bims-supasi 2022-10-23 papers

bims-supasi

Biomed News

on Sulfation pathways and signalling

Issue of 2022–10–23
eight papers selected by
Jonathan Wolf Mueller, University of Birmingham

Chemistry and Function of Glycosaminoglycans in the Nervous System.
Synthesis of O-Linked Glycoconjugates in the Nervous System.
Proteoglycans orchestrate remodeling of prostatic cytoarchitecture after androgenic blockade in old gerbils.
A mutated glycosaminoglycan-binding domain functions as a novel probe to selectively target heparin-like epitopes on tumor cells.
An attempt to create a treatment algorithm of central adrenal insufficiency using CRH test, DHEA-S and clinical evaluation.
Coelenterazine sulfotransferase from Renilla muelleri.
Antiviral Effects of Heparan Sulfate Analogue-Modified Two-Dimensional MXene Nanocomposites on PRRSV and SARS-CoV-2.
Neuronal Ganglioside and Glycosphingolipid (GSL) Metabolism and Disease : Cascades of Secondary Metabolic Errors Can Generate Complex Pathologies (in LSDs).

Adv Neurobiol. 2023 ;29 117-162

Chemistry and Function of Glycosaminoglycans in the Nervous System.

Nancy B Schwartz, Miriam S Domowicz.

  Proteoglycans, and especially their GAG components, participate in numerous biologically significant interactions with growth factors, chemokines, morphogens, guidance molecules, survival factors, and other extracellular and cell-surface components. These interactions are often critical to the basic developmental processes of cellular proliferation and differentiation, as well as to both the onset of disease sequelae and prevention of disease progression. In many tissues, proteoglycans and especially their glycosaminoglycan (GAG) components are mediators of these processes. The GAG family is characterized by covalently linked repeating disaccharides forming long unbranched polysaccharide chains. Thus far in higher eukaryotes, the family consists of chondroitin sulfate (CS), heparin/heparan sulfate (HS), dermatan sulfate (DS), keratan sulfate (KS) and hyaluronan (HA). All GAG chains (except HA) are characteristically modified by varying amounts of esterified sulfate. One or more GAG chains are usually found in nature bound to polypeptide backbones in the form of proteoglycans; HA is the exception. In the nervous system, GAG/proteoglycan-mediated interactions participate in proliferation and synaptogenesis, neural plasticity, and regeneration. This review focuses on the structure, chemistry and function of GAGs in nervous system development, disease, function and injury response.

Keywords:  Axon guidance molecule; Brain injury response; Chondroitin sulfate; Dermatan sulfate; Glycosaminoglycan; Glycosyltranferase; Growth factor interaction; Heparan sulfate; Inflammation; Proteoglycan; Stem cell niche; Sulfotransferase; Tumorigenesis

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12390-0_5
Adv Neurobiol. 2023 ;29 95-116

Synthesis of O-Linked Glycoconjugates in the Nervous System.

Jin-Ichi Inokuchi, Shinji Go, Yoshio Hirabayashi.

  Glycoproteins carrying O-linked N-acetylgalactosamine, N-acetylglucosamine, mannose, fucose, glucose, and xylose are found in the nervous system. Lipids are glycosylated by distinct glycosylation enzymes as well. Membrane lipid, ceramide, is modified by the addition of either glucose or galactose to form glycosphingolipid, galactosylceramide, or glucosylceramide. Recent careful analyses by MS have identified glucosylated lipids of cholesterol and phosphatidic acid. These O-linked carbohydrate residues are found primarily on the outer surface of the plasma membrane or in the extracellular space. Their expression is cell or tissue specific and developmentally regulated. Due to their structural diversity, they play important roles in a variety of biological processes such as membrane transport, metabolic stress responses, cell-cell interactions and so on. Discoveries of human diseases associated with glycosylation enzyme deficits have proved modification of lipids and proteins with carbohydrates play critical roles in human health and disease in the nervous systems.

Keywords:  Ceramide; Chondroitin sulfate; Ganglioside; Glucosylceramide; Glycosphingolipid; Glycosyltransferase; Heparan sulfate; Keratan sulfate; Mucin; Sulfation

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12390-0_4
Prostate. 2022 Oct 19.

Proteoglycans orchestrate remodeling of prostatic cytoarchitecture after androgenic blockade in old gerbils.

Silvana G P Campos, Bianca F Gonçalves, Thalles Fernando Rocha Ruiz, Ellen Cristina R Leonel, Daniele L Ribeiro, Luiz Roberto Falleiros Junior, Rejane M Goes, Sebastião R Taboga.

   BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate modifications in proteoglycan morphology and composition in the prostatic stroma of 18-month-old gerbils after surgical castration, in association or not with an androgenic blockade.
METHODS: The animals (n = 5) were sorted into groups subjected or not to antiandrogen treatment (flutamide 10 mg/kg/day) administered for the total postsurgery period and euthanized at 7- or 30-day postcastration; the control group consisted of intact animals. Tissue analysis included immunohistochemical assessment (perlecan and chondroitin sulfate) and proteoglycan morphology was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy.
RESULTS: Chondroitin sulfate frequency was increased 7 days postcastration with an androgenic blockade. The presence of these carbohydrates was rare after 30 days of androgenic blockade treatment. There was a significant increase in the amount of perlecan in the prostate stroma from groups subjected to castration plus flutamide for 7 or 30 days. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the incidence of areas occupied by proteoglycans and basement membrane was altered by treatment. In addition, androgenic blockade results in changes in the amount, thickness, and morphology of these structures. At 30 days postcastration, with or without flutamide treatment, larger proteoglycans were common.
CONCLUSIONS: In this study, in particular, the decrease in chondroitin sulfate after the longer period might be understood as a prostatic response to androgenic deprivation, while the high frequency and permanence of perlecan led to the assumption that its modulation could be androgen-independent. Length and form alterations in proteoglycans as well as associations among them and with the basement membrane were dynamic events in the prostate microenvironment.

Keywords:  castration; chondroitin sulfate; flutamide; perlecan; prostate

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1002/pros.24451
J Biol Chem. 2022 Oct 17. pii: S0021-9258(22)01052-3. [Epub ahead of print] 102609

A mutated glycosaminoglycan-binding domain functions as a novel probe to selectively target heparin-like epitopes on tumor cells.

Yingying Xu, Liran Shi, Yong Qin, Xunyi Yuan, Xu Wang, Qingdong Zhang, Lin Wei, Min Du, Yi Liu, Min Yuan, XiangYu Xu, Ruiqing Cheng, Ruyi Zou, Wenshuang Wang, Fuchuan Li.

  The high heterogeneity and mutation rate of cancer cells often lead to the failure of targeted therapy, and therefore, new targets for multitarget therapy of tumors are urgently needed. Aberrantly expressed glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) have been shown to be involved in tumorigenesis and are promising new targets. Recently, the GAG-binding domain rVAR2 of the Plasmodium falciparum VAR2CSA protein was identified as a probe targeting cancer-associated chondroitin sulfate A-like epitopes. In this study, we found that rVAR2 could also bind to heparin and chondroitin sulfate E. Therefore, we used rVAR2 as a model to establish a method based on random mutagenesis of the GAG-binding protein and phage display to identify and optimize probes targeting tumor GAGs. We identified a new probe, VAR2HP, which selectively recognized heparin by interacting with unique epitopes consisting of a decasaccharide structure that contains at least three HexA2S(1-4)GlcNS6S disaccharides. Moreover, we found that these heparin-like epitopes were overexpressed in various cancer cells. Most importantly, our in vivo experiments showed that VAR2HP had good biocompatibility and preferentially localizes to tumors, which indicates that VAR2HP has great application potential in tumor diagnosis and targeted therapy. In conclusion, this study provides a strategy for the discovery of novel tumor-associated GAG epitopes and their specific probes.

Keywords:  glycosaminoglycan; heparin; heparin-like epitope; probe; tumor targeting

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102609
J Med Invest. 2022 ;69(3.4): 287-293

An attempt to create a treatment algorithm of central adrenal insufficiency using CRH test, DHEA-S and clinical evaluation.

Yukari Mitsui, Yuto Iizuka, Tomoaki Tanaka, Tomoyo Hara, Shiho Masuda, Yukiyo Ohnishi, Mai Kanai, Kiyoe Kurahashi, Sumiko Yoshida, Takeshi Kondo, Toshiko Kanezaki, Yasumi Shintani, Hiroki Yamagami, Yuki Yamaguchi, Yuichi Fujinaka, Kana Morimoto, Atsuhisa Shirakami, Ken-Ichi Aihara, Seiji Fukumoto, Masahiro Abe, Itsuro Endo.

  Objective : To examine diagnostic performance of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) test combined with baseline dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) in patients with a suspect of central adrenal insufficiency. Methods : Patients (n=215) requiring daily or intermittent hydrocortisone replacement, or no replacement were retrospectively checked with their peak cortisol after CRH test and baseline DHEA-S. Results : None of 106 patients with the peak cortisol ≥ 17.5 µg / dL after CRH test required replacement, and all 64 patients with the peak cortisol < 10.0 µg / dL required daily replacement. Among 8 patients with 10.0 µg / dL ≤ the peak cortisol < 17.5 µg / dL and baseline DHEA-S below the reference range, 6 patients required daily replacement and 1 patient was under intermittent replacement. Among 37 patients with 10.0 µg / dL ≤ the peak cortisol < 17.5 µg / dL and baseline DHEA-S within the reference range, 10 and 6 patients were under intermittent and daily replacement, respectively. Conclusions : No patients with the peak cortisol ≥ 17.5 µg / dL required hydrocortisone replacement, and all patients with the peak cortisol below 10.0 µg / dL required daily replacement. Careful clinical evaluation was required to determine requirement for replacement in patients with 10.0 µg / dL ≤ the peak cortisol < 17.5 µg / dL even in combination with baseline DHEA-S. J. Med. Invest. 69 : 287-293, August, 2022.

Keywords:  central adrenal insufficiency; corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) test; dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S); retrospective cohort study; treatment algorithm

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.2152/jmi.69.287
PLoS One. 2022 ;17(10): e0276315

Coelenterazine sulfotransferase from Renilla muelleri.

George Tzertzinis, Brenda Baker, Jack Benner, Elizabeth Brown, Ivan R Corrêa, Laurence Ettwiller, Colleen McClung, Ira Schildkraut.

The luciferin sulfokinase (coelenterazine sulfotransferase) of Renilla was previously reported to activate the storage form, luciferyl sulfate (coelenterazine sulfate) to luciferin (coelenterazine), the substrate for the luciferase bioluminescence reaction. The gene coding for the coelenterazine sulfotransferase has not been identified. Here we used a combined proteomic/transcriptomic approach to identify and clone the sulfotransferase cDNA. Multiple isoforms of coelenterazine sulfotransferase were identified from the anthozoan Renilla muelleri by intersecting its transcriptome with the LC-MS/MS derived peptide sequences of coelenterazine sulfotransferase purified from Renilla. Two of the isoforms were expressed in E. coli, purified, and partially characterized. The encoded enzymes display sulfotransferase activity that is comparable to that of the native sulfotransferase isolated from Renilla reniformis that was reported in 1970. The bioluminescent assay for sensitive detection of 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate (PAP) using the recombinant sulfotransferase is demonstrated.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276315
Adv Nanobiomed Res. 2022 Oct;2(10): 2200067

Antiviral Effects of Heparan Sulfate Analogue-Modified Two-Dimensional MXene Nanocomposites on PRRSV and SARS-CoV-2.

Ting Tong, Wantao Tang, Shaobo Xiao, Jiangong Liang.

  Due to the worldwide impact of viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, researchers have paid extensive attention to antiviral reagents against viruses. Despite extensive research on two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides (MXenes) in the field of biomaterials, their antiviral effects have received little attention. In this work, heparan sulfate analogue (sodium 3-mercapto-1-propanesulfonate, MPS) modified 2D MXene nanocomposites (Ti3C2-Au-MPS) for prevention of viral infection are prepared and investigated using severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pseudovirus and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) as two model viruses. Ti3C2-Au-MPS nanocomposites are shown to possess antiviral properties in the different stages of PRRSV proliferation, such as direct interaction with PRRS virions and inhibiting their adsorption and penetration in the host cell. Additionally, Ti3C2-Au-MPS nanocomposites can strongly inhibit the infection of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus as shown by the contents of its reporter gene GFP and luciferase. These results demonstrate the potential broad-spectrum antiviral property of Ti3C2-Au-MPS nanocomposites against viruses with the receptor of heparin sulfate. This work sheds light on the specific antiviral effects of MXene-based nanocomposites against viruses and may facilitate further exploration of their antiviral applications.

Keywords:  PRRSV; SARS-CoV-2; antiviral mechanisms; heparan sulfate analogues; two-dimensional MXene nanocomposites

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1002/anbr.202200067
Adv Neurobiol. 2023 ;29 333-390

Neuronal Ganglioside and Glycosphingolipid (GSL) Metabolism and Disease : Cascades of Secondary Metabolic Errors Can Generate Complex Pathologies (in LSDs).

Roger Sandhoff, Konrad Sandhoff.

  Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are a diverse group of membrane components occurring mainly on the surfaces of mammalian cells. They and their metabolites have a role in intercellular communication, serving as versatile biochemical signals (Kaltner et al, Biochem J 476(18):2623-2655, 2019) and in many cellular pathways. Anionic GSLs, the sialic acid containing gangliosides (GGs), are essential constituents of neuronal cell surfaces, whereas anionic sulfatides are key components of myelin and myelin forming oligodendrocytes. The stepwise biosynthetic pathways of GSLs occur at and lead along the membranes of organellar surfaces of the secretory pathway. After formation of the hydrophobic ceramide membrane anchor of GSLs at the ER, membrane-spanning glycosyltransferases (GTs) of the Golgi and Trans-Golgi network generate cell type-specific GSL patterns for cellular surfaces. GSLs of the cellular plasma membrane can reach intra-lysosomal, i.e. luminal, vesicles (ILVs) by endocytic pathways for degradation. Soluble glycoproteins, the glycosidases, lipid binding and transfer proteins and acid ceramidase are needed for the lysosomal catabolism of GSLs at ILV-membrane surfaces. Inherited mutations triggering a functional loss of glycosylated lysosomal hydrolases and lipid binding proteins involved in GSL degradation cause a primary lysosomal accumulation of their non-degradable GSL substrates in lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs). Lipid binding proteins, the SAPs, and the various lipids of the ILV-membranes regulate GSL catabolism, but also primary storage compounds such as sphingomyelin (SM), cholesterol (Chol.), or chondroitin sulfate can effectively inhibit catabolic lysosomal pathways of GSLs. This causes cascades of metabolic errors, accumulating secondary lysosomal GSL- and GG- storage that can trigger a complex pathology (Breiden and Sandhoff, Int J Mol Sci 21(7):2566, 2020).

Keywords:  Alzheimer; Catabolism; Degradation; Development; Endosomal pathway; Frontal lobe dementia; Ganglio-series; Ganglioside; Genetic disease; Glycolipid; Glycosphingolipid; Glycosyltransferase; Hydrolase; Intra-lysosomal luminal vesicle (ILV); Lysosomal storage disease (LSD); Lysosome; Membrane-surface; Metabolism; Neurodegenerative disease; Neuron; Organelle; Parkinson; Receptor; Secondary storage; Secretory pathway; Sphingolipid-binding protein (SAP); Sphingolipid-transfer protein; Topology

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12390-0_12