bims-pideca Biomed News
on Class IA PI3K signalling in development and cancer
Issue of 2020–01–05
thirteen papers selected by
Ralitsa Radostinova Madsen, University College London
  1. Crosstalks of GSK3 signaling with the mTOR network and effects on targeted therapy of cancer.
  2. TGFB-INHB/activin signaling regulates age-dependent autophagy and cardiac health through inhibition of MTORC2.
  3. ABRF-sPRG 2018-2019: Development and Characterization of a Stable-Isotope Labeled Phosphopeptide Standard.
  4. A systematic flux analysis approach to identify metabolic vulnerabilities in human breast cancer cell lines.
  5. Rapamycin treatment maintains developmental potential of oocytes in mice and follicle reserve in human cortical fragments grafted into immune-deficient mice.
  6. DOCK5 regulates energy balance and hepatic insulin sensitivity by targeting mTORC1 signaling.
  7. Acetylation and insulin resistance: a focus on metabolic and mitogenic cascades of insulin signaling.
  8. Local Fatty Acid Channeling into Phospholipid Synthesis Drives Phagophore Expansion during Autophagy.
  9. Gut stem cell aging is driven by mTORC1 via a p38 MAPK-p53 pathway.
  10. CEP41-mediated ciliary tubulin glutamylation drives angiogenesis through AURKA-dependent deciliation.
  11. A Ras-LSD1 axis activates PI3K signaling through PIK3IP1 suppression.
  12. A mouse model of endometriosis mimicking the natural spread of invasive endometrium.
  13. Idelalisib induces apoptosis in the lymphoid tissues and impairs lung function in mice.
  1. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res. 2019 Dec 26. pii: S0167-4889(19)30243-5. [Epub ahead of print] 118635
    Crosstalks of GSK3 signaling with the mTOR network and effects on targeted therapy of cancer.
    Camilla Evangelisti, Francesca Chiarini, Francesca Paganelli, Sandra Marmiroli, Alberto M Martelli.
      The introduction of therapeutics targeting specific tumor-promoting oncogenic or non-oncogenic signaling pathways has revolutionized cancer treatment. Mechanistic (previously mammalian) target of rapamycin (mTOR), a highly conserved Ser/Thr kinase, is a central hub of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mTOR network, one of the most frequently deregulated signaling pathways in cancer, that makes it an attractive target for therapy. Numerous mTOR inhibitors have progressed to clinical trials and two of them have been officially approved as anticancer therapeutics. However, mTOR-targeting drugs have met with a very limited success in cancer patients. Frequently, the primary impediment to a successful targeted therapy in cancer is drug-resistance, either from the very beginning of the therapy (innate resistance) or after an initial response and upon repeated drug treatment (evasive or acquired resistance). Drug-resistance leads to treatment failure and relapse/progression of the disease. Resistance to mTOR inhibitors depends, among other reasons, on activation/deactivation of several signaling pathways, included those regulated by glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3), a protein that targets a vast number of substrates in its repertoire, thereby orchestrating many processes that include cell proliferation and survival, metabolism, differentiation, and stemness. A detailed knowledge of the rewiring of signaling pathways triggered by exposure to mTOR inhibitors is critical to our understanding of the consequences such perturbations cause in tumors, including the emergence of drug-resistant cells. Here, we provide the reader with an updated overview of intricate circuitries that connect mTOR and GSK3 and we relate them to the efficacy (or lack of efficacy) of mTOR inhibitors in cancer cells.
    Keywords:  Cell signaling pathways; Drug-resistance; Metabolism; Mutations; Target therapies
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.118635
  2. Autophagy. 2019 Dec 29. 1-16
    TGFB-INHB/activin signaling regulates age-dependent autophagy and cardiac health through inhibition of MTORC2.
    Kai Chang, Ping Kang, Ying Liu, Kerui Huang, Ting Miao, Antonia P Sagona, Ioannis P Nezis, Rolf Bodmer, Karen Ocorr, Hua Bai.
      Age-related impairment of macroautophagy/autophagy and loss of cardiac tissue homeostasis contribute significantly to cardiovascular diseases later in life. MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase) signaling is the most well-known regulator of autophagy, cellular homeostasis, and longevity. The MTOR signaling consists of two structurally and functionally distinct multiprotein complexes, MTORC1 and MTORC2. While MTORC1 is well characterized but the role of MTORC2 in aging and autophagy remains poorly understood. Here we identified TGFB-INHB/activin signaling as a novel upstream regulator of MTORC2 to control autophagy and cardiac health during aging. Using Drosophila heart as a model system, we show that cardiac-specific knockdown of TGFB-INHB/activin-like protein daw induces autophagy and alleviates age-related heart dysfunction, including cardiac arrhythmias and bradycardia. Interestingly, the downregulation of daw activates TORC2 signaling to regulate cardiac autophagy. Activation of TORC2 alone through overexpressing its subunit protein rictor promotes autophagic flux and preserves cardiac function with aging. In contrast, activation of TORC1 does not block autophagy induction in daw knockdown flies. Lastly, either daw knockdown or rictor overexpression in fly hearts prolongs lifespan, suggesting that manipulation of these pathways in the heart has systemic effects on longevity control. Thus, our studies discover the TGFB-INHB/activin-mediated inhibition of TORC2 as a novel mechanism for age-dependent decreases in autophagic activity and cardiac health.Abbreviations: AI: arrhythmia index; BafA1: bafilomycin A1; BMP: bone morphogenetic protein; CQ: chloroquine; CVD: cardiovascular diseases; DI: diastolic interval; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; HP: heart period; HR: heart rate; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NGS: normal goat serum; PBST: PBS with 0.1% Triton X-100; PDPK1: 3-phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase 1; RICTOR: RPTOR independent companion of MTOR complex 2; ROI: region of interest; ROUT: robust regression and outlier removal; ROS: reactive oxygen species; R-SMAD: receptor-activated SMAD; SI: systolic interval; SOHA: semi-automatic optical heartbeat analysis; TGFB: transformation growth factor beta; TSC1: TSC complex subunit 1.
    Keywords:  Atg8a; INHB/activin ligand; TOR complex 2; autophagic flux; dawdle; semi-automatic optical heartbeat analysis (SOHA)
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1080/15548627.2019.1704117
  3. J Biomol Tech. 2019 Dec;30(Suppl): S2-S3
    ABRF-sPRG 2018-2019: Development and Characterization of a Stable-Isotope Labeled Phosphopeptide Standard.
    Anthony Herren, Brian Searle, David Hawke, Kimberly Lee, Antonius Koller, Ryan Leib, Brett Phinney, Allis Chien, Bhavin Patel.
      The mission of the ABRF Proteomics Standards Research Group (sPRG) is to identify and implement technical standards that reflect the ABRF's commitment to accuracy, clarity, and consistency in the field of proteomics. There is broad interest in quantifying protein phosphorylation alterations in cellular signaling pathways under different conditions. The transient nature and low abundance of many phosphorylation sites makes this analysis challenging. Here we report on the follow up of the two-year sPRG study designed to target various issues encountered in phosphopeptide experiments. We have constructed a pool of heavy-labeled phosphopeptides that will enable core facilities to rapidly develop assays. Our pool contains over 150 phosphopeptides that have been previously observed in mass spectrometry data sets. The specific peptides have been chosen to cover as many known biologically interesting phosphosites as possible from seven different signaling pathways: AMPK, death and apoptosis, ErbB, insulin/IGF-1, mTOR, PI3K/AKT, and stress (p38/SAPK/JNK). We feel this pool will enable researchers to test the effectiveness of their enrichment workflows and to provide a benchmark for a cross lab study. This standard should be helpful in number of ways, including providing a complete workflow solution for phosphopeptide enrichment, as an internal enrichment and chromatography calibrant, and as a pre-built biological assay for a wide variety of signaling pathways. Previously, we mixed the standard into an activated HeLa tryptic digest and distributed the mixture to over 60 ABRF member and nonmember laboratories around the world. We asked participants to enrich phosphopeptides out of the HeLa background and report ratios of the heavy phosphopeptides to the endogenous levels. In the current study, we continue validation of the standard within various RG group/ABRF members' laboratories. The aim of this follow up study is to provide reagents, an optimized phosphopeptide enrichment protocol, instrument acquisition method parameters, and data analysis templates.
  4. Cancer Metab. 2019 ;7 12
    A systematic flux analysis approach to identify metabolic vulnerabilities in human breast cancer cell lines.
    Sheree D Martin, Sean L McGee.
       Background: Increased flux through both glycolytic and oxidative metabolic pathways is a hallmark of breast cancer cells and is critical for their growth and survival. As such, targeting this metabolic reprograming has received much attention as a potential treatment approach. However, the heterogeneity of breast cancer cell metabolism, even within classifications, suggests a necessity for an individualised approach to treatment in breast cancer patients.
    Methods: The metabolic phenotypes of a diverse panel of human breast cancer cell lines representing the major breast cancer classifications were assessed using real-time metabolic flux analysis. Flux linked to ATP production, pathway reserve capacities and specific macromolecule oxidation rates were quantified. Suspected metabolic vulnerabilities were targeted with specific pathway inhibitors, and relative cell viability was assessed using the crystal violet assay. Measures of AMPK and mTORC1 activity were analysed through immunoblotting.
    Results: Breast cancer cells displayed heterogeneous energy requirements and utilisation of non-oxidative and oxidative energy-producing pathways. Quantification of basal glycolytic and oxidative reserve capacities identified cell lines that were highly dependent on individual pathways, while assessment of substrate oxidation relative to total oxidative capacity revealed cell lines that were highly dependent on individual macromolecules. Based on these findings, mild mitochondrial inhibition in ESH-172 cells, including with the anti-diabetic drug metformin, and mild glycolytic inhibition in Hs578T cells reduced relative viability, which did not occur in non-transformed MCF10a cells. The effects on viability were associated with AMPK activation and inhibition of mTORC1 signalling. Hs578T were also found to be highly dependent on glutamine oxidation and inhibition of this process also impacted viability.
    Conclusions: Together, these data highlight that systematic flux analysis in breast cancer cells can identify targetable metabolic vulnerabilities, despite heterogeneity in metabolic profiles between individual cancer cell lines.
    Keywords:  AMPK; Breast cancer; Metabolic flux analysis; Metabolism; Metformin; mTORC1
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1186/s40170-019-0207-x
  5. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2019 Dec 27. pii: S0303-7207(19)30396-X. [Epub ahead of print] 110694
    Rapamycin treatment maintains developmental potential of oocytes in mice and follicle reserve in human cortical fragments grafted into immune-deficient mice.
    Yorino Sato, Kazuhiro Kawamura.
      The ovarian follicle pool size is limited; it decreases with age and following germ cell-damaging chemo- or radiation therapies. Due to a trend of delaying child-bearing age in the modern society, it is important to investigate the possibility to maintain the follicle reserve for middle-aged women and cancer-bearing patients subject to therapies. Earlier studies demonstrated the important role of the mammalian targets of the rapamycin (MTOR) signaling pathway in the activation of primordial follicles and suggested that treatment with the MTOR inhibitor rapamycin could maintain the follicle pool in rodents. Here, we confirmed the ability of rapamycin treatment for 3 weeks to suppress primordial follicle development and to maintain follicle pool size in mice. We further demonstrated that the developmental potential of oocytes was not affected by rapamycin treatment and the effect of rapamycin to decrease initial follicle recruitment is reversible. Using human ovarian cortical fragments grafted into immune-deficient mice, we demonstrated the ability of rapamycin to suppress follicle growth from the primordial stage. Our studies provide the basis for further studies on the possibility of using MTOR inhibitors to maintain follicle reserve in middle-aged women and cancer patients before/during germ cell-damaging therapies.
    Keywords:  MTOR; Oocyte developmental potential; Ovarian reserve; Primordial follicle; Rapamycin
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2019.110694
  6. EMBO Rep. 2019 Dec 29. e49473
    DOCK5 regulates energy balance and hepatic insulin sensitivity by targeting mTORC1 signaling.
    Yerui Lai, Anjiang Zhao, Minghong Tan, Mengliu Yang, Yao Lin, Shengbing Li, Jinlin Song, Hongting Zheng, Zhiming Zhu, Dongfang Liu, Chaohong Liu, Ling Li, Gangyi Yang.
      The dedicator of cytokinesis 5 (DOCK5) is associated with obesity. However, the mechanism by which DOCK5 contributes to obesity remains completely unknown. Here, we show that hepatic DOCK5 expression significantly decreases at a state of insulin resistance (IR). Deletion of DOCK5 in mice reduces energy expenditure, promotes obesity, augments IR, dysregulates glucose metabolism, and activates the mTOR (Raptor)/S6K1 pathway under a high-fat diet (HFD). The overexpression of DOCK5 in hepatocytes inhibits gluconeogenic gene expression and increases the level of insulin receptor (InsR) and Akt phosphorylation. DOCK5 overexpression also inhibits mTOR/S6K1 phosphorylation and decreases the level of raptor protein expression. The opposite effects were observed in DOCK5-deficient hepatocytes. Importantly, in liver-specific Raptor knockout mice and associated hepatocytes, the effects of an adeno-associated virus (AAV8)- or adenovirus-mediated DOCK5 knockdown on glucose metabolism and insulin signaling are largely eliminated. Additionally, DOCK5-Raptor interaction is indispensable for the DOCK5-mediated regulation of hepatic glucose production (HGP). Therefore, DOCK5 acts as a regulator of Raptor to control hepatic insulin activity and glucose homeostasis.
    Keywords:  DOCK5; glucose metabolism; insulin resistance; mTOR pathway
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.15252/embr.201949473
  7. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2020 Jan 02. 1-19
    Acetylation and insulin resistance: a focus on metabolic and mitogenic cascades of insulin signaling.
    Solaleh Emamgholipour, Reyhane Ebrahimi, Alireza Bahiraee, Farshad Niazpour, Reza Meshkani.
      Insulin resistance is associated with an increased risk of several metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Advances over the last decade have expanded our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying insulin resistance; however, many details of the mechanisms causing insulin resistance remain unknown. Recently, attention has shifted toward the role of epigenetics in insulin resistance. In this regard, acetylation of the histone tails has been widely investigated for its role in influencing both metabolic and mitogenic cascades of insulin signaling. More specifically, histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases, as major modulators of chromatin accessibility and gene expression, have been studied to determine a possible interconnectivity between the special effects of lysine acetylation status and tyrosine phosphorylation networks on the target proteins of downstream pathways involved in both metabolic and mitogenic cascades of insulin signaling. There is accumulating evidence for the post-translational modification effects of IGFR, InsR, IRS1/2, PI3K, Akt, GLUT4, FoxO, PGC-1α, PPAR, AMPK and MAPKs on insulin resistance and glucose homeostasis. In this paper, we review the importance of acetylation of these factors in the regulation of insulin signaling and glucose metabolism, with a primary focus on the target proteins of downstream signaling of insulin. We also provide an update on the interplay between epigenetic modification and the cellular genome in the context of insulin signaling and describe the possible effect of the environment on this epigenetic regulation.
    Keywords:  Epigenetics; acetylation; environment; insulin resistance; metabolic cascade; mitogenic cascade
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1080/10408363.2019.1699498
  8. Cell. 2019 Dec 21. pii: S0092-8674(19)31331-5. [Epub ahead of print]
    Local Fatty Acid Channeling into Phospholipid Synthesis Drives Phagophore Expansion during Autophagy.
    Maximilian Schütter, Patrick Giavalisco, Susanne Brodesser, Martin Graef.
      Autophagy is a conserved catabolic homeostasis process central for cellular and organismal health. During autophagy, small single-membrane phagophores rapidly expand into large double-membrane autophagosomes to encapsulate diverse cargoes for degradation. It is thought that autophagic membranes are mainly derived from preformed organelle membranes. Instead, here we delineate a pathway that expands the phagophore membrane by localized phospholipid synthesis. Specifically, we find that the conserved acyl-CoA synthetase Faa1 accumulates on nucleated phagophores and locally activates fatty acids (FAs) required for phagophore elongation and autophagy. Strikingly, using isotopic FA tracing, we directly show that Faa1 channels activated FAs into the synthesis of phospholipids and promotes their assembly into autophagic membranes. Indeed, the first committed steps of de novo phospholipid synthesis at the ER, which forms stable contacts with nascent autophagosomes, are essential for autophagy. Together, our work illuminates how cells spatially tune synthesis and flux of phospholipids for autophagosome biogenesis during autophagy.
    Keywords:  Acyl-CoA synthetase; autophagosome biogenesis; autophagy; de novo phospholipid synthesis; endoplasmic reticulum; fatty acid metabolism; membrane composition; membrane contact site; phagophore expansion; phospholipids
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.12.005
  9. Nat Commun. 2020 Jan 02. 11(1): 37
    Gut stem cell aging is driven by mTORC1 via a p38 MAPK-p53 pathway.
    Dan He, Hongguang Wu, Jinnan Xiang, Xinsen Ruan, Peike Peng, Yuanyuan Ruan, Ye-Guang Chen, Yibin Wang, Qiang Yu, Hongbing Zhang, Samy L Habib, Ronald A De Pinho, Huijuan Liu, Baojie Li.
      Nutrients are absorbed solely by the intestinal villi. Aging of this organ causes malabsorption and associated illnesses, yet its aging mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we show that aging-caused intestinal villus structural and functional decline is regulated by mTORC1, a sensor of nutrients and growth factors, which is highly activated in intestinal stem and progenitor cells in geriatric mice. These aging phenotypes are recapitulated in intestinal stem cell-specific Tsc1 knockout mice. Mechanistically, mTORC1 activation increases protein synthesis of MKK6 and augments activation of the p38 MAPK-p53 pathway, leading to decreases in the number and activity of intestinal stem cells as well as villus size and density. Targeting p38 MAPK or p53 prevents or rescues ISC and villus aging and nutrient absorption defects. These findings reveal that mTORC1 drives aging by augmenting a prominent stress response pathway in gut stem cells and identify p38 MAPK as an anti-aging target downstream of mTORC1.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13911-x
  10. EMBO Rep. 2019 Dec 29. e48290
    CEP41-mediated ciliary tubulin glutamylation drives angiogenesis through AURKA-dependent deciliation.
    Soo Mi Ki, Ji Hyun Kim, So Yeon Won, Shin Ji Oh, In Young Lee, Young-Ki Bae, Ki Wha Chung, Byung-Ok Choi, Boyoun Park, Eui-Ju Choi, Ji Eun Lee.
      The endothelial cilium is a microtubule-based organelle responsible for blood flow-induced mechanosensation and signal transduction during angiogenesis. The precise function and mechanisms by which ciliary mechanosensation occurs, however, are poorly understood. Although posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of cytoplasmic tubulin are known to be important in angiogenesis, the specific roles of ciliary tubulin PTMs play remain unclear. Here, we report that loss of centrosomal protein 41 (CEP41) results in vascular impairment in human cell lines and zebrafish, implying a previously unknown pro-angiogenic role for CEP41. We show that proper control of tubulin glutamylation by CEP41 is necessary for cilia disassembly and that is involved in endothelial cell (EC) dynamics such as migration and tubulogenesis. We show that in ECs responding to shear stress or hypoxia, CEP41 activates Aurora kinase A (AURKA) and upregulates expression of VEGFA and VEGFR2 through ciliary tubulin glutamylation, as well as leads to the deciliation. We further show that in hypoxia-induced angiogenesis, CEP41 is responsible for the activation of HIF1α to trigger the AURKA-VEGF pathway. Overall, our results suggest the CEP41-HIF1α-AURKA-VEGF axis as a key molecular mechanism of angiogenesis and demonstrate how important ciliary tubulin glutamylation is in mechanosense-responded EC dynamics.
    Keywords:   AURKA ; CEP41; angiogenesis; primary cilia; tubulin glutamylation
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.15252/embr.201948290
  11. Oncogenesis. 2020 Jan 02. 9(1): 2
    A Ras-LSD1 axis activates PI3K signaling through PIK3IP1 suppression.
    Kyunghee Lee, Mayumi Kitagawa, Pei Ju Liao, David M Virshup, Sang Hyun Lee.
      PI3K Interacting Protein 1 (PIK3IP1) is a suppressor of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. We previously reported that activated Ras suppresses PIK3IP1 expression to positively regulate the PI3K pathway in cancer cells. Using doxycycline-inducible PIK3IP1, here we confirm that reversing the effect of Ras by inducing expression of PIK3IP1 suppresses Ras-induced anchorage-independent growth, supporting the central role of PIK3IP1 in transformation. However, the molecular mechanisms by which Ras-activation that causes loss of PIK3IP1 expression are unknown. We find that Ras activity represses PIK3IP1 expression via the recruitment of lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) to the PIK3IP1 gene promoter and enhancer, resulting in erasure of active histone marks. These studies demonstrate cross-activation of Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways, where Ras decommissions PIK3IP1 gene expression by enhancing LSD1 and its corepressor activities to suppress PIK3IP1 transcription.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41389-019-0185-4
  12. Hum Reprod. 2019 Dec 30. pii: dez253. [Epub ahead of print]
    A mouse model of endometriosis mimicking the natural spread of invasive endometrium.
    Mike R Wilson, Jeanne Holladay, Ronald L Chandler.
       STUDY QUESTION: Is it possible to establish a genetically engineered mouse model (GEMM) of endometriosis that mimics the natural spread of invasive endometrium?
    SUMMARY ANSWER: Endometriosis occurs in an ARID1A (AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 1A) and PIK3CA (phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase, catalytic subunit alpha) mutant GEMM of endometrial dysfunction following salpingectomy.
    WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Although mouse models of endometriosis have long been established, most models rely on intraperitoneal injection of uterine fragments, steroid hormone treatments or the use of immune-compromised mice.
    STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: Mice harboring the lactotransferrin-Cre (LtfCre0/+), Arid1afl, (Gt)R26Pik3ca*H1047R and (Gt)R26mTmG alleles were subject to unilateral salpingectomies at 6 weeks of age. Control (n = 9), LtfCre0/+; (Gt)R26Pik3ca*H1047R; Arid1afl/+ (n = 8) and LtfCre0/+; (Gt)R26Pik3ca*H1047R; Arid1afl/fl (n = 9) were used for the study. The (Gt)R26mTmG allele was used for the purpose of fluorescent lineage tracing of endometrial epithelium. LtfCre0/+; (Gt)R26mTmG (n = 3) and LtfCre0/+; (Gt)R26Pik3ca*H1047R/mTmG; Arid1afl/fl (n = 4) were used for this purpose. Mice were followed until the endpoint of vaginal bleeding at an average time of 17 weeks of age.
    PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: At 6 weeks of age, mice were subjected to salpingectomy surgery. Mice were followed until the time point of vaginal bleeding (average 17 weeks), or aged for 1 year in the case of control mice. At time of sacrifice, endometriotic lesions, ovaries and uterus were collected for the purpose of histochemical and immunohistochemical analyses. Samples were analyzed for markers of the endometriotic tissue and other relevant biomarkers.
    MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: Following salpingectomy, LtfCre0/+; (Gt)R26Pik3ca*H1047R/mTmG; Arid1afl/fl mice developed endometriotic lesions, including lesions on the ovary, omentum and abdominal wall. Epithelial glands within lesions were negative for ARID1A and positive for phospho-S6 staining, indicating ARID1A-PIK3CA co-mutation status, and expressed EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein), indicating endometrial origins.
    LARGE-SCALE DATA: N/A.
    LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: LtfCre0/+; (Gt)R26Pik3ca*H1047R; Arid1afl/fl mice develop vaginal bleeding as a result of endometrial dysfunction at an average age of 17 weeks and must be sacrificed. Furthermore, while this model mimics the natural spread of endometriotic tissue directly from the uterus to the peritoneum, the data presented do not reject current hypotheses on endometriosis pathogenesis.
    WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: The idea that endometriosis is the result of abnormal endometrial tissue colonizing the peritoneum via retrograde menstruation has gained widespread support over the past century. However, most models of endometriosis take for granted this possibility, relying on the surgical removal of bulk uterine tissue and subsequent transplantation into the peritoneum. Growing evidence suggests that somatic mutations in ARID1A and PIK3CA are present in the endometrial epithelium. The establishment of a GEMM which mimics the natural spread of endometrium and subsequent lesion formation supports the hypothesis that endometriosis is derived from mutant endometrial epithelium with invasive properties.
    STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): This research was supported by the American Cancer Society PF-17-163-02-DDC (M.R.W.), the Mary Kay Foundation 026-16 (R.L.C.) and the Ovarian Cancer Research Fund Alliance 457446 (R.L.C.). The authors declare no competing interests.
    Keywords:  endometriosis; endometrium; invasion; mouse; uterus
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dez253
  13. J Chemother. 2019 Dec 28. 1-10
    Idelalisib induces apoptosis in the lymphoid tissues and impairs lung function in mice.
    Junu A George, Zainab Alshebli, Asma Alneyadi, Noura Al Mukhaini, Suhail Al-Salam, Manjusha Sudhadevi, Abdul-Kader Souid, Ahmed R Alsuwaidi.
      Idelalisib, an inhibitor of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase p110δ subunit (PI3Kδ), is approved for treating lymphoid malignancy. The drug is associated with hematopoietic and pulmonary toxicities, which limit its clinical use. However, the toxicity mechanisms are not completely elucidated. In this study, mice were intraperitoneally injected with idelalisib (40 or 80 µg/g) or dimethyl sulfoxide for five days every week for up to four weeks to evaluate the changes in the thymus, spleen, and pulmonary functions. Idelalisib treatment induced thymic involution, decreased CD4+/CD8+ T-cell population, and increased CD4-/CD8- T-cell population. In the spleen, idelalisib dose dependently decreased the lymphocyte viability and cell count. Idelalisib-treated mice exhibited enhanced cleaved caspase-3 expression in the thymus, spleen, and lung tissues. Idelalisib augmented thoracic and airway resistance and decreased thoracic compliance. Thus, PI3Kδ has physiological roles in T-cell development and airway function. Monitoring drug toxicity is important for developing follow-up compounds that target PI3Kδ signalling.
    Keywords:  PI3K delta; airway resistance; caspase-3; idelalisib; spleen; thymus
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1080/1120009X.2019.1708153
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