bims-stacyt 2019-09-08 papers

J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2019 Sep 05. 38(1): 389

Hypoxic exosomes facilitate angiogenesis and metastasis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma through altering the phenotype and transcriptome of endothelial cells.

Yu Mao, Yimin Wang, Lixin Dong, Yunjie Zhang, Yanqiu Zhang, Chao Wang, Qiang Zhang, Sen Yang, Liyan Cao, Xinyuan Zhang, Xin Li, Zhanzhao Fu.

BACKGROUND: In cancer progression, hypoxia, or low oxygen tension, is a major regulator of tumor aggressiveness and metastasis. However, how cancer cells adapt to the hypoxia and communicate with other mesenchymal cells in microenvironment during tumor development remains to be elucidated. Here, we investigated the involvement of exosomes in modulating angiogenesis and enhancing metastasis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).
METHODS: Differential centrifugation, transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis were used to isolate and characterize exosomes. Colony formation and transwell assay were performed to assess the proliferation, migration and invasion of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The tube formation assay and matrigel plug assay were used to evaluate the vascular formation ability of HUVECs in vitro and in vivo respectively. An in vivo nude mice model was established to detect the regulatory role of exosomes in ESCC progression. Microarray analysis was performed to analyze the transcriptome profiles in HUVECs.
RESULTS: Exosomes derived from ESCC cells cultured under hypoxia played a better role in promoting proliferation, migration, invasion and tube formation of HUVECs in vitro and in vivo than exosomes from ESCC cells cultured under normoxia. Moreover, hypoxic exosomes significantly enhanced the tumor growth and lung metastasis compared with normoxic exosomes in nude mice models. Interestingly, endothelial cells were programmed by hypoxic and normoxic exosomes from ESCC cells which altered the transcriptome profile of HUVECs.
CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our data identified an angiogenic role of exosomes from ESCC cells which shed light on the further application of exosomes as valuable therapeutic target for ESCC.

Keywords: Angiogensis; ESCC; Exosomes; Metastasis

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13046-019-1384-8

Cytokine. 2019 Aug 31. pii: S1043-4666(19)30264-9. [Epub ahead of print]125 154835

Interplay between oxidative stress and autophagy function and its role in inflammatory cytokine expression induced by palmitate in skeletal muscle cells.

Asie Sadeghi, Maryam Shabani, Samira Alizadeh, Reza Meshkani.

Autophagy is a cellular process activated in response to various stresses such as starvation, hypoxia, and oxidative stress. Autophagy was reported to modulate the inflammatory pathways. However, whether autophagy is involved in regulation of palmitate-induced inflammation of skeletal muscle C2C12 cells is still unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the autophagic pathway in C2C12 cells treated with 0.5 mM palmitate. The results showed that the protein levels of LC3BII and P62 were increased in C2C12 cells after 12 h palmitate treatment. Besides, inhibition of autophagy by chloroquine or 3-methyladenin and its activation by rapamycin were associated with elevated mRNA and protein levels of IL-6 and TNF-α inflammatory cytokines in C2C12 cells. To study the mechanism by which autophagy impairment leads to activation of inflammatory responses, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in palmitate-treated cells were measured. The results showed that while palmitate stimulates ROS production, pretreatment of the cells with N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), a ROS scavenger, reduced inflammatory responses and also improved LC3-BII and P62 protein in the C2C12 cells exposed to palmitate. These findings suggest that palmitate-induced defect of autophagic flux leads to elevated inflammatory cytokine expression in the skeletal muscle cells by regulating the oxidative stress process.

Keywords: Autophagy; Inflammation; LC3BII; Oxidative stress; Skeletal muscle cell

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154835

J Clin Med. 2019 Sep 04. pii: E1385. [Epub ahead of print]8(9):

Relationship Between Oxidative Stress, ER Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetes: The Battle Continues.

Estefania Burgos-Morón, Zaida Abad-Jiménez, Aranzazu Martínez de Marañón, Francesca Iannantuoni, Irene Escribano-López, Sandra López-Domènech, Christian Salom, Ana Jover, Vicente Mora, Ildefonso Roldan, Eva Solá, Milagros Rocha, Víctor M Víctor.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in which oxidative stress is thought to be a primary cause. Considering that mitochondria are the main source of ROS, we have set out to provide a general overview on how oxidative stress is generated and related to T2D. Enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress occurs in mitochondria as a consequence of an overload of glucose and oxidative phosphorylation. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays an important role in oxidative stress, as it is also a source of ROS. The tight interconnection between both organelles through mitochondrial-associated membranes (MAMs) means that the ROS generated in mitochondria promote ER stress. Therefore, a state of stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are consequences of this vicious cycle. The implication of mitochondria in insulin release and the exposure of pancreatic β-cells to hyperglycemia make them especially susceptible to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. In fact, crosstalk between both mechanisms is related with alterations in glucose homeostasis and can lead to the diabetes-associated insulin-resistance status. In the present review, we discuss the current knowledge of the relationship between oxidative stress, mitochondria, ER stress, inflammation, and lipotoxicity in T2D.

Keywords: ER stress; ROS; antioxidants; insulin resistance; mitochondria; oxidative stress; type 2 diabetes

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8091385