Mol Neurodegener Adv. 2026 ;2(1):
38
Many neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by pathological protein aggregation in the brain. Alzheimer's disease displays amyloid-β and tau inclusions in the form of amyloid-β plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles. Synucleinopathies comprise Parkinson's disease and Dementia with Lewy bodies, which are classified by α-synuclein depositions in the form of Lewy bodies, as well as multiple system atrophy, which displays glial cytoplasmic α-synuclein inclusions. Tar DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43) inclusions are observed in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar dementia with TDP-43 inclusions. A separate subgroup of frontotemporal lobar dementias, including Pick's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration, are characterized by disease-specific patterns of tau pathology and are termed primary tauopathies. Despite these classifications, it is not often appreciated that neurodegenerative diseases commonly display amyloid-β, tau, α-synuclein, and/or TDP-43 co-pathologies not typically associated with that specific disease's pathophysiology. Additionally, in vitro and in vivo proteinopathy models show interactions between pathological forms of these proteins that increase protein aggregation and neurotoxicity, suggesting distinct mechanisms underlying co-pathologies that play a significant role in neurodegeneration. In this review, we describe the frequency of protein co-pathologies across neurodegenerative diseases and preclinical work demonstrating pathological protein synergies that exacerbate protein aggregation and toxicity. We also discuss granulovacuolar degeneration bodies, proteolytically active lysosomal structures that are induced by either pathological tau or α-synuclein accumulation, as an example of a shared cellular response to, and link between, distinct protein pathologies. Finally, we highlight interventional clinical trials which target multiple pathologies and/or specifically target co-pathologies in neurodegenerative diseases, noting that current preclinical and clinical research is limited and this line of investigation should be pursued more vigorously. In all, we find that protein co-pathologies are frequently observed in the brains of common neurodegenerative diseases and serve as important future therapeutic targets for combatting neurodegeneration across clinically distinct diseases.
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Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; Amyloid; Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; Co-pathology; Granulovacuolar degeneration bodies; Lewy body disease; Synuclein; TDP-43; Tau; Tauopathy