bims-polyam 2021-10-03 papers

bims-polyam

Biomed News

on Polyamines

Issue of 2021–10–03
seven papers selected by
Sebastian J. Hofer, University of Graz

The Protective Effect of Topical Spermidine on Dry Eye Disease with Retinal Damage Induced by Diesel Particulate Matter2.5.
Influence of Breastfeeding Factors on Polyamine Content in Human Milk.
Plant Growth Regulators Application Enhance Tolerance to Salinity and Benefit the Halophyte Plantago coronopus in Saline Agriculture.
Deletion of the Bcnrps1 Gene Increases the Pathogenicity of Botrytis cinerea and Reduces Its Tolerance to the Exogenous Toxic Substances Spermidine and Pyrimethanil.
Reactive Astrocytosis in a Mouse Model of Chronic Polyamine Catabolism Activation.
Oral Spermine Supplementation in Gestated Rabbit: A Study on Villi Height of Immature Intestines.
Metabolic Alterations Identified in Urine, Plasma and Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells Reflect Cardiovascular Risk in Patients with Programmed Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting.

Pharmaceutics. 2021 Sep 10. pii: 1439. [Epub ahead of print]13(9):

The Protective Effect of Topical Spermidine on Dry Eye Disease with Retinal Damage Induced by Diesel Particulate Matter2.5.

Hyesook Lee, Da Hye Kim, Hyun Hwangbo, So Young Kim, Seon Yeong Ji, Min Yeong Kim, Jung-Hyun Shim, Sun-Hee Leem, Jin Won Hyun, Gi-Young Kim, Yung Hyun Choi.

  Air pollutants, especially ambient fine particulate matter2.5, may contribute to various ocular surface disorders, including dry eye disease, keratitis and conjunctivitis. A natural polyamine spermidine has a protective effect on the retina and optic nerve; however, no study has been conducted on the application of spermidine in particulate matter2.5-induced dry eye disease. In the present study, we investigated the effect of spermidine eye drops in topically exposed particulate matter2.5-induced dry eye models of Sprague-Dawley rats, by hematological, biochemical and histological evaluation. Spermidine eye drops attenuated the particulate matter2.5 exposure-induced reduction of tear secretion and corneal epithelial damage. Furthermore, spermidine protected against conjunctival goblet cell loss and retinal ganglion cell loss induced by particulate matter2.5. Additionally, spermidine markedly prevented particulate matter2.5-induced infiltration of cluster of differentiation3+ and cluster of differentiation4+ T lymphocytes and F4/80+ macrophages on lacrimal gland. Moreover, over expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 and interleukin-17 in the lacrimal gland and cornea. Meanwhile, the levels of serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were markedly increased by topical exposure to particulate matter2.5, but this change in the lipid profile was decreased by spermidine. Taken together, spermidine may have protective effects against particulate matter2.5-induced dry eye symptoms via stabilization of the tear film and suppression of inflammation and may in part contribute to improving retinal function and lipid metabolism disorder.

Keywords:  dry eye disease; inflammation; lacrimal gland; particulate matter2.5; spermidine

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13091439
Nutrients. 2021 Aug 29. pii: 3016. [Epub ahead of print]13(9):

Influence of Breastfeeding Factors on Polyamine Content in Human Milk.

Nelly C Muñoz-Esparza, Edgar M Vásquez-Garibay, Elizabeth Guzmán-Mercado, Alfredo Larrosa-Haro, Oriol Comas-Basté, M Luz Latorre-Moratalla, M Teresa Veciana-Nogués, M Carmen Vidal-Carou.

  The polyamine content of human breast milk, which is the first exogenous source of polyamines for the newborn, can be affected by several factors associated with the mother, the infant, or breastfeeding itself. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different breastfeeding factors on the polyamines found in human milk. For this study, a cohort of 83 mothers was considered for up to 4 months, and a subgroup of 33 mothers were followed during the first six months of breastfeeding. Two breast milk samples were collected at each sampling point (foremilk and hindmilk) and the polyamine content was determined by UHPLC-FL. Polyamine levels varied considerably between the mothers and tended to decrease over time. Putrescine was the minor polyamine, whereas spermidine and spermine contents were very similar. The concentrations of the three polyamines were significantly higher in hindmilk than foremilk (p < 0.001). Spermidine and spermine levels decreased significantly through the lactation progress (p < 0.05). Finally, slightly higher levels of polyamines were observed in the milk of mothers providing partial, rather than full, breastfeeding, although the differences were not significant. The polyamine content in human milk was found to change during a single feed (foremilk versus hindmilk) and as lactation progressed, mainly in response to the specific circumstances of the newborn.

Keywords:  full breastfeeding; human milk; partial breastfeeding; polyamines; putrescine; spermidine; spermine

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093016
Plants (Basel). 2021 Sep 10. pii: 1872. [Epub ahead of print]10(9):

Plant Growth Regulators Application Enhance Tolerance to Salinity and Benefit the Halophyte Plantago coronopus in Saline Agriculture.

Milagros Bueno, María Del Pilar Cordovilla.

  Climate change, soil salinisation and desertification, intensive agriculture and the poor quality of irrigation water all create serious problems for the agriculture that supplies the world with food. Halophyte cultivation could constitute an alternative to glycophytic cultures and help resolve these issues. Plantago coronopus can be used in biosaline agriculture as it tolerates salt concentrations of 100 mM NaCl. To increase the salt tolerance of this plant, plant growth regulators such as polyamine spermidine, salicylic acid, gibberellins, cytokinins, and auxins were added in a hydroponic culture before the irrigation of NaCl (200 mM). In 45-day-old plants, dry weight, water content, osmolyte (sorbitol), antioxidants (phenols, flavonoids), polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, spermine (free, bound, and conjugated forms)) and ethylene were determined. In non-saline conditions, all plant regulators improved growth while in plants treated with salt, spermidine application was the most effective in improving growth, osmolyte accumulation (43%) and an increase of antioxidants (24%) in P. coronopus. The pretreatments that increase the sorbitol content, endogenous amines (bound spermine fraction), phenols and flavonoids may be the most effective in protecting to P. coronopus against stress and, therefore, could contribute to improving the tolerance to salinity and increase nutritional quality of P. coronopus.

Keywords:  antioxidants; biosaline agriculture; climate change; growth; osmolyte accumulation; phytohormones; polyamines; salicylic acid; salt tolerance

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10091872
J Fungi (Basel). 2021 Sep 03. pii: 721. [Epub ahead of print]7(9):

Deletion of the Bcnrps1 Gene Increases the Pathogenicity of Botrytis cinerea and Reduces Its Tolerance to the Exogenous Toxic Substances Spermidine and Pyrimethanil.

Ana Fernández-Morales, María Carbú, Victoria E González-Rodríguez, Sokratis Papaspyrou, Carlos Garrido, Jesús M Cantoral.

  During the infection of grapevine (Vitis vinifera) by the fungus Botrytis cinerea, the concentration of polyamines, which are toxic substances for the phytopathogen, increases in the grape. Nine NRPS genes have been identified in the genome of B. cinerea, yet the function of five of them remains unknown. For this reason, we have studied the expression of the 9 NRPS genes by RT-qPCR in a medium supplemented with sublethal concentrations of three polyamines (1,3-diaminopropane (1,3-DAP), spermidine (SPD), and spermine (SPM)). Our results show that the presence of polyamines in the culture medium triggered the overexpression of the Bcnrps1 gene in the pathogen. Deleting Bcnrps1 did not affect mycelial growth or adaptation to osmotic stress, and we show that its expression is not essential for the cycle of infection of the B. cinerea. However, mutating the Bcnrps1 gene resulted in overexpression of the Bcnrps6 gene, which encodes for the excretion of siderophores of the coprogen family. Moreover, gene deletion has reduced the tolerance of B. cinerea B05.10 to toxic substances such as the polyamine SPD and the fungicide pyrimethanil, and its virulence has increased. Our findings provide new insights into the function of the Bcnrps1 gene and its involvement in the tolerance of B. cinerea against exogenous toxic compounds.

Keywords:  RT-qPCR; environmental signals; fungicide; non-ribosomal peptide synthetase; oxidative stress; polyamines; siderophore

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/jof7090721
Biomolecules. 2021 Aug 25. pii: 1274. [Epub ahead of print]11(9):

Reactive Astrocytosis in a Mouse Model of Chronic Polyamine Catabolism Activation.

Chiara Cervetto, Monica Averna, Laura Vergani, Marco Pedrazzi, Sarah Amato, Simone Pelassa, Stefano Giuliani, Francesca Baldini, Guido Maura, Paolo Mariottini, Manuela Marcoli, Manuela Cervelli.

   BACKGROUND: In the brain, polyamines are mainly synthesized in neurons, but preferentially accumulated in astrocytes, and are proposed to be involved in neurodegenerative/neuroinflammatory disorders and neuron injury. A transgenic mouse overexpressing spermine oxidase (SMOX, which specifically oxidizes spermine) in the neocortex neurons (Dach-SMOX mouse) was proved to be a model of increased susceptibility to excitotoxic injury.
METHODS: To investigate possible alterations in synapse functioning in Dach-SMOX mouse, both cerebrocortical nerve terminals (synaptosomes) and astrocytic processes (gliosomes) were analysed by assessing polyamine levels, ezrin and vimentin content, glutamate AMPA receptor activation, calcium influx, and catalase activity.
RESULTS: The main findings are as follows: (i) the presence of functional calcium-permeable AMPA receptors in synaptosomes from both control and Dach-SMOX mice, and in gliosomes from Dach-SMOX mice only; (ii) reduced content of spermine in gliosomes from Dach-SMOX mice; and (iii) down-regulation and up-regulation of catalase activity in synaptosomes and gliosomes, respectively, from Dach-SMOX mice.
CONCLUSIONS: Chronic activation of SMOX in neurons leads to major changes in the astrocyte processes including reduced spermine levels, increased calcium influx through calcium-permeable AMPA receptors, and stimulation of catalase activity. Astrocytosis and the astrocyte process alterations, depending on chronic activation of polyamine catabolism, result in synapse dysregulation and neuronal suffering.

Keywords:  astrocyte processes; excitotoxicity; nerve terminals; oxidative stress; polyamines; spermine oxidase (SMOX)

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11091274
Front Surg. 2021 ;8 721560

Oral Spermine Supplementation in Gestated Rabbit: A Study on Villi Height of Immature Intestines.

Riana Pauline Tamba, Yefta Moenadjat.

  Introduction: Immature intestines are the major problem in prematurity. Postnatal oral spermine has been shown in studies to improve intestinal maturation in rats and piglets. This study aimed to find out the efficacy of spermine in rabbits during gestation. Method: An experimental study was done in an unblinded, randomized manner on those treated with and without spermine administration. A morphological examination of hematoxylin-eosin-stained villi was performed under a light microscope with a focus on villi height. Data were subjected to analysis. Results: The median of the spermine-treated group was found to be higher at 24, 26, and 28 days than the non-spermine group, but was not significantly different. Conclusion: Oral spermine supplementation during gestation might improve intestinal villi height in immature rabbit intestines.

Keywords:  gestation; immature intestines; rabbit; spermine; villi height

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3389/fsurg.2021.721560
Antioxidants (Basel). 2021 Aug 27. pii: 1369. [Epub ahead of print]10(9):

Metabolic Alterations Identified in Urine, Plasma and Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells Reflect Cardiovascular Risk in Patients with Programmed Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting.

Aranzazu Santiago-Hernandez, Paula J Martinez, Marta Agudiez, Angeles Heredero, Laura Gonzalez-Calero, Alma Yuste-Montalvo, Vanesa Esteban, Gonzalo Aldamiz-Echevarria, Marta Martin-Lorenzo, Gloria Alvarez-Llamas.

  Atherosclerosis is the predominant pathology associated to premature deaths due to cardiovascular disease. However, early intervention based on a personalized diagnosis of cardiovascular risk is very limited. We have previously identified metabolic alterations during atherosclerosis development in a rabbit model and in subjects suffering from an acute coronary syndrome. Here we aim to identify specific metabolic signatures which may set the basis for novel tools aiding cardiovascular risk diagnosis in clinical practice. In a cohort of subjects with programmed coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), we have performed liquid chromatography and targeted mass spectrometry analysis in urine and plasma. The role of vascular smooth muscle cells from human aorta (HA-VSMCs) was also investigated by analyzing the intra and extracellular metabolites in response to a pro-atherosclerotic stimulus. Statistically significant variation was considered if p value < 0.05 (Mann-Whitney test). Urinary trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), arabitol and spermidine showed higher levels in the CVrisk group compared with a control group; while glutamine and pantothenate showed lower levels. The same trend was found for plasma TMAO and glutamine. Plasma choline, acetylcholine and valine were also decreased in CVrisk group, while pyruvate was found increased. In the secretome of HA-VSMCs, TMAO, pantothenate, glycerophosphocholine, glutathion, spermidine and acetylcholine increased after pro-atherosclerotic stimulus, while secreted glutamine decreased. At intracellular level, TMAO, pantothenate and glycerophosphocholine increased with stimulation. Observed metabolic deregulations pointed to an inflammatory response together with a deregulation of oxidative stress counteraction.

Keywords:  atherosclerosis; biomarkers; cardiovascular risk; chronic kidney disease; metabolites; metabolomics; oxidative stress; vascular smooth muscle cells

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10091369