal repair efficacy. In this study, we devised a biodegradable bilayered scaffold, comprising chondroitin sulfate (CS) hydrogel to regenerate chondral tissue and a porous pure zinc (Zn) scaffold for regeneration of the underlying bone as mechanical support for the cartilage layer. The photocured CS hydrogel possessed a compressive strength of 82 kPa, while the porous pure Zn scaffold exhibited a yield strength of 11 MPa and a stiffness of 0.8 GPa. Such mechanical properties are similar to values reported for cancellous bone. In vitro biological experiments demonstrated that the bilayered scaffold displayed favorable cytocompatibility and promoted chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stem cells. Upon implantation, the scaffold facilitated the simultaneous regeneration of bone and cartilage tissue in a porcine model, resulting in (i) a smoother cartilage surface, (ii) more hyaline-like cartilage, and (iii) a superior integration into the adjacent host tissue. Our bilayered scaffold exhibits significant potential for clinical application in osteochondral regeneration.

Keywords:  Additive manufacturing; Chondroitin sulfate hydrogel; Osteochondral regeneration; Porous Zn scaffold

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.10.014
Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Oct 14. pii: 15187. [Epub ahead of print]24(20):

SLC22A11 Inserts the Uremic Toxins Indoxyl Sulfate and P-Cresol Sulfate into the Plasma Membrane.

Maurice Tust, Julian Peter Müller, Dietmar Fischer, Dirk Gründemann.

  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health concern affecting millions worldwide. One of the critical challenges in CKD is the accumulation of uremic toxins such as p-cresol sulfate (pCS) and indoxyl sulfate (IS), which contribute to systemic damage and CKD progression. Understanding the transport mechanisms of these prominent toxins is essential for developing effective treatments. Here, we investigated whether pCS and IS are routed to the plasma membrane or to the cytosol by two key transporters, SLC22A11 and OAT1. To distinguish between cytosolic transport and plasma membrane insertion, we used a hyperosmolarity assay in which the accumulation of substrates into HEK-293 cells in isotonic and hypertonic buffers was measured in parallel using LC-MS/MS. Judging from the efficiency of transport (TE), pCS is a relevant substrate of SLC22A11 at 7.8 ± 1.4 µL min-1 mg protein-1 but not as good as estrone-3-sulfate; OAT1 translocates pCS less efficiently. The TE of SLC22A11 for IS was similar to pCS. For OAT1, however, IS is an excellent substrate. With OAT1 and p-aminohippuric acid, our study revealed an influence of transporter abundance on the outcomes of the hyperosmolarity assay; very high transport activity confounded results. SLC22A11 was found to insert both pCS and IS into the plasma membrane, whereas OAT1 conveys these toxins to the cytosol. These disparate transport mechanisms bear profound ramifications for toxicity. Membrane insertion might promote membrane damage and microvesicle release. Our results underscore the imperative for detailed structural inquiries into the translocation of small molecules.

Keywords:  LC-MS; OAT1; SLC22A11; chronic kidney disease; indoxyl sulfate; membrane insertion; p-cresol sulfate; transport mechanism

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242015187
Bioorg Chem. 2023 Oct 19. pii: S0045-2068(23)00590-4. [Epub ahead of print]141 106929

Synthesis and interaction with growth factors of sulfated oligosaccharides containing an anomeric fluorinated tail.

José L de Paz, María José García-Jiménez, Vahid Jafari, Mario García-Domínguez, Pedro M Nieto.

  Compounds that mimic the biological properties of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and can be more easily prepared than the native GAG oligosaccharides are highly demanded. Here, we present the synthesis of sulfated oligosaccharides displaying a perfluorinated aliphatic tag at the reducing end as GAG mimetics. The preparation of these molecules was greatly facilitated by the presence of the fluorinated tail since the reaction intermediates were isolated by simple fluorous solid-phase extraction. Fluorescence polarization competition assays indicated that the synthesized oligosaccharides interacted with two heparin-binding growth factors, midkine (MK) and FGF-2, showing higher binding affinities than the natural oligosaccharides, and can be therefore considered as useful GAG mimetics. Moreover, NMR experiments showed that the 3D structure of these compounds is similar to that of the native sequences, in terms of sugar ring and glycosidic linkage conformations. Finally, we also demonstrated that these derivatives are able to block the MK-stimulating effect on NIH3T3 cells growth.

Keywords:  Fluorescence polarization; Fluorous tags; Glycosaminoglycans; Growth factors; Midkine; Oligosaccharides

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106929
J Clin Med. 2023 Oct 10. pii: 6438. [Epub ahead of print]12(20):

The Effects of Heparan Sulfate Infusion on Endothelial and Organ Injury in a Rat Pneumosepsis Model.

Daan P van den Brink, Derek J B Kleinveld, Annabel Bongers, Jaël Vos, Joris T H Roelofs, Nina C Weber, Jaap D van Buul, Nicole P Juffermans.

  Septic shock is characterized by endothelial dysfunction, leading to tissue edema and organ failure. Heparan sulfate (HS) is essential for vascular barrier integrity, possibly via albumin as a carrier. We hypothesized that supplementing fluid resuscitation with HS would improve endothelial barrier function, thereby reducing organ edema and injury in a rat pneumosepsis model. Following intratracheal inoculation with Streptococcus pneumoniae, Sprague Dawley rats were randomized to resuscitation with a fixed volume of either Ringer's Lactate (RL, standard of care), RL supplemented with 7 mg/kg HS, 5% human albumin, or 5% human albumin supplemented with 7 mg/kg HS (n = 11 per group). Controls were sham inoculated animals. Five hours after the start of resuscitation, animals were sacrificed. To assess endothelial permeability, 70 kD FITC-labelled dextran was administered before sacrifice. Blood samples were taken to assess markers of endothelial and organ injury. Organs were harvested to quantify pulmonary FITC-dextran leakage, organ edema, and for histology. Inoculation resulted in sepsis, with increased lactate levels, pulmonary FITC-dextran leakage, pulmonary edema, and pulmonary histologic injury scores compared to healthy controls. RL supplemented with HS did not reduce median pulmonary FITC-dextran leakage compared to RL alone (95.1 CI [62.0-105.3] vs. 87.1 CI [68.9-139.3] µg/mL, p = 0.76). Similarly, albumin supplemented with HS did not reduce pulmonary FITC-dextran leakage compared to albumin (120.0 [93.8-141.2] vs. 116.2 [61.7 vs. 160.8] µg/mL, p = 0.86). No differences were found in organ injury between groups. Heparan sulfate, as an add-on therapy to RL or albumin resuscitation, did not reduce organ or endothelial injury in a rat pneumosepsis model. Higher doses of heparan sulfate may decrease organ and endothelial injury induced by shock.

Keywords:  animal model; endothelium; heparan sulfate; resuscitation; sepsis; shock

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12206438
J Cell Immunol. 2023 ;5(3): 82-86

Non-reducing End of Heparin Tri-saccharide is a Scavenger Tool to Detoxify the Glucose Toxicity in Diabetes.

Andrew Jun Wang, Aimin Wang, Vincent Charles Hascall.

  Heparin is a highly sulfated, hence highly polyanionic, glycosaminoglycan with a repeating disaccharide that contains a hexuronic acid, and it has been used as an anticoagulant clinically for more than half a century. Daily IP injections of small amounts of heparin in the STZ diabetic rat prevented these pathological responses even though the animals sustained hyperglycemic levels of glucose throughout. However, the structural determinant that mediates this activity is not clear. This paper describes our finding that the responses of hyperglycemic dividing mesangial cells to heparin are mediated by its non-reducing terminal trisaccharide and proposes that the non-reducing end tri-saccharide of heparin acts as a scavenger tool to detoxify the glucose toxicity in diabetes.

Keywords:  Autophagy; Diabetic nephropathy; ER stress; Heparin; Heparin trisaccharide; Hyaluronan matrix; Hyperglycemia; Inflammation; Intracellular hyaluronan; Mesangial cell

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.33696/immunology.5.171
J Inherit Metab Dis. 2023 Oct 23.

Biochemical signatures of disease severity in Multiple Sulfatase Deficiency.

Laura A Adang, Samar Mowafy, Zackary M Herbst, Zitao Zhou, Lars Schlotawa, Karthikeyan Radhakrishnan, Brenna Bentley, Vi Pham, Emily Yu, Nishitha R Pillai, Paul J Orchard, Mauricio De Castro, Adeline Vanderver, Marzia Pasquali, Michael H Gelb, Rebecca C Ahrens-Nicklas.

  Sulfatases catalyze essential cellular reactions, including degradation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). All sulfatases are post-translationally activated by the formylglycine generating enzyme (FGE) which is deficient in Multiple Sulfatase Deficiency (MSD), a neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disease. Historically, patients were presumed to be deficient of all sulfatase activities; however, a more nuanced relationship is emerging. Each sulfatase may differ in their degree of post-translational modification by FGE, which may influence the phenotypic spectrum of MSD. Here, we evaluate if residual sulfatase activity and accumulating GAG patterns distinguish cases from controls and stratify clinical severity groups in MSD. We quantify sulfatase activities and GAG accumulation using three complementary methods in MSD participants. Sulfatases differed greatly in their tolerance of reduction in FGE-mediated activation. Enzymes that degrade heparan sulfate (HS) demonstrated lower residual activities than those that act on other GAGs. Similarly, HS-derived urinary GAG subspecies preferentially accumulated, distinguished cases from controls, and correlated with disease severity. Accumulation patterns of specific sulfatase substrates in MSD provide fundamental insights into sulfatase regulation and will serve as much-needed biomakers for upcoming clinical trials. This work highlights that biomarker investigation of an ultra-rare disease can simultaneously inform our understanding of fundamental biology and advance clinical trial readiness efforts. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Keywords:  Biomarker; Inborn errors of metabolism; Leukodystrophy; Lysosomal storage disorders

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1002/jimd.12688
Aging (Albany NY). 2023 Oct 23. 15

Indoxyl sulfate induced frailty in patients with end-stage renal disease by disrupting the PGC-1α-FNDC5 axis.

Yi-Chou Hou, Min-Tser Liao, Kuo-Wang Tsai, Cai-Mei Zheng, Hui-Wen Chiu, Kuo-Cheng Lu.

   OBJECTIVE: Sarcopenia or frailty is common among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The protein-bound uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate (IS) is associated with frailty. IS induces apoptosis and disruption of mitochondrial activity in skeletal muscle. However, the association of IS with anabolic myokines such as irisin in patients with CKD or end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is unclear. This study aims to elucidate whether IS induces frailty by dysregulating irisin in patients with CKD.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The handgrip strength of 53 patients, including 28 patients with ESRD, was examined. Serum concentrations of IS and irisin were analyzed. CKD was established in BALB/c mice through 5/6 nephrectomy. Pathologic analysis of skeletal muscle was assessed through haematoxylin and eosin and Masson's trichrome staining. Expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator PGC-1α and irisin were analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting.
RESULTS: Handgrip strength was lower among patients with ESRD than among those without ESRD. In total, 64.3% and 24% of the patients in the ESRD and control groups had low handgrip strength, respectively (p < 0.05). Serum concentrations of IS were significantly higher in the ESRD group than in the control group (222.81 ± 90.67 μM and 23.19 ± 33.28 μM, respectively, p < 0.05). Concentrations of irisin were lower in the ESRD group than in the control group (64.62 ± 32.64 pg/mL vs. 99.77 ± 93.29 pg/mL, respectively, p < 0.05). ROC curves for low handgrip strength by irisin and IS were 0.298 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.139-0.457, p < 0.05) and 0.733 (95% CI: 0.575-0.890, p < 0.05), respectively. The percentage of collagen was significantly higher in mice with 5/6 nephrectomy than in the control group. After resveratrol (RSV) treatment, the percentage of collagen significantly decreased. RSV modulates TGF-β signaling. In vitro analysis revealed that IS treatment suppressed expression of PGC-1α and FNDC5 in a dose-dependent manner, whereas RSV treatment attenuated IS-induced phenomena in C2C12 cells.
CONCLUSION: IS was positively correlated with frailty in patients with ESRD through the modulation of the PGC-1α-FNDC5 axis. RSV may be a potential drug for reversing IS-induced suppression of the PGC-1α-FNDC5 axis in skeletal muscle.

Keywords:  FNDC5; PGC-1α; PPARγ; frailty; indoxyl sulfate; irisin; resveratrol; sarcopenia

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.205141