Neural Regen Res. 2024 Sep 06.
Skeletal muscles are essential for locomotion, posture, and metabolic regulation. To understand physiological processes, exercise adaptation, and muscle-related disorders, it is critical to understand the molecular pathways that underlie skeletal muscle function. The process of muscle contraction, orchestrated by a complex interplay of molecular events, is at the core of skeletal muscle function. Muscle contraction is initiated by an action potential and neuromuscular transmission requiring a neuromuscular junction. Within muscle fibers, calcium ions play a critical role in mediating the interaction between actin and myosin filaments that generate force. Regulation of calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum plays a key role in excitation-contraction coupling. The development and growth of skeletal muscle are regulated by a network of molecular pathways collectively known as myogenesis. Myogenic regulators coordinate the differentiation of myoblasts into mature muscle fibers. Signaling pathways regulate muscle protein synthesis and hypertrophy in response to mechanical stimuli and nutrient availability. Several muscle-related diseases, including congenital myasthenic disorders, sarcopenia, muscular dystrophies, and metabolic myopathies, are underpinned by dysregulated molecular pathways in skeletal muscle. Therapeutic interventions aimed at preserving muscle mass and function, enhancing regeneration, and improving metabolic health hold promise by targeting specific molecular pathways. Other molecular signaling pathways in skeletal muscle include the canonical Wnt signaling pathway, a critical regulator of myogenesis, muscle regeneration, and metabolic function, and the Hippo signaling pathway. In recent years, more details have been uncovered about the role of these two pathways during myogenesis and in developing and adult skeletal muscle fibers, and at the neuromuscular junction. In fact, research in the last few years now suggests that these two signaling pathways are interconnected and that they jointly control physiological and pathophysiological processes in muscle fibers. In this review, we will summarize and discuss the data on these two pathways, focusing on their concerted action next to their contribution to skeletal muscle biology. However, an in-depth discussion of the non-canonical Wnt pathway, the fibro/adipogenic precursors, or the mechanosensory aspects of these pathways is not the focus of this review.