bims-orenst 2022-06-12 papers

bims-orenst

Biomed News

on Organs-on-chips and engineered stem cell models

Issue of 2022–06–12
ten papers selected by

What can an organ-on-a-chip teach us about human lung physiology?
Intracellular calcium dynamics of lymphatic endothelial and muscle cells co-cultured in a Lymphangion-Chip under pulsatile flow.
Bioengineered 3D tissue model of intestine epithelium with oxygen gradients to sustain human gut microbiome.
3D Interfacial and Spatiotemporal Regulation of Human Neuroepithelial Organoids.
Atherothrombosis-on-Chip: A Site-Specific Microfluidic Model for Thrombus Formation and Drug Discovery.
Evaluation of cancer immunotherapy using mini-tumor chips.
In vitro circulation model driven by tissue-engineered dome-shaped cardiac tissue.
Human Heart Anoxia and Reperfusion Tissue (HEART) Model for the Rapid Study of Exosome Bound miRNA Expression As Biomarkers for Myocardial Infarction.
Development of a multicellular 3D-bioprinted microtissue model of human periodontal ligament-alveolar bone biointerface: Towards a pre-clinical model of periodontal diseases and personalized periodontal tissue engineering.
High resolution microfluidic assay and probabilistic modeling reveal cooperation between T cells in tumor killing.

Physiology (Bethesda). 2022 Jun 06.

What can an organ-on-a-chip teach us about human lung physiology?

Haiqing Bai, Donald E Ingber.

  The intertwined relationship between structure and function has been key to understanding human organ physiology and disease pathogenesis. An organ-on-a-chip (organ chip) is a bioengineered microfluidic cell culture device lined by living cells and tissues that recapitulates organ-level functions in vitro. This is accomplished by recreating organ-specific tissue-tissue interfaces and microenvironmental biochemical and mechanical cues while providing dynamic perfusion through endothelium-lined vascular channels. In this review, we discuss how this emerging technology has contributed to the understanding of human lung structure-function relationships at the cell, tissue, and organ levels.

Keywords:  3D tissue models; lung physiology; mechanobiology; microphysiological system; organ chip

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00012.2022
Analyst. 2022 Jun 06.

Intracellular calcium dynamics of lymphatic endothelial and muscle cells co-cultured in a Lymphangion-Chip under pulsatile flow.

Amirali Selahi, Sanjukta Chakraborty, Mariappan Muthuchamy, David C Zawieja, Abhishek Jain.

The lymphatic vascular function is regulated by pulsatile shear stresses through signaling mediated by intracellular calcium [Ca2+]i. Further, the intracellular calcium dynamics mediates signaling between lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) and muscle cells (LMCs), including the lymphatic tone and contractility. Although calcium signaling has been characterized on LEC monolayers under uniform or step changes in shear stress, these dynamics have not been revealed in LMCs under physiologically-relevant co-culture conditions with LECs or under pulsatile flow. In this study, a cylindrical organ-on-chip platform of the lymphatic vessel (Lymphangion-Chip) consisting of a lumen formed with axially-aligned LECs co-cultured with transversally wrapped layers of LMCs was exposed to step changes or pulsatile shear stress, as often experienced in vivo physiologically or pathologically. Through real-time analysis of intracellular calcium [Ca2+]i release, the device reveals the pulsatile shear-dependent biological coupling between LECs and LMCs. Upon step shear, both cell types undergo a relatively rapid rise in [Ca2+]i followed by a gradual decay. Importantly, under pulsatile flow, analysis of the calcium signal also reveals a secondary sinusoid within the LECs and LMCs that is very close to the flow frequency. Finally, LMCs directly influence the LEC calcium dynamics both under step changes in shear and under pulsatile flow, demonstrating a coupling of LEC-LMC signaling. In conclusion, the Lymphangion-Chip is able to illustrate that intracellular calcium [Ca2+]i in lymphatic vascular cells is dependent on pulsatile shear rate and therefore, serves as an analytical biomarker of mechanotransduction within LECs and LMCs, and functional consequences.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/d2an00396a
Adv Healthc Mater. 2022 Jun 10. e2200447

Bioengineered 3D tissue model of intestine epithelium with oxygen gradients to sustain human gut microbiome.

Ying Chen, Sara Rudolph, Brooke N Longo, Fernanda Pace, Terrence Roh, Rebecca Condruti, Michelle Gee, Paula Watnick, David L Kaplan.

  The human gut microbiome is crucial to host physiology and health. Therefore, stable in vitro coculture of primary human intestinal cells with a microbiome community is essential for understanding intestinal disease progression and revealing novel therapeutic targets. Here, we present a three-dimensional (3D) scaffold system to regenerate an in vitro human intestinal epithelium that recapitulates many functional characteristics of the in vivo small intestine. The epithelium, derived from human intestinal enteroids, contains mature intestinal epithelial cell types and possesses selectively permeable barrier functions. Importantly, by properly positioning the scaffolds cultured under normal atmospheric conditions, two physiologically relevant oxygen gradients, a proximal-to-distal oxygen gradient along the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and a radial oxygen gradient across the epithelium, were distinguished in the tissues when the lumens were faced up and down in cultures, respectively. Furthermore, the presence of the low oxygen gradients supported the coculture of intestinal epithelial cells along with a complex living commensal gut microbiome (including obligate anaerobes) to simulate temporal microbiome dynamics in the native human gut. This unique silk scaffold platform may enable the exploration of microbiota-related mechanisms of disease pathogenesis and host-pathogen dynamics in infectious diseases including the potential to explore the human microbiome-gut-brain axis and potential novel microbiome-based therapeutics. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Keywords:  3D scaffolds; enteroids; intestinal engineering; microbiome; oxygen gradients

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.202200447
Adv Sci (Weinh). 2022 Jun 06. e2201106

3D Interfacial and Spatiotemporal Regulation of Human Neuroepithelial Organoids.

Chunling Tang, Xinhui Wang, Mirko D'Urso, Cas van der Putten, Nicholas A Kurniawan.

  Neuroepithelial (NE) organoids with dorsal-ventral patterning provide a useful three-dimensional (3D) in vitro model to interrogate neural tube formation during early development of the central nervous system. Understanding the fundamental processes behind the cellular self-organization in NE organoids holds the key to the engineering of organoids with higher, more in vivo-like complexity. However, little is known about the cellular regulation driving the NE development, especially in the presence of interfacial cues from the microenvironment. Here a simple 3D culture system that allows generation and manipulation of NE organoids from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), displaying developmental phases of hiPSC differentiation and self-aggregation, first into NE cysts with lumen structure and then toward NE organoids with floor-plate patterning, is established. Longitudinal inhibition reveals distinct and dynamic roles of actomyosin contractility and yes-associated protein (YAP) signaling in governing these phases. By growing NE organoids on culture chips containing anisotropic surfaces or confining microniches, it is further demonstrated that interfacial cues can sensitively exert dimension-dependent influence on luminal cyst and organoid morphology, successful floor-plate patterning, as well as cytoskeletal regulation and YAP activity. This study therefore sheds new light on how organoid and tissue architecture can be steered through intracellular and extracellular means.

Keywords:  cellular self-organization; dorsal-ventral patterning; interfacial cues; neural tube; neuroepithelial organoid

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202201106
Adv Biol (Weinh). 2022 Jun 04. e2101316

Atherothrombosis-on-Chip: A Site-Specific Microfluidic Model for Thrombus Formation and Drug Discovery.

Fahima Akther, Jun Zhang, Huong D N Tran, Hedieh Fallahi, Hossein Adelnia, Hoang-Phuong Phan, Nam-Trung Nguyen, Hang Thu Ta.

  Atherothrombosis, an atherosclerotic plaque disruption condition with superimposed thrombosis, is the underlying cause of cardiovascular episodes. Herein, a unique design is presented to develop a microfluidic site-specific atherothrombosis-on-chip model, providing a universal platform for studying the crosstalk between blood cells and plaque components. The device consists of two interconnected microchannels, namely main and supporting channels: the former mimics the vessel geometry with different stenosis, and the latter introduces plaque components to the circulation simultaneously. The unique design allows the site-specific introduction of plaque components in stenosed channels ranging from 0% to above 50%, resulting in thrombosis, which has not been achieved previously. The device successfully explains the correlation between vessel geometry and thrombus formation phenomenon as well as the influence of shear rate on platelet aggregation, confirming the reliability and the effectiveness of the design. The device exhibits significant sensitivity to aspirin. In therapeutic doses (50 × 10-6 and 100 × 10-6 m), aspirin delays and prevents platelet adhesion, thereby reducing the thrombus area in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, the device is effectively employed in testing the targeted binding of the RGD (arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid) labeled polymeric nanoparticles on the thrombus, extending the use of the device to examine targeted drug carriers.

Keywords:  atherosclerosis; atherothrombosis; chips; microfluidic; plaques; platelets

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1002/adbi.202101316
Theranostics. 2022 ;12(8): 3628-3636

Evaluation of cancer immunotherapy using mini-tumor chips.

Zheng Ao, Hongwei Cai, Zhuhao Wu, Liya Hu, Xiang Li, Connor Kaurich, Mingxia Gu, Liang Cheng, Xin Lu, Feng Guo.

  Rationale: Predicting tumor responses to adjuvant therapies can potentially help guide treatment decisions and improve patient survival. Currently, tumor pathology, histology, and molecular profiles are being integrated into personalized profiles to guide therapeutic decisions. However, it remains a grand challenge to evaluate tumor responses to immunotherapy for personalized medicine. Methods: We present a microfluidics-based mini-tumor chip approach to predict tumor responses to cancer immunotherapy in a preclinical model. By uniformly infusing dissociated tumor cells into isolated microfluidic well-arrays, 960 mini-tumors could be uniformly generated on-chip, with each well representing the ex vivo tumor niche that preserves the original tumor cell composition and dynamic cell-cell interactions and autocrine/paracrine cytokines. Results: By incorporating time-lapse live-cell imaging, our mini-tumor chip allows the investigation of dynamic immune-tumor interactions as well as their responses to cancer immunotherapy (e.g., anti-PD1 treatment) in parallel within 36 hours. Additionally, by establishing orthotopic breast tumor models with constitutive differential PD-L1 expression levels, we showed that the on-chip interrogation of the primary tumor's responses to anti-PD1 as early as 10 days post tumor inoculation could predict the in vivo tumors' responses to anti-PD1 at the endpoint of day 24. We also demonstrated the application of this mini-tumor chip to interrogate on-chip responses of primary tumor cells isolated from primary human breast and renal tumor tissues. Conclusions: Our approach provides a simple, quick-turnaround solution to measure tumor responses to cancer immunotherapy.

Keywords:  Tumor-on-a-chip; cancer immunotherapy; personalized therapy; tumor microenvironment

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.71761
Biofabrication. 2022 Jun 10.

In vitro circulation model driven by tissue-engineered dome-shaped cardiac tissue.

Tetsutaro Kikuchi, Katsuhisa Matsuura, Tatsuya Shimizu.

  The heart is an essential organ for animals and humans. With the increased availability of pluripotent stem cells, the use of three-dimensional cardiac tissues consisting of cultured cardiomyocytes in in vitro drug evaluation has been widely studied. Several models have been proposed for the realization of the pump function, which is the original function of the heart. However, there are no models that simulate the human circulatory system using cultured cardiac tissue. This study shows that a dome-shaped cardiac tissue fabricated using the cell sheet stacking technique can achieve a heart-like pump function and circulate culture medium, there by mimicking the human circulatory system. Firstly, human induced pluripotent stem cells were differentiated into autonomously beating cardiomyocytes, and cardiomyocyte cell sheets were created using temperature-responsive culture dishes. A cardiomyocyte sheet and a human dermal fibroblast sheet were stacked using a cell sheet manipulator. This two-layered cell sheet was then inflated to create a dome-shaped cardiac tissue with a base diameter of 8 mm. The volume of the dome-shaped cardiac tissue changed according to the autonomous beating. The stroke volume increased with the culture period and reached 21 ± 8.9 μL (n = 6) on day 21. It also responded to β-stimulant and extracellular calcium concentrations. Internal pressure fluctuations were also recorded under isovolumetric conditions by dedicated culture devices. The peak heights of pulsatile pressure were 0.33 ± 0.048 mmHg (n = 3) under a basal pressure of 0.5 mmHg on day 19. When the tissue was connected to a flow path that had check valves applied, it drove a directional flow with an average flow rate of approximately 1 μL/s. Furthermore, pressure-volume (P-V) diagrams were created from the simultaneous measurement of changes in pressure and volume under three conditions of fluidic resistance. In conclusion, this cardiac model can potentially be used for biological pumps that drive multi-organ chips and for more accurate in vitro drug evaluation using P-V diagrams.

Keywords:  cardiomyocyte; cell sheet technology; drug screening; induced pluripotent stem cell; organ on a chip; tissue engineering

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5090/ac77c1
Small. 2022 Jun 07. e2201330

Human Heart Anoxia and Reperfusion Tissue (HEART) Model for the Rapid Study of Exosome Bound miRNA Expression As Biomarkers for Myocardial Infarction.

Bradley W Ellis, George Ronan, Xiang Ren, Gokhan Bahcecioglu, Satyajyoti Senapati, David Anderson, Eileen Handberg, Keith L March, Hsueh-Chia Chang, Pinar Zorlutuna.

  Current biomarkers for myocardial infarction (MI) diagnosis are typically late markers released upon cell death, incapable of distinguishing between ischemic and reperfusion injury and can be symptoms of other pathologies. Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) have recently been proposed as alternative biomarkers for MI diagnosis; however, detecting the changes in the human cardiac miRNA profile during MI is extremely difficult. Here, to study the changes in miRNA levels during acute MI, a heart-on-chip model with a cardiac channel, containing human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes in human heart decellularized matrix and collagen, and a vascular channel, containing hiPSC-derived endothelial cells, is developed. This model is exposed to anoxia followed by normoxia to mimic ischemia and reperfusion, respectively. Using a highly sensitive miRNA biosensor that the authors developed, the exact same increase in miR-1, miR-208b, and miR-499 levels in the MI-on-chip and the time-matched human blood plasma samples collected before and after ischemia and reperfusion, is shown. That the surface marker profile of exosomes in the engineered model changes in response to ischemic and reperfusion injury, which can be used as biomarkers to detect MI, is also shown. Hence, the MI-on-chip model developed here can be used in biomarker discovery.

Keywords:  biomarker discovery; cardiac tissue engineering; heart-on-chip; microRNAs; myocardial infarction models

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202201330
Genes Dis. 2022 Jul;9(4): 1008-1023

Development of a multicellular 3D-bioprinted microtissue model of human periodontal ligament-alveolar bone biointerface: Towards a pre-clinical model of periodontal diseases and personalized periodontal tissue engineering.

Murat Taner Vurat, Şükran Şeker, Özge Lalegül-Ülker, Mahmut Parmaksiz, Ayşe Eser Elçin, Yaşar Murat Elçin.

  While periodontal (PD) disease is among principal causes of tooth loss worldwide, regulation of concomitant soft and mineralized PD tissues, and PD pathogenesis have not been completely clarified yet. Besides, relevant pre-clinical models and in vitro platforms have limitations in simulating human physiology. Here, we have harnessed three-dimensional bioprinting (3DBP) technology for developing a multi-cellular microtissue model resembling PD ligament-alveolar bone (PDL-AB) biointerface for the first time. 3DBP parameters were optimized; the physical, chemical, rheological, mechanical, and thermal properties of the constructs were assessed. Constructs containing gelatin methacryloyl (Gel-MA) and hydroxyapatite-magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles showed higher level of compressive strength when compared with that of Gel-MA constructs. Bioprinted self-supporting microtissue was cultured under flow in a microfluidic platform for >10 days without significant loss of shape fidelity. Confocal microscopy analysis indicated that encapsulated cells were homogenously distributed inside the matrix and preserved their viability for >7 days under microfluidic conditions. Immunofluorescence analysis showed the cohesion of stromal cell surface marker-1+ human PDL fibroblasts containing PDL layer with the osteocalcin+ human osteoblasts containing mineralized layer in time, demonstrating some permeability of the printed constructs to cell migration. Preliminary tetracycline interaction study indicated the uptake of model drug by the cells inside the 3D-microtissue. Also, the non-toxic levels of tetracycline were determined for the encapsulated cells. Thus, the effects of tetracyclines on PDL-AB have clinical significance for treating PD diseases. This 3D-bioprinted multi-cellular periodontal/osteoblastic microtissue model has potential as an in vitro platform for studying processes of the human PDL.

Keywords:  3D bioprinting; Alveolar bone; Microtissue model; Organ-on-a-chip; Periodontal ligament; Periodontal tissue engineering; Periodontal-osteoblastic biointerface; Periodontium-on-a-chip

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gendis.2020.11.011
Nat Commun. 2022 Jun 03. 13(1): 3111

High resolution microfluidic assay and probabilistic modeling reveal cooperation between T cells in tumor killing.

Gustave Ronteix, Shreyansh Jain, Christelle Angely, Marine Cazaux, Roxana Khazen, Philippe Bousso, Charles N Baroud.

Cytotoxic T cells are important components of natural anti-tumor immunity and are harnessed in tumor immunotherapies. Immune responses to tumors and immune therapy outcomes largely vary among individuals, but very few studies examine the contribution of intrinsic behavior of the T cells to this heterogeneity. Here we show the development of a microfluidic-based in vitro method to track the outcome of antigen-specific T cell activity on many individual cancer spheroids simultaneously at high spatiotemporal resolution, which we call Multiscale Immuno-Oncology on-Chip System (MIOCS). By combining parallel measurements of T cell behaviors and tumor fates with probabilistic modeling, we establish that the first recruited T cells initiate a positive feedback loop to accelerate further recruitment to the spheroid. We also provide evidence that cooperation between T cells on the spheroid during the killing phase facilitates tumor destruction. Thus, we propose that both T cell accumulation and killing function rely on collective behaviors rather than simply reflecting the sum of individual T cell activities, and the possibility to track many replicates of immune cell-tumor interactions with the level of detail our system provides may contribute to our understanding of immune response heterogeneity.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-30575-2