bims-proteo Biomed News
on Proteostasis
Issue of 2021–11–28
thirty papers selected by
Eric Chevet, INSERM
  1. HYPK coordinates degradation of polyneddylated proteins by autophagy.
  2. The Unfolded Protein Response as a Guardian of the Secretory Pathway.
  3. Crosstalk Between ER Stress, Autophagy and Inflammation.
  4. SLC26A9 is selected for endoplasmic reticulum associated degradation (ERAD) via Hsp70-dependent targeting of the soluble STAS domain.
  5. Kinetic monitoring of neuronal stress response to proteostasis dysfunction.
  6. Functional Interplay between P5 and PDI/ERp72 to Drive Protein Folding.
  7. MEKK5 Interacts with and Negatively Regulates the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase NEDD4 for Mediating Lung Cancer Cell Migration.
  8. ER-associated CTRP1 regulates mitochondrial fission via interaction with DRP1.
  9. Site-specific proteomic strategies to identify ubiquitin and SUMO modifications: Challenges and opportunities.
  10. Molecular mechanisms of heat shock factor 1 regulation.
  11. The ER Stress Sensor IRE1α Regulates the UV DNA Repair Response Through Control of Intracellular Calcium Homeostasis.
  12. An allosteric inhibitor of bacterial Hsp70 chaperone potentiates antibiotics and mitigates resistance.
  13. The endoplasmic reticulum-plasma membrane tethering protein TMEM24 is a regulator of cellular Ca2+ homeostasis.
  14. Homeostatic scaling is driven by a translation-dependent degradation axis that recruits miRISC remodeling.
  15. MANF supports the inner hair cell synapse and the outer hair cell stereocilia bundle in the cochlea.
  16. Post-transcriptional regulation of ATG1 is a critical node that modulates autophagy during distinct nutrient stresses.
  17. Deubiquitinases: From mechanisms to their inhibition by small molecules.
  18. SUMO orchestrates multiple alternative DNA-protein crosslink repair pathways.
  19. The molecular mechanisms that drive intracellular neutralization by the antibody-receptor and RING E3 ligase TRIM21.
  20. Cellular senescence links mitochondria-ER contacts and aging.
  21. Impacts of p97 on Proteome Changes in Human Cells during Coronaviral Replication.
  22. Targeted substrate loop insertion by VCP/p97 during PP1 complex disassembly.
  23. Proteostasis regulated by testis-specific ribosomal protein RPL39L maintains mouse spermatogenesis.
  24. Identification of disease-linked hyperactivating mutations in UBE3A through large-scale functional variant analysis.
  25. The IRE1/XBP1 signaling axis promotes skeletal muscle regeneration through a cell non-autonomous mechanism.
  26. LUBAC regulates ciliogenesis by promoting CP110 removal from the mother centriole.
  27. ER-localized phosphatidylethanolamine synthase plays a conserved role in lipid droplet formation.
  28. Glycosylation and disulfide bonding of wild-type SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein.
  29. An atlas of protein turnover rates in mouse tissues.
  30. Multiomic analysis on human cell model of wolfram syndrome reveals changes in mitochondrial morphology and function.
  1. Autophagy. 2021 Nov 26. 1-22
    HYPK coordinates degradation of polyneddylated proteins by autophagy.
    Debasish Kumar Ghosh, Akash Ranjan.
      Selective degradation of protein aggregates by macroautophagy/autophagy is an essential homeostatic process of safeguarding cells from the effects of proteotoxicity. Among the ubiquitin-like proteins, NEDD8 conjugation to misfolded proteins is prominent in stress-induced protein aggregates, albeit the function of neddylation in autophagy is unclear. Here, we report that polyneddylation functions as a post-translational modification for autophagic degradation of proteotoxic-stress induced protein aggregates. We also show that HYPK functions as an autophagy receptor in the polyneddylation-dependent aggrephagy. The scaffolding function of HYPK is facilitated by its C-terminal ubiquitin-associated domain and N-terminal tyrosine-type LC3-interacting region which bind to NEDD8 and LC3 respectively. Both NEDD8 and HYPK are positive modulators of basal and proteotoxicity-induced autophagy, leading to protection of cells from protein aggregates, such as aggregates of mutant HTT exon 1. Thus, we propose an indispensable and additive role of neddylation and HYPK in clearance of protein aggregates by autophagy, resulting in cytoprotective effect during proteotoxic stress.Abbreviations: ATG5, autophagy related 5; ATG12, autophagy related 12; ATG14, autophagy related 14; BECN1, beclin 1; CBL, casitas B-lineage lymphoma; CBLB, Cbl proto-oncogene B; GABARAP, GABA type A receptor-associated protein; GABARAPL1, GABA type A receptor associated protein like 1; GABARAPL2, GABA type A receptor associated protein like 2; GFP, green fluorescent protein; HTT, huntingtin; HTT97Q exon 1, huntingtin 97-glutamine exon 1; HUWE1, HECT, UBA and WWE domain containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1; HYPK, huntingtin interacting protein K; IgG, immunoglobulin G; IMR-32, Institute for Medical Research-32; KD, knockdown; Kd, dissociation constant; LAMP1, lysosomal associated membrane protein 1; LIR, LC3 interacting region; MAP1LC3/LC3, microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MAP1LC3A/LC3A, microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha; MAP1LC3B/LC3B, microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MARK1, microtubule affinity regulating kinase 1; MARK2, microtubule affinity regulating kinase 2; MARK3, microtubule affinity regulating kinase 3; MARK4, microtubule affinity regulating kinase 4; MCF7, Michigan Cancer Foundation-7; MTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NAE1, NEDD8 activating enzyme E1 subunit 1; NBR1, NBR1 autophagy cargo receptor; NEDD8, NEDD8 ubiquitin like modifier; Ni-NTA, nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid; NUB1, negative regulator of ubiquitin like proteins 1; PIK3C3, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3; PolyQ, poly-glutamine; PSMD8, proteasome 26S subunit, non-ATPase 8; RAD23A, RAD23 homolog A, nucleotide excision repair protein; RAD23B, RAD23 homolog B, nucleotide excision repair protein; RFP, red fluorescent protein; RPS27A, ribosomal protein S27a; RSC1A1, regulator of solute carriers 1; SNCA, synuclein alpha; SIK1, salt inducible kinase 1; siRNA, small interfering ribonucleic acid; SOD1, superoxide dismutase 1; SPR, surface plasmon resonance; SQSTM1, sequestosome 1; SUMO1, small ubiquitin like modifier 1; TAX1BP1, Tax1 binding protein 1; TDRD3, tudor domain containing 3; TNRC6C, trinucleotide repeat containing adaptor 6C; TOLLIP, toll interacting protein; TUBA, tubulin alpha; TUBB, tubulin beta class I; UBA, ubiquitin-associated; UBA1, ubiquitin like modifier activating enzyme 1; UBA5, ubiquitin like modifier activating enzyme 5; UBAC1, UBA domain containing 1; UBAC2, UBA domain containing 2; UBAP1, ubiquitin associated protein 1; UBAP2, ubiquitin associated protein 2; UBASH3B, ubiquitin associated and SH3 domain containing B; UBD/FAT10, ubiquitin D; UBE2K, ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2 K; UBLs, ubiquitin-like proteins; UBL7, ubiquitin like 7; UBQLN1, ubiquilin 1; UBQLN2, ubiquilin 2; UBQLN3, ubiquilin 3; UBQLN4, ubiquilin 4; UBXN1, UBX domain protein 1; ULK1, unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; URM1, ubiquitin related modifier 1; USP5, ubiquitin specific peptidase 5; USP13, ubiquitin specific peptidase 13; VPS13D, vacuolar protein sorting 13 homolog D.
    Keywords:  Aggrephagy; HTT exon 1 aggregate; HYPK; NEDD8; autophagy flux; proteotoxic stress
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1080/15548627.2021.1997053
  2. Cells. 2021 Oct 31. pii: 2965. [Epub ahead of print]10(11):
    The Unfolded Protein Response as a Guardian of the Secretory Pathway.
    Toni Radanović, Robert Ernst.
      The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the major site of membrane biogenesis in most eukaryotic cells. As the entry point to the secretory pathway, it handles more than 10,000 different secretory and membrane proteins. The insertion of proteins into the membrane, their folding, and ER exit are affected by the lipid composition of the ER membrane and its collective membrane stiffness. The ER is also a hotspot of lipid biosynthesis including sterols, glycerophospholipids, ceramides and neural storage lipids. The unfolded protein response (UPR) bears an evolutionary conserved, dual sensitivity to both protein-folding imbalances in the ER lumen and aberrant compositions of the ER membrane, referred to as lipid bilayer stress (LBS). Through transcriptional and non-transcriptional mechanisms, the UPR upregulates the protein folding capacity of the ER and balances the production of proteins and lipids to maintain a functional secretory pathway. In this review, we discuss how UPR transducers sense unfolded proteins and LBS with a particular focus on their role as guardians of the secretory pathway.
    Keywords:  ATF6; ER; IRE1; PERK; UPR; hydrophobic mismatch; lipid bilayer stress; membrane stiffness; membrane thickness; proteotoxic stress; secretory pathway
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10112965
  3. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021 ;8 758311
    Crosstalk Between ER Stress, Autophagy and Inflammation.
    Sandhya Chipurupalli, Unni Samavedam, Nirmal Robinson.
      The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is not only responsible for protein synthesis and folding but also plays a critical role in sensing cellular stress and maintaining cellular homeostasis. Upon sensing the accumulation of unfolded proteins due to perturbation in protein synthesis or folding, specific intracellular signaling pathways are activated, which are collectively termed as unfolded protein response (UPR). UPR expands the capacity of the protein folding machinery, decreases protein synthesis and enhances ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD) which degrades misfolded proteins through the proteasomes. More recent evidences suggest that UPR also amplifies cytokines-mediated inflammatory responses leading to pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. UPR signaling also activates autophagy; a lysosome-dependent degradative pathwaythat has an extended capacity to degrade misfolded proteins and damaged ER. Thus, activation of autophagy limits inflammatory response and provides cyto-protection by attenuating ER-stress. Here we review the mechanisms that couple UPR, autophagy and cytokine-induced inflammation that can facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies to mitigate cellular stress and inflammation associated with various pathologies.
    Keywords:  ER-stress; autophagy; cytokines; inflammation; unfolded protein response
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.758311
  4. Biochem J. 2021 Nov 25. pii: BCJ20210644. [Epub ahead of print]
    SLC26A9 is selected for endoplasmic reticulum associated degradation (ERAD) via Hsp70-dependent targeting of the soluble STAS domain.
    Patrick G Needham, Jennifer L Goeckeler-Fried, Casey Zhang, Zhihao Sun, Adam R Wetzel, Carol A Bertrand, Jeffrey L Brodsky.
      SLC26A9, a member of the solute carrier protein family, transports chloride ions across various epithelia. SLC26A9 also associates with other ion channels and transporters linked to human health, and in some cases these heterotypic interactions are essential to support the biogenesis of both proteins. Therefore, understanding how this complex membrane protein is initially folded might provide new therapeutic strategies to overcome deficits in the function of SLC26A9 partners, one of which is associated with Cystic Fibrosis. To this end, we developed a novel yeast expression system for SLC26A9. This facile system has been used extensively with other ion channels and transporters to screen for factors that oversee protein folding checkpoints. As commonly observed for other channels and transporters, we first noted that a substantial fraction of SLC26A9 is targeted for endoplasmic reticulum associated degradation (ERAD), which destroys folding-compromised proteins in the early secretory pathway. We next discovered that ERAD selection requires the Hsp70 chaperone, which can play a vital role in ERAD substrate selection. We then created SLC26A9 mutants and found that the transmembrane-rich domain of SLC26A9 was quite stable, whereas the soluble cytosolic STAS domain was responsible for Hsp70-dependent ERAD. To support data obtained in the yeast model, we were able to recapitulate Hsp70-facilitated ERAD of the STAS domain in human tissue culture cells. These results indicate that a critical barrier to nascent membrane protein folding can reside within a specific soluble domain, one that is monitored by components associated with the ERAD machinery.
    Keywords:  ERAD; cellular targeting; endoplasmic reticulum; molecular chaperones; protein conformation; ubiquitin proteasome system
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1042/BCJ20210644
  5. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2021 Nov 17. pii: S1044-7431(21)00095-6. [Epub ahead of print]118 103682
    Kinetic monitoring of neuronal stress response to proteostasis dysfunction.
    Angel J Santiago-Lopez, Ken Berglund, Robert E Gross, Claire-Anne N Gutekunst.
      Proteostasis dysfunction and activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) are characteristic of all major neurodegenerative diseases. Nevertheless, although the UPR and proteostasis dysfunction has been studied in great detail in model organisms like yeast and mammalian cell lines, it has not yet been examined in neurons. In this study, we applied a viral vector-mediated expression of a reporter protein based on a UPR transcription factor, ATF4, and time-lapse fluorescent microscopy to elucidate how mouse primary neurons respond to pharmacological and genetic perturbations to neuronal proteostasis. In in vitro models of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and proteasome inhibition, we used the ATF4 reporter to reveal the time course of the neuronal stress response relative to neurite degeneration and asynchronous cell death. We showed how potential neurodegenerative disease co-factors, ER stress and mutant α-synuclein overexpression, impacted neuronal stress response and overall cellular health. This work therefore introduces a viral vector-based reporter that yields a quantifiable readout suitable for non-cell destructive kinetic monitoring of proteostasis dysfunction in neurons by harnessing ATF4 signaling as part of the UPR activation.
    Keywords:  Alpha-synuclein; Integrated stress response; Neurodegeneration; Proteostasis; Unfolded protein response
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcn.2021.103682
  6. Biology (Basel). 2021 Oct 28. pii: 1112. [Epub ahead of print]10(11):
    Functional Interplay between P5 and PDI/ERp72 to Drive Protein Folding.
    Motonori Matsusaki, Rina Okada, Yuya Tanikawa, Shingo Kanemura, Dai Ito, Yuxi Lin, Mai Watabe, Hiroshi Yamaguchi, Tomohide Saio, Young-Ho Lee, Kenji Inaba, Masaki Okumura.
      P5 is one of protein disulfide isomerase family proteins (PDIs) involved in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein quality control that assists oxidative folding, inhibits protein aggregation, and regulates the unfolded protein response. P5 reportedly interacts with other PDIs via intermolecular disulfide bonds in cultured cells, but it remains unclear whether complex formation between P5 and other PDIs is involved in regulating enzymatic and chaperone functions. Herein, we established the far-western blot method to detect non-covalent interactions between P5 and other PDIs and found that PDI and ERp72 are partner proteins of P5. The enzymatic activity of P5-mediated oxidative folding is up-regulated by PDI, while the chaperone activity of P5 is stimulated by ERp72. These findings shed light on the mechanism by which the complex formations among PDIs drive to synergistically accelerate protein folding and prevents aggregation. This knowledge has implications for understanding misfolding-related pathology.
    Keywords:  disulfide bond; endoplasmic reticulum; molecular chaperone; oxidative folding; protein disulfide isomerase family; protein-protein interaction
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10111112
  7. Life (Basel). 2021 Oct 29. pii: 1153. [Epub ahead of print]11(11):
    MEKK5 Interacts with and Negatively Regulates the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase NEDD4 for Mediating Lung Cancer Cell Migration.
    Aiqin Sun, Jun Zhu, Song Xia, Yanling Li, Tiantian Wu, Genbao Shao, Wannian Yang, Qiong Lin.
      Our previous studies have shown that the HECT E3 ubiquitin ligase NEDD4 and kinase MEKK5 both play an essential role in lung cancer migration. A report predicts that MEKK5 may be ubiquitinated by NEDD4; however, interaction of MEKK5 with NEDD4 and ubiquitination of MEKK5 by NEDD4 have not been characterized. In this report, we show that NEDD4 interacts with MEKK5 through a conserved WW3 domain by the co-immunoprecipitation and the GST-pulldown assays. The ubiquitination assay indicates that MEKK5 is not a ubiquitination substrate of NEDD4, but negatively regulates NEDD4-mediated ubiquitination. Furthermore, overexpression of MEKK5 significantly reduced the NEDD4-promoted lung cancer cell migration. Taken together, our studies have defined an inhibitory role of MEKK5 in regulation of NEDD4-mediated ubiquitination.
    Keywords:  E3 ubiquitin ligase; MEKK5; NEDD4; cell migration; ubiquitination
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/life11111153
  8. Exp Mol Med. 2021 Nov 26.
    ER-associated CTRP1 regulates mitochondrial fission via interaction with DRP1.
    Seong Keun Sonn, Seungwoon Seo, Jaemoon Yang, Ki Sook Oh, Hsiuchen Chen, David C Chan, Kunsoo Rhee, Kyung S Lee, Young Yang, Goo Taeg Oh.
      C1q/TNF-related protein 1 (CTRP1) is a CTRP family member that has collagenous and globular C1q-like domains. The secreted form of CTRP1 is known to be associated with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, but its cellular roles have not yet been elucidated. Here, we showed that cytosolic CTRP1 localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane and that knockout or depletion of CTRP1 leads to mitochondrial fission defects, as demonstrated by mitochondrial elongation. Mitochondrial fission events are known to occur through an interaction between mitochondria and the ER, but we do not know whether the ER and/or its associated proteins participate directly in the entire mitochondrial fission event. Interestingly, we herein showed that ablation of CTRP1 suppresses the recruitment of DRP1 to mitochondria and provided evidence suggesting that the ER-mitochondrion interaction is required for the proper regulation of mitochondrial morphology. We further report that CTRP1 inactivation-induced mitochondrial fission defects induce apoptotic resistance and neuronal degeneration, which are also associated with ablation of DRP1. These results demonstrate for the first time that cytosolic CTRP1 is an ER transmembrane protein that acts as a key regulator of mitochondrial fission, providing new insight into the etiology of metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1038/s12276-021-00701-z
  9. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2021 Nov 18. pii: S1084-9521(21)00282-2. [Epub ahead of print]
    Site-specific proteomic strategies to identify ubiquitin and SUMO modifications: Challenges and opportunities.
    Fredrik Trulsson, Alfred C O Vertegaal.
      Ubiquitin and SUMO modify thousands of substrates to regulate most cellular processes. System-wide identification of ubiquitin and SUMO substrates provides global understanding of their cellular functions. In this review, we discuss the biological importance of site-specific modifications by ubiquitin and SUMO regulating the DNA damage response, protein quality control and cell cycle progression. Furthermore we discuss the machinery responsible for these modifications and methods to purify and identify ubiquitin and SUMO modified sites by mass spectrometry. We provide a framework to aid in the selection of appropriate purification, digestion and acquisition strategies suited to answer different biological questions. We highlight opportunities in the field for employing innovative technologies, as well as discuss challenges and long-standing questions in the field that are difficult to address with the currently available tools, emphasizing the need for further innovation.
    Keywords:  Mass spectrometry; Post-translational modification; Purification strategy; SUMO; Small ubiquitin-like modifiers; Ubiquitin
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.11.006
  10. Trends Biochem Sci. 2021 Nov 19. pii: S0968-0004(21)00230-9. [Epub ahead of print]
    Molecular mechanisms of heat shock factor 1 regulation.
    Szymon W Kmiecik, Matthias P Mayer.
      To thrive and to fulfill their functions, cells need to maintain proteome homeostasis even in the face of adverse environmental conditions or radical restructuring of the proteome during differentiation. At the center of the regulation of proteome homeostasis is an ancient transcriptional mechanism, the so-called heat shock response (HSR), orchestrated in all eukaryotic cells by heat shock transcription factor 1 (Hsf1). As Hsf1 is implicated in aging and several pathologies like cancer and neurodegenerative disorders, understanding the regulation of Hsf1 could open novel therapeutic opportunities. In this review, we discuss the regulation of Hsf1's transcriptional activity by multiple layers of control circuits involving Hsf1 synthesis and degradation, conformational rearrangements and post-translational modifications (PTMs), and molecular chaperones in negative feedback loops.
    Keywords:  Hsf1; Hsp70; chaperones; heat shock response; protein homeostasis; transcription regulation
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibs.2021.10.004
  11. J Invest Dermatol. 2021 Nov 19. pii: S0022-202X(21)02508-2. [Epub ahead of print]
    The ER Stress Sensor IRE1α Regulates the UV DNA Repair Response Through Control of Intracellular Calcium Homeostasis.
    Jeongin Son, Saie Mogre, Fiona E Chalmers, Jack Ibinson, Stephen Worrell, Adam B Glick.
      The unfolded protein response is activated by UVB irradiation, but the role of a key mediator, inositol requiring enzyme 1a (IRE1α), is not clear. Here, we show that mice with an epidermal IRE1α deletion are sensitized to UV with increased apoptosis, rapid loss of UV-induced cyclopyrimidine dimer (CPD) positive keratinocytes and sloughing of the epidermis. In vitro, IRE1α deficient keratinocytes have increased UVB sensitivity, reduced CPD repair and reduced accumulation of γH2AX and p-ATR, suggesting defective the activation of nucleotide excision repair. Knockdown of XBP1 or pharmacological inhibition of the IRE1α RNase did not phenocopy IRE1α deficiency. The altered UV response was linked to elevated intracellular calcium levels and ROS, and this was due to dysregulation of the ER calcium channel inositol triphosphate receptor (InsP3R). Pharmacologic, genetic, and biochemical studies linked regulation of the Ins3PR, intracellular calcium and normal UV DNA damage response to calcium and integrin binding protein 1 (CIB1) and the IRE1α-TRAF2-ASK1 complex. These results suggest a model where IRE1α activation state drives CIB1 binding either to the InsP3R or ASK1 to regulate ER calcium efflux, ROS and DNA repair responses following UV.
    Keywords:  DNA damage response; ER stress; IRE1α; Intracellular calcium; Skin; UVB; Unfolded Protein Response
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jid.2021.11.010
  12. Cell Chem Biol. 2021 Nov 22. pii: S2451-9456(21)00481-5. [Epub ahead of print]
    An allosteric inhibitor of bacterial Hsp70 chaperone potentiates antibiotics and mitigates resistance.
    Jordan Hosfelt, Aweon Richards, Meng Zheng, Carolina Adura, Brock Nelson, Amy Yang, Allison Fay, William Resager, Beatrix Ueberheide, J Fraser Glickman, Tania J Lupoli.
      DnaK is the bacterial homolog of Hsp70, an ATP-dependent chaperone that helps cofactor proteins to catalyze nascent protein folding and salvage misfolded proteins. In the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), DnaK and its cofactors are proposed antimycobacterial targets, yet few small-molecule inhibitors or probes exist for these families of proteins. Here, we describe the repurposing of a drug called telaprevir that is able to allosterically inhibit the ATPase activity of DnaK and to prevent chaperone function by mimicking peptide substrates. In mycobacterial cells, telaprevir disrupts DnaK- and cofactor-mediated cellular proteostasis, resulting in enhanced efficacy of aminoglycoside antibiotics and reduced resistance to the frontline TB drug rifampin. Hence, this work contributes to a small but growing collection of protein chaperone inhibitors, and it demonstrates that these molecules disrupt bacterial mechanisms of survival in the presence of different antibiotic classes.
    Keywords:  DnaJ; DnaK; Hsp70; antibiotic adjuvants; chaperones; cofactors; mycobacteria; proteostasis; resistance; tuberculosis
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.11.004
  13. J Cell Sci. 2021 Nov 25. pii: jcs.259073. [Epub ahead of print]
    The endoplasmic reticulum-plasma membrane tethering protein TMEM24 is a regulator of cellular Ca2+ homeostasis.
    Beichen Xie, Styliani Panagiotou, Jing Cen, Patrick Gilon, Peter Bergsten, Olof Idevall-Hagren.
      Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - plasma membrane (PM) contacts are sites of lipid exchange and Ca2+ transport, and both lipid transport proteins and Ca2+ channels specifically accumulate at these locations. In pancreatic β-cells, both lipid- and Ca2+ signaling are essential for insulin secretion. The recently characterized lipid transfer protein TMEM24 dynamically localize to ER-PM contact sites and provide phosphatidylinositol, a precursor of PI(4)P and PI(4,5)P2, to the plasma membrane. β-cells lacking TMEM24 exhibit markedly suppressed glucose-induced Ca2+ oscillations and insulin secretion but the underlying mechanism is not known. We now show that TMEM24 only weakly interact with the PM, and dissociates in response to both diacylglycerol and nanomolar elevations of cytosolic Ca2+. Loss of TMEM24 results in hyper-accumulation of Ca2+ in the ER and in excess Ca2+ entry into mitochondria, with resulting impairment in glucose-stimulated ATP production.
    Keywords:  Ca2+; Membrane contact sites; mitochondria
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.259073
  14. PLoS Biol. 2021 Nov;19(11): e3001432
    Homeostatic scaling is driven by a translation-dependent degradation axis that recruits miRISC remodeling.
    Balakumar Srinivasan, Sarbani Samaddar, Sivaram V S Mylavarapu, James P Clement, Sourav Banerjee.
      Homeostatic scaling in neurons has been attributed to the individual contribution of either translation or degradation; however, there remains limited insight toward understanding how the interplay between the two processes effectuates synaptic homeostasis. Here, we report that a codependence between protein synthesis and degradation mechanisms drives synaptic homeostasis, whereas abrogation of either prevents it. Coordination between the two processes is achieved through the formation of a tripartite complex between translation regulators, the 26S proteasome, and the miRNA-induced silencing complex (miRISC) components such as Argonaute, MOV10, and Trim32 on actively translating transcripts or polysomes. The components of this ternary complex directly interact with each other in an RNA-dependent manner. Disruption of polysomes abolishes this ternary interaction, suggesting that translating RNAs facilitate the combinatorial action of the proteasome and the translational apparatus. We identify that synaptic downscaling involves miRISC remodeling, which entails the mTORC1-dependent translation of Trim32, an E3 ligase, and the subsequent degradation of its target, MOV10 via the phosphorylation of p70 S6 kinase. We find that the E3 ligase Trim32 specifically polyubiquitinates MOV10 for its degradation during synaptic downscaling. MOV10 degradation alone is sufficient to invoke downscaling by enhancing Arc translation through its 3' UTR and causing the subsequent removal of postsynaptic AMPA receptors. Synaptic scaling was occluded when we depleted Trim32 and overexpressed MOV10 in neurons, suggesting that the Trim32-MOV10 axis is necessary for synaptic downscaling. We propose a mechanism that exploits a translation-driven protein degradation paradigm to invoke miRISC remodeling and induce homeostatic scaling during chronic network activity.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001432
  15. Life Sci Alliance. 2022 Feb;pii: e202101068. [Epub ahead of print]5(2):
    MANF supports the inner hair cell synapse and the outer hair cell stereocilia bundle in the cochlea.
    Kuu Ikäheimo, Anni Herranen, Vilma Iivanainen, Tuuli Lankinen, Antti A Aarnisalo, Ville Sivonen, Kashyap A Patel, Korcan Demir, Mart Saarma, Maria Lindahl, Ulla Pirvola.
      Failure in the structural maintenance of the hair cell stereocilia bundle and ribbon synapse causes hearing loss. Here, we have studied how ER stress elicits hair cell pathology, using mouse models with inactivation of Manf (mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor), encoding an ER-homeostasis-promoting protein. From hearing onset, Manf deficiency caused disarray of the outer hair cell stereocilia bundle and reduced cochlear sound amplification capability throughout the tonotopic axis. In high-frequency outer hair cells, the pathology ended in molecular changes in the stereocilia taper region and in strong stereocilia fusion. In high-frequency inner hair cells, Manf deficiency degraded ribbon synapses. The altered phenotype strongly depended on the mouse genetic background. Altogether, the failure in the ER homeostasis maintenance induced early-onset stereociliopathy and synaptopathy and accelerated the effect of genetic causes driving age-related hearing loss. Correspondingly, MANF mutation in a human patient induced severe sensorineural hearing loss from a young age onward. Thus, we present MANF as a novel protein and ER stress as a mechanism that regulate auditory hair cell maintenance in both mice and humans.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.26508/lsa.202101068
  16. Autophagy. 2021 Nov 26. 1-21
    Post-transcriptional regulation of ATG1 is a critical node that modulates autophagy during distinct nutrient stresses.
    Vikramjit Lahiri, Shree Padma Metur, Zehan Hu, Xinxin Song, Muriel Mari, Wayne D Hawkins, Janakraj Bhattarai, Elizabeth Delorme-Axford, Fulvio Reggiori, Daolin Tang, Joern Dengjel, Daniel J Klionsky.
      Macroautophagy/autophagy is a highly conserved nutrient-recycling pathway that eukaryotes utilize to combat diverse stresses including nutrient depletion. Dysregulation of autophagy disrupts cellular homeostasis leading to starvation susceptibility in yeast and disease development in humans. In yeast, the robust autophagy response to starvation is controlled by the upregulation of ATG genes, via regulatory processes involving multiple levels of gene expression. Despite the identification of several regulators through genetic studies, the predominant mechanism of regulation modulating the autophagy response to subtle differences in nutrient status remains undefined. Here, we report the unexpected finding that subtle changes in nutrient availability can cause large differences in autophagy flux, governed by hitherto unknown post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms affecting the expression of the key autophagyinducing kinase Atg1 (ULK1/ULK2 in mammals). We have identified two novel post-transcriptional regulators of ATG1 expression, the kinase Rad53 and the RNA-binding protein Ded1 (DDX3 in mammals). Furthermore, we show that DDX3 regulates ULK1 expression post-transcriptionally, establishing mechanistic conservation and highlighting the power of yeast biology in uncovering regulatory mechanisms that can inform therapeutic approaches.
    Keywords:  ATG1; Amino acid starvation; DDX3; DED1; RAD53; ULK1; autophagosome; autophagy
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1080/15548627.2021.1997305
  17. Mol Cell. 2021 Nov 12. pii: S1097-2765(21)00947-3. [Epub ahead of print]
    Deubiquitinases: From mechanisms to their inhibition by small molecules.
    Sven M Lange, Lee A Armstrong, Yogesh Kulathu.
      Deubiquitinases (DUBs) are specialized proteases that remove ubiquitin from substrates or cleave within ubiquitin chains to regulate ubiquitylation and therefore play important roles in eukaryotic biology. Dysregulation of DUBs is implicated in several human diseases, highlighting the importance of DUB function. In addition, many pathogenic bacteria and viruses encode and deploy DUBs to manipulate host immune responses and establish infectious diseases in humans and animals. Hence, therapeutic targeting of DUBs is an increasingly explored area that requires an in-depth mechanistic understanding of human and pathogenic DUBs. In this review, we summarize the multiple layers of regulation that control autoinhibition, activation, and substrate specificity of DUBs. We discuss different strategies to inhibit DUBs and the progress in developing selective small-molecule DUB inhibitors. Finally, we propose a classification system of DUB inhibitors based on their mode of action.
    Keywords:  COVID-19; DUB inhibitors; cancer; enzyme regulation; infectious disease; polyubiquitin; signal transduction; structural biology; ubiquitin signaling; ubiquitylation
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2021.10.027
  18. Cell Rep. 2021 Nov 23. pii: S2211-1247(21)01516-3. [Epub ahead of print]37(8): 110034
    SUMO orchestrates multiple alternative DNA-protein crosslink repair pathways.
    Nataliia Serbyn, Ivona Bagdiul, Audrey Noireterre, Agnès H Michel, Raymond T Suhandynata, Huilin Zhou, Benoît Kornmann, Françoise Stutz.
      Endogenous metabolites, environmental agents, and therapeutic drugs promote formation of covalent DNA-protein crosslinks (DPCs). Persistent DPCs compromise genome integrity and are eliminated by multiple repair pathways. Aberrant Top1-DNA crosslinks, or Top1ccs, are processed by Tdp1 and Wss1 functioning in parallel pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It remains obscure how cells choose between diverse mechanisms of DPC repair. Here, we show that several SUMO biogenesis factors (Ulp1, Siz2, Slx5, and Slx8) control repair of Top1cc or an analogous DPC lesion. Genetic analysis reveals that SUMO promotes Top1cc processing in the absence of Tdp1 but has an inhibitory role if cells additionally lack Wss1. In the tdp1Δ wss1Δ mutant, the E3 SUMO ligase Siz2 stimulates sumoylation in the vicinity of the DPC, but not SUMO conjugation to Top1. This Siz2-dependent sumoylation inhibits alternative DPC repair mechanisms, including Ddi1. Our findings suggest that SUMO tunes available repair pathways to facilitate faithful DPC repair.
    Keywords:  DNA-protein crosslink; DPC repair; Flp-nick; STUbL; SUMO; Siz2; Tdp1; Top1; Top1cc; Ulp1; Wss1
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110034
  19. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2021 Nov 22. pii: S1084-9521(21)00281-0. [Epub ahead of print]
    The molecular mechanisms that drive intracellular neutralization by the antibody-receptor and RING E3 ligase TRIM21.
    Leo Kiss, Leo C James.
      The cytosolic antibody receptor and RING E3 ligase TRIM21 targets intracellular, antibody-coated immune complexes for degradation and activates the immune system. Here we review how TRIM21 degrades diverse targets and how this activity can be exploited in molecular biology and for the development of new therapeutics. In addition, we compare what is known about TRIM21's mechanism to other TRIM proteins and RING E3 ligases.
    Keywords:  Antibody; E3 ubiquitin ligase; Intracellular neutralization; TRIM21; Trim-Away; Virus
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.11.005
  20. Commun Biol. 2021 Nov 24. 4(1): 1323
    Cellular senescence links mitochondria-ER contacts and aging.
    Dorian V Ziegler, Nadine Martin, David Bernard.
      Membrane contact sites emerged in the last decade as key players in the integration, regulation and transmission of many signals within cells, with critical impact in multiple pathophysiological contexts. Numerous studies accordingly point to a role for mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum contacts (MERCs) in modulating aging. Nonetheless, the driving cellular mechanisms behind this role remain unclear. Recent evidence unravelled that MERCs regulate cellular senescence, a state of permanent proliferation arrest associated with a pro-inflammatory secretome, which could mediate MERC impact on aging. Here we discuss this idea in light of recent advances supporting an interplay between MERCs, cellular senescence and aging.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-021-02840-5
  21. Cells. 2021 Oct 29. pii: 2953. [Epub ahead of print]10(11):
    Impacts of p97 on Proteome Changes in Human Cells during Coronaviral Replication.
    Kai-Wen Cheng, Shan Li, Feng Wang, Nallely M Ruiz-Lopez, Nadia Houerbi, Tsui-Fen Chou.
      Human coronavirus (HCoV) similar to other viruses rely on host cell machinery for both replication and to spread. The p97/VCP ATPase is associated with diverse pathways that may favor HCoV replication. In this study, we assessed the role of p97 and associated host responses in human lung cell line H1299 after HCoV-229E or HCoV-OC43 infection. Inhibition of p97 function by small molecule inhibitors shows antiviral activity, particularly at early stages of the virus life cycle, during virus uncoating and viral RNA replication. Importantly, p97 activity inhibition protects human cells against HCoV-induced cytopathic effects. The p97 knockdown also inhibits viral production in infected cells. Unbiased quantitative proteomics analyses reveal that HCoV-OC43 infection resulted in proteome changes enriched in cellular senescence and DNA repair during virus replication. Further analysis of protein changes between infected cells with control and p97 shRNA identifies cell cycle pathways for both HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43 infection. Together, our data indicate a role for the essential host protein p97 in supporting HCoV replication, suggesting that p97 is a therapeutic target to treat HCoV infection.
    Keywords:  ATPase; coronavirus; inhibitor; p97; proteomics
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10112953
  22. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2021 Nov 25.
    Targeted substrate loop insertion by VCP/p97 during PP1 complex disassembly.
    Johannes van den Boom, Anja F Kueck, Bojana Kravic, Helen Müschenborn, Maike Giesing, Dongqing Pan, Farnusch Kaschani, Markus Kaiser, Andrea Musacchio, Hemmo Meyer.
      The AAA-ATPase VCP/p97/Cdc48 unfolds proteins by threading them through its central pore, but how substrates are recognized and inserted into the pore in diverse pathways has remained controversial. Here, we show that p97, with its adapter p37, binds an internal recognition site (IRS) within inhibitor-3 (I3) and then threads a peptide loop into its channel to strip I3 off protein phosphatase-1 (PP1). Of note, the IRS is adjacent to the prime interaction site of I3 to PP1, and IRS mutations block I3 processing both in vitro and in cells. In contrast, amino- and carboxy-terminal regions of I3 are not required, and even circularization of I3 does not prevent I3 processing. This was confirmed by an in vitro Förster resonance energy transfer assay that allowed kinetic analysis of the reaction. Thus, our data uncover how PP1 is released from its inhibitory partner for activation and demonstrate a remarkable plasticity in substrate threading by p97.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41594-021-00684-5
  23. iScience. 2021 Dec 17. 24(12): 103396
    Proteostasis regulated by testis-specific ribosomal protein RPL39L maintains mouse spermatogenesis.
    Qianxing Zou, Lele Yang, Ruona Shi, Yuling Qi, Xiaofei Zhang, Huayu Qi.
      Maintaining proteostasis is important for animal development. How proteostasis influences spermatogenesis that generates male gametes, spermatozoa, is not clear. We show that testis-specific paralog of ribosomal large subunit protein RPL39, RPL39L, is required for mouse spermatogenesis. Deletion of Rpl39l in mouse caused reduced proliferation of spermatogonial stem cells, malformed sperm mitochondria and flagella, leading to sub-fertility in males. Biochemical analyses revealed that lack of RPL39L deteriorated protein synthesis and protein quality control in spermatogenic cells, partly due to reduced biogenesis of ribosomal subunits and ribosome homeostasis. RPL39/RPL39L is likely assembled into ribosomes via H/ACA domain containing NOP10 complex early in ribosome biogenesis pathway. Furthermore, Rpl39l null mice exhibited compromised regenerative spermatogenesis after chemical insult and early degenerative spermatogenesis in aging mice. These data demonstrate that maintaining proteostasis is important for spermatogenesis, of which ribosome homeostasis maintained by ribosomal proteins coordinates translation machinery to the regulation of cellular growth.
    Keywords:  Developmental biology; Male reproductive endocrinology; Molecular biology
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.103396
  24. Nat Commun. 2021 Nov 23. 12(1): 6809
    Identification of disease-linked hyperactivating mutations in UBE3A through large-scale functional variant analysis.
    Kellan P Weston, Xiaoyi Gao, Jinghan Zhao, Kwang-Soo Kim, Susan E Maloney, Jill Gotoff, Sumit Parikh, Yen-Chen Leu, Kuen-Phon Wu, Marwan Shinawi, Joshua P Steimel, Joseph S Harrison, Jason J Yi.
      The mechanisms that underlie the extensive phenotypic diversity in genetic disorders are poorly understood. Here, we develop a large-scale assay to characterize the functional valence (gain or loss-of-function) of missense variants identified in UBE3A, the gene whose loss-of-function causes the neurodevelopmental disorder Angelman syndrome. We identify numerous gain-of-function variants including a hyperactivating Q588E mutation that strikingly increases UBE3A activity above wild-type UBE3A levels. Mice carrying the Q588E mutation exhibit aberrant early-life motor and communication deficits, and individuals possessing hyperactivating UBE3A variants exhibit affected phenotypes that are distinguishable from Angelman syndrome. Additional structure-function analysis reveals that Q588 forms a regulatory site in UBE3A that is conserved among HECT domain ubiquitin ligases and perturbed in various neurodevelopmental disorders. Together, our study indicates that excessive UBE3A activity increases the risk for neurodevelopmental pathology and suggests that functional variant analysis can help delineate mechanistic subtypes in monogenic disorders.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27156-0
  25. Elife. 2021 Nov 23. pii: e73215. [Epub ahead of print]10
    The IRE1/XBP1 signaling axis promotes skeletal muscle regeneration through a cell non-autonomous mechanism.
    Anirban Roy, Meiricris Tomaz da Silva, Raksha Bhat, Kyle R Bohnert, Takao Iwawaki, Ashok Kumar.
      Skeletal muscle regeneration is regulated by coordinated activation of multiple signaling pathways activated in both injured myofibers and satellite cells. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a major mechanism that detects and alleviates protein-folding stresses in ER. However, the role of individual arms of the UPR in skeletal muscle regeneration remain less understood. In the present study, we demonstrate that IRE1α (also known as ERN1) and its downstream target, XBP1, are activated in skeletal muscle of mice upon injury. Myofiber-specific ablation of IRE1 or XBP1 in mice diminishes skeletal muscle regeneration that is accompanied with reduced number of satellite cells and their fusion to injured myofibers. Ex vivo cultures of myofiber explants demonstrate that ablation of IRE1α reduces the proliferative capacity of myofiber-associated satellite cells. Myofiber-specific deletion of IRE1α dampens Notch signaling and canonical NF-kB pathway in skeletal muscle of mice. Our results also demonstrate that targeted ablation of IRE1α reduces skeletal muscle regeneration in the mdx mice, a model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Collectively, our results reveal that the IRE1α-mediated signaling promotes muscle regeneration through augmenting the proliferation of satellite cells in a cell non-autonomous manner.
    Keywords:  cell biology; mouse; regenerative medicine; stem cells
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.73215
  26. J Cell Biol. 2022 Jan 03. pii: e202105092. [Epub ahead of print]221(1):
    LUBAC regulates ciliogenesis by promoting CP110 removal from the mother centriole.
    Xiao-Lin Shen, Jin-Feng Yuan, Xuan-He Qin, Guang-Ping Song, Huai-Bin Hu, Hai-Qing Tu, Zeng-Qing Song, Pei-Yao Li, Yu-Ling Xu, Sen Li, Xiao-Xiao Jian, Jia-Ning Li, Chun-Yu He, Xi-Ping Yu, Li-Yun Liang, Min Wu, Qiu-Ying Han, Kai Wang, Ai-Ling Li, Tao Zhou, Yu-Cheng Zhang, Na Wang, Hui-Yan Li.
      Primary cilia transduce diverse signals in embryonic development and adult tissues. Defective ciliogenesis results in a series of human disorders collectively known as ciliopathies. The CP110-CEP97 complex removal from the mother centriole is an early critical step for ciliogenesis, but the underlying mechanism for this step remains largely obscure. Here, we reveal that the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC) plays an essential role in ciliogenesis by targeting the CP110-CEP97 complex. LUBAC specifically generates linear ubiquitin chains on CP110, which is required for CP110 removal from the mother centriole in ciliogenesis. We further identify that a pre-mRNA splicing factor, PRPF8, at the distal end of the mother centriole acts as the receptor of the linear ubiquitin chains to facilitate CP110 removal at the initial stage of ciliogenesis. Thus, our study reveals a direct mechanism of regulating CP110 removal in ciliogenesis and implicates the E3 ligase LUBAC as a potential therapy target of cilia-associated diseases, including ciliopathies and cancers.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202105092
  27. Mol Biol Cell. 2021 Nov 24. mbcE21110558T
    ER-localized phosphatidylethanolamine synthase plays a conserved role in lipid droplet formation.
    Mehmet Oguz Gok, Natalie Ortiz Speer, W Mike Henne, Jonathan R Friedman.
      The asymmetric distribution of phospholipids in membranes is a fundamental principle of cellular compartmentalization and organization. Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), a nonbilayer phospholipid that contributes to organelle shape and function, is synthesized at several subcellular localizations via semi-redundant pathways. Previously, we demonstrated in budding yeast that the PE synthase Psd1, which primarily operates on the mitochondrial inner membrane, is additionally targeted to the ER. While ER-localized Psd1 is required to support cellular growth in the absence of redundant pathways, its physiological function is unclear. We now demonstrate that ER-localized Psd1 sub-localizes on the ER to lipid droplet (LD) attachment sites and show it is specifically required for normal LD formation. We also find that the role of phosphatidylserine decarboxylase (PSD) enzymes in LD formation is conserved in other organisms. Thus, we have identified PSD enzymes as novel regulators of LDs and demonstrate that both mitochondria and LDs in yeast are organized and shaped by the spatial positioning of a single PE synthesis enzyme.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E21-11-0558-T
  28. J Virol. 2021 Nov 24. JVI0162621
    Glycosylation and disulfide bonding of wild-type SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein.
    Shijian Zhang, Eden P Go, Haitao Ding, Saumya Anang, John C Kappes, Heather Desaire, Joseph G Sodroski.
      The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, the etiologic agent of COVID-19, uses its spike (S) glycoprotein anchored in the viral membrane to enter host cells. The S glycoprotein is the major target for neutralizing antibodies elicited by natural infection and by vaccines. Approximately 35% of the SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein consists of carbohydrate, which can influence virus infectivity and susceptibility to antibody inhibition. We found that virus-like particles produced by co-expression of SARS-CoV-2 S, M, E and N proteins contained spike glycoproteins that were extensively modified by complex carbohydrates. We used a fucose-selective lectin to purify the Golgi-modified fraction of a wild-type SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein trimer, and determined its glycosylation and disulfide bond profile. Compared with soluble or solubilized S glycoproteins modified to prevent proteolytic cleavage and to retain a prefusion conformation, more of the wild-type S glycoprotein N-linked glycans are processed to complex forms. Even Asn 234, a significant percentage of which is decorated by high-mannose glycans on other characterized S trimer preparations, is predominantly modified in the Golgi compartment by processed glycans. Three incompletely occupied sites of O-linked glycosylation were detected. Viruses pseudotyped with natural variants of the serine/threonine residues implicated in O-linked glycosylation were generally infectious and exhibited sensitivity to neutralization by soluble ACE2 and convalescent antisera comparable to that of the wild-type virus. Unlike other natural cysteine variants, a Cys15Phe (C15F) mutant retained partial, but unstable, infectivity. These findings enhance our understanding of the Golgi processing of the native SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein carbohydrates and could assist the design of interventions. IMPORTANCE The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, which causes COVID-19, uses its spike glycoprotein to enter host cells. The viral spike glycoprotein is the main target of host neutralizing antibodies that help to control SARS-CoV-2 infection and are important for the protection provided by vaccines. The SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein consists of a trimer of two subunits covered with a coat of carbohydrates (sugars). Here, we describe the disulfide bonds that assist the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein to assume the correct shape, and the composition of the sugar moieties on the glycoprotein surface. We also evaluate the consequences of natural virus variation in O-linked sugar addition and in the cysteine residues involved in disulfide bond formation. This information can expedite the improvement of vaccines and therapies for COVID-19.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01626-21
  29. Nat Commun. 2021 Nov 26. 12(1): 6778
    An atlas of protein turnover rates in mouse tissues.
    Zach Rolfs, Brian L Frey, Xudong Shi, Yoshitaka Kawai, Lloyd M Smith, Nathan V Welham.
      Protein turnover is critical to cellular physiology as well as to the growth and maintenance of tissues. The unique synthesis and degradation rates of each protein help to define tissue phenotype, and knowledge of tissue- and protein-specific half-lives is directly relevant to protein-related drug development as well as the administration of medical therapies. Using stable isotope labeling and mass spectrometry, we determine the in vivo turnover rates of thousands of proteins-including those of the extracellular matrix-in a set of biologically important mouse tissues. We additionally develop a data visualization platform, named ApplE Turnover, that enables facile searching for any protein of interest in a tissue of interest and then displays its half-life, confidence interval, and supporting measurements. This extensive dataset and the corresponding visualization software provide a reference to guide future studies of mammalian protein turnover in response to physiologic perturbation, disease, or therapeutic intervention.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-26842-3
  30. Cell Commun Signal. 2021 Nov 20. 19(1): 116
    Multiomic analysis on human cell model of wolfram syndrome reveals changes in mitochondrial morphology and function.
    Agnieszka Zmyslowska, Miljan Kuljanin, Beata Malachowska, Marcin Stanczak, Dominika Michalek, Aneta Wlodarczyk, Dagmara Grot, Joanna Taha, Bartłomiej Pawlik, Magdalena Lebiedzińska-Arciszewska, Hanna Nieznanska, Mariusz R Wieckowski, Piotr Rieske, Joseph D Mancias, Maciej Borowiec, Wojciech Mlynarski, Wojciech Fendler.
       BACKGROUND: Wolfram syndrome (WFS) is a rare autosomal recessive syndrome in which diabetes mellitus and neurodegenerative disorders occur as a result of Wolframin deficiency and increased ER stress. In addition, WFS1 deficiency leads to calcium homeostasis disturbances and can change mitochondrial dynamics. The aim of this study was to evaluate protein levels and changes in gene transcription on human WFS cell model under experimental ER stress.
    METHODS: We performed transcriptomic and proteomic analysis on WFS human cell model-skin fibroblasts reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells and then into neural stem cells (NSC) with subsequent ER stress induction using tunicamycin (TM). Results were cross-referenced with publicly available RNA sequencing data in hippocampi and hypothalami of mice with WFS1 deficiency.
    RESULTS: Proteomic analysis identified specific signal pathways that differ in NSC WFS cells from healthy ones. Next, detailed analysis of the proteins involved in the mitochondrial function showed the down-regulation of subunits of the respiratory chain complexes in NSC WFS cells, as well as the up-regulation of proteins involved in Krebs cycle and glycolysis when compared to the control cells. Based on pathway enrichment analysis we concluded that in samples from mice hippocampi the mitochondrial protein import machinery and OXPHOS were significantly down-regulated.
    CONCLUSIONS: Our results show the functional and morphological secondary mitochondrial damage in patients with WFS. Video Abstract.
    Keywords:  ER stress; Mitochondria; Proteomics; Transcriptomics; Wolfram syndrome
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1186/s12964-021-00791-2
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