bims-moremu Biomed News
on Molecular regulators of muscle mass
Issue of 2021–10–17
forty-six papers selected by
Anna Vainshtein, Craft Science Inc.
  1. Endurance exercise training-responsive miR-19b-3p improves skeletal muscle glucose metabolism.
  2. Skeletal Muscle Ribosome and Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Response to Different Exercise Training Modalities.
  3. Exercise May Promote Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy via Enhancing Leucine-Sensing: Preliminary Evidence.
  4. The transcription factor NF-Y participates to stem cell fate decision and regeneration in adult skeletal muscle.
  5. Notch Signaling Regulates Muscle Stem Cell Homeostasis and Regeneration in a Teleost Fish.
  6. Butyrate ameliorate skeletal muscle atrophy in Diabetic Nephropathy via enhancing gut barrier function and FFA2-mediated PI3K/AKT/mTOR signals.
  7. A Modular Mathematical Model of Exercise-Induced Changes in Metabolism, Signaling, and Gene Expression in Human Skeletal Muscle.
  8. Deletion of Neuronal CuZnSOD Accelerates Age-Associated Muscle Mitochondria and Calcium Handling Dysfunction That Is Independent of Denervation and Precedes Sarcopenia.
  9. Matrigel 3D bioprinting of contractile human skeletal muscle models recapitulating exercise and pharmacological responses.
  10. Anoctamin 5 Knockout Mouse Model Recapitulates LGMD2L Muscle Pathology and Offers Insight Into in vivo Functional Deficits.
  11. Editorial: Emerging Mechanisms for Skeletal Muscle Mass Regulation.
  12. Kinetin stimulates differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts.
  13. Culprits or consequences: Understanding the metabolic dysregulation of muscle in diabetes.
  14. Smoothelin-Like Protein 1 Regulates the Thyroid Hormone-Induced Homeostasis and Remodeling of C2C12 Cells via the Modulation of Myosin Phosphatase.
  15. Age-Related Changes in the Matrisome of the Mouse Skeletal Muscle.
  16. Feeding Rhythm-Induced Hypothalamic Agouti-Related Protein Elevation via Glucocorticoids Leads to Insulin Resistance in Skeletal Muscle.
  17. Transgenic Expression of Bmp3b in Mesenchymal Progenitors Mitigates Age-Related Muscle Mass Loss and Neuromuscular Junction Degeneration.
  18. p107 mediated mitochondrial function controls muscle stem cell proliferative fates.
  19. Genetically Encoded Biosensors to Monitor Intracellular Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species and Glutathione Redox Potential in Skeletal Muscle Cells.
  20. Pannexin-1 and CaV1.1 show reciprocal interaction during excitation-contraction and excitation-transcription coupling in skeletal muscle.
  21. Activation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome Increases the IL-1β Level and Decreases GLUT4 Translocation in Skeletal Muscle during Insulin Resistance.
  22. Defective autophagy and increased apoptosis contribute toward the pathogenesis of FKRP-associated muscular dystrophies.
  23. Integration of proteomic and genetic approaches to assess developmental muscle atrophy.
  24. Age-related mitochondrial alterations in brain and skeletal muscle of the YAC128 model of Huntington disease.
  25. The Ryanodine Receptor as a Sensor for Intracellular Environments in Muscles.
  26. Role of Pannexin 1 ATP-Permeable Channels in the Regulation of Signaling Pathways during Skeletal Muscle Unloading.
  27. Obesity Impairs Embryonic Myogenesis by Enhancing BMP Signaling within the Dermomyotome.
  28. Damaging eccentric exercise attenuates disuse induced declines in daily myofibrillar protein synthesis and transiently prevents muscle atrophy in healthy men.
  29. Myofibril and Mitochondrial Area Changes in Type I and II Fibers Following 10 Weeks of Resistance Training in Previously Untrained Men.
  30. Carnosine and skeletal muscle dysfunction in a rodent multiple sclerosis model.
  31. Preliminary Investigations Into the Effect of Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage on Systemic Extracellular Vesicle Release in Trained Younger and Older Men.
  32. Sarcopenia, frailty and type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review).
  33. Mitochondrial Fragmentation and Dysfunction in Type IIx/IIb Diaphragm Muscle Fibers in 24-Month Old Fischer 344 Rats.
  34. The Proper Diet and Regular Physical Activity Slow Down the Development of Parkinson Disease.
  35. Rheological properties of skeletal muscles in a Duchenne muscular dystrophy murine model before and after autologous cell therapy.
  36. Cavin4 interacts with Bin1 to promote T-tubule formation and stability in developing skeletal muscle.
  37. Gene expression changes in vastus lateralis muscle after different strength training regimes during rehabilitation following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
  38. Paternal Resistance Exercise Modulates Skeletal Muscle Remodeling Pathways in Fathers and Male Offspring Submitted to a High-Fat Diet.
  39. TRAPPC11-related muscular dystrophy with hypoglycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan in skeletal muscle and brain.
  40. Isoform-specific functions of synaptopodin-2 variants in cytoskeleton stabilization and autophagy regulation in muscle under mechanical stress.
  41. Effects of Exercise-Induced ROS on the Pathophysiological Functions of Skeletal Muscle.
  42. Discovery of Reldesemtiv, a Fast Skeletal Muscle Troponin Activator for the Treatment of Impaired Muscle Function.
  43. Association of dietary protein intake with skeletal muscle mass in older adults: A systematic review.
  44. Hyper-SUMOylation of SMN induced by SENP2 deficiency decreases its stability and leads to spinal muscular atrophy-like pathology.
  45. What Is Moderate to Vigorous Exercise Intensity?
  46. Activin A Signaling Provides an Interorgan Link Between Kidney and Muscle in CKD-Associated Muscle Wasting.
  1. Nat Commun. 2021 Oct 12. 12(1): 5948
    Endurance exercise training-responsive miR-19b-3p improves skeletal muscle glucose metabolism.
    Julie Massart, Rasmus J O Sjögren, Brendan Egan, Christian Garde, Magnus Lindgren, Weifeng Gu, Duarte M S Ferreira, Mutsumi Katayama, Jorge L Ruas, Romain Barrès, Donal J O'Gorman, Juleen R Zierath, Anna Krook.
      Skeletal muscle is a highly adaptable tissue and remodels in response to exercise training. Using short RNA sequencing, we determine the miRNA profile of skeletal muscle from healthy male volunteers before and after a 14-day aerobic exercise training regime. Among the exercise training-responsive miRNAs identified, miR-19b-3p was selected for further validation. Overexpression of miR-19b-3p in human skeletal muscle cells increases insulin signaling, glucose uptake, and maximal oxygen consumption, recapitulating the adaptive response to aerobic exercise training. Overexpression of miR-19b-3p in mouse flexor digitorum brevis muscle enhances contraction-induced glucose uptake, indicating that miR-19b-3p exerts control on exercise training-induced adaptations in skeletal muscle. Potential targets of miR-19b-3p that are reduced after aerobic exercise training include KIF13A, MAPK6, RNF11, and VPS37A. Amongst these, RNF11 silencing potentiates glucose uptake in human skeletal muscle cells. Collectively, we identify miR-19b-3p as an aerobic exercise training-induced miRNA that regulates skeletal muscle glucose metabolism.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-26095-0
  2. Front Physiol. 2021 ;12 725866
    Skeletal Muscle Ribosome and Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Response to Different Exercise Training Modalities.
    Paulo H C Mesquita, Christopher G Vann, Stuart M Phillips, James McKendry, Kaelin C Young, Andreas N Kavazis, Michael D Roberts.
      Skeletal muscle adaptations to resistance and endurance training include increased ribosome and mitochondrial biogenesis, respectively. Such adaptations are believed to contribute to the notable increases in hypertrophy and aerobic capacity observed with each exercise mode. Data from multiple studies suggest the existence of a competition between ribosome and mitochondrial biogenesis, in which the first adaptation is prioritized with resistance training while the latter is prioritized with endurance training. In addition, reports have shown an interference effect when both exercise modes are performed concurrently. This prioritization/interference may be due to the interplay between the 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling cascades and/or the high skeletal muscle energy requirements for the synthesis and maintenance of cellular organelles. Negative associations between ribosomal DNA and mitochondrial DNA copy number in human blood cells also provide evidence of potential competition in skeletal muscle. However, several lines of evidence suggest that ribosome and mitochondrial biogenesis can occur simultaneously in response to different types of exercise and that the AMPK-mTORC1 interaction is more complex than initially thought. The purpose of this review is to provide in-depth discussions of these topics. We discuss whether a curious competition between mitochondrial and ribosome biogenesis exists and show the available evidence both in favor and against it. Finally, we provide future research avenues in this area of exercise physiology.
    Keywords:  AMP-activated protein kinase; concurrent training; exercise training; mechanistic target of rapamycin; mitochondria; ribosomes; skeletal muscle
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.725866
  3. Front Physiol. 2021 ;12 741038
    Exercise May Promote Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy via Enhancing Leucine-Sensing: Preliminary Evidence.
    Yan Zhao, Jason Cholewa, Huayu Shang, Yueqin Yang, Xiaomin Ding, Shaosheng Liu, Zhi Xia, Nelo Eidy Zanchi, Qianjin Wang.
      Several studies have indicated a positive effect of exercise (especially resistance exercise) on the mTOR signaling that control muscle protein synthesis and muscle remodeling. However, the relationship between exercise, mTOR activation and leucine-sensing requires further clarification. Two month old Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to aerobic exercise (treadmill running at 20 m/min, 6° incline for 60 min) and resistance exercise (incremental ladder climbing) for 4 weeks. The gastrocnemius muscles were removed for determination of muscle fibers diameter, cross-sectional area (CSA), protein concentration and proteins involved in muscle leucine-sensing and protein synthesis. The results show that 4 weeks of resistance exercise increased the diameter and CSA of gastrocnemius muscle fibers, protein concentration, the phosphorylation of mTOR (Ser2448), 4E-BP1(Thr37/46), p70S6K (Thr389), and the expression of LeuRS, while aerobic exercise just led to a significant increase in protein concentration and the phosphorylation of 4E-BP1(Thr37/46). Moreover, no difference was found for Sestrin2 expression between groups. The current study shows resistance exercise, but not aerobic exercise, may increase muscle protein synthesis and protein deposition, and induces muscle hypertrophy through LeuRS/mTOR signaling pathway. However, further studies are still warranted to clarify the exact effects of vary intensities and durations of aerobic exercise training.
    Keywords:  aerobic exercise; leucine-sensing; muscle hypertrophy; muscle protein synthesis; resistance exercise
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.741038
  4. Nat Commun. 2021 Oct 14. 12(1): 6013
    The transcription factor NF-Y participates to stem cell fate decision and regeneration in adult skeletal muscle.
    Giovanna Rigillo, Valentina Basile, Silvia Belluti, Mirko Ronzio, Elisabetta Sauta, Alessia Ciarrocchi, Lucia Latella, Marielle Saclier, Susanna Molinari, Antonio Vallarola, Graziella Messina, Roberto Mantovani, Diletta Dolfini, Carol Imbriano.
      The transcription factor NF-Y promotes cell proliferation and its activity often declines during differentiation through the regulation of NF-YA, the DNA binding subunit of the complex. In stem cell compartments, the shorter NF-YA splice variant is abundantly expressed and sustains their expansion. Here, we report that satellite cells, the stem cell population of adult skeletal muscle necessary for its growth and regeneration, express uniquely the longer NF-YA isoform, majorly associated with cell differentiation. Through the generation of a conditional knock out mouse model that selectively deletes the NF-YA gene in satellite cells, we demonstrate that NF-YA expression is fundamental to preserve the pool of muscle stem cells and ensures robust regenerative response to muscle injury. In vivo and ex vivo, satellite cells that survive to NF-YA loss exit the quiescence and are rapidly committed to early differentiation, despite delayed in the progression towards later states. In vitro results demonstrate that NF-YA-depleted muscle stem cells accumulate DNA damage and cannot properly differentiate. These data highlight a new scenario in stem cell biology for NF-Y activity, which is required for efficient myogenic differentiation.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-26293-w
  5. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021 ;9 726281
    Notch Signaling Regulates Muscle Stem Cell Homeostasis and Regeneration in a Teleost Fish.
    Sami H A Sultan, Carlene Dyer, Robert D Knight.
      Muscle regeneration is mediated by the activity of resident muscle satellite cells (muSCs) that express Pax7. In mouse Notch signaling regulates muSCs during quiescence and promotes muSC proliferation in regeneration. It is unclear if these roles of Notch in regulating muSC biology are conserved across vertebrates or are a mammalian specific feature. We have therefore investigated the role of Notch in regulating muSC homeostasis and regeneration in a teleost fish, the zebrafish. We have also tested whether muSCs show differential sensitivity to Notch during myotome development. In an absence of injury Notch is important for preventing muSC proliferation at the vertical myoseptum. In contrast, Notch signaling promotes proliferation and prevents differentiation in the context of injury. Notch is required for the proliferative response to injury at early and later larval stages, suggesting it plays a similar role in regulating muSCs at developing and adult stages. Our results reveal a conserved role for Notch signaling in regulating muSCs under homeostasis and for promoting proliferation during regeneration in teleost fish.
    Keywords:  DAPT; Notch; regeneration; satellite cell; skeletal muscle; zebrafish
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2021.726281
  6. Br J Pharmacol. 2021 Oct 12.
    Butyrate ameliorate skeletal muscle atrophy in Diabetic Nephropathy via enhancing gut barrier function and FFA2-mediated PI3K/AKT/mTOR signals.
    Gang Tang, Yi Du, Haochen Guan, Jieshuang Jia, Nan Zhu, Yuping Shi, Shu Rong, Weijie Yuan.
       BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Muscle protein catabolism in patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN) results in striking losses of muscle proteins, which increases morbidity and mortality risks. Evidence shows that short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) play an important role in health maintenance and disease development. Recently, the connection between butyrate (a SCFA) and DN has been revealed, although the relationship between butyrate and muscle atrophy remains unclear.
    EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: We studied the changes in serum butyrate levels in DN patients using metabolomics analyses, explored the protective effects of butyrate on DN-induced muscle atrophy in db/db mice, and investigated the inhibitory effect of butyrate against muscle atrophy and the involved mechanism using HG/LPS-induced C2C12 cells.
    KEY RESULTS: We found a significant decrease in butyrate levels in DN patients. Butyrate addition remarkably improved intestinal barrier function. Concurrently, it alleviated muscle atrophy, promoted PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling, and suppressed oxidative stress and autophagy in the skeletal muscle of db/db mice, as well as in high glucose/lipopolysaccharide (HG/LPS)-induced C2C12 cells. Further, we found that FFA2, the key SCFAs signaling molecule, was significantly decreased in the skeletal muscle of db/db mice and HG/LPS-induced C2C12 cells. Overexpression of FFA2 could activate PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling and inhibit oxidative stress and autophagy in HG/LPS-induced C2C12 cells. Silencing of FFA2 blocked PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling that was improved by butyrate, as well as the suppression of oxidative stress and reduction of autophagy.
    CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATION: Butyrate exerts protective effects on muscle atrophy induced by DN by enhancing intestinal barrier function and activating the FFA2-mediated PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.
    Keywords:  FFA2; butyrate; db/db mice; diabetic nephropathy; muscle atrophy
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.15693
  7. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Sep 26. pii: 10353. [Epub ahead of print]22(19):
    A Modular Mathematical Model of Exercise-Induced Changes in Metabolism, Signaling, and Gene Expression in Human Skeletal Muscle.
    Ilya R Akberdin, Ilya N Kiselev, Sergey S Pintus, Ruslan N Sharipov, Alexander Yu Vertyshev, Olga L Vinogradova, Daniil V Popov, Fedor A Kolpakov.
      Skeletal muscle is the principal contributor to exercise-induced changes in human metabolism. Strikingly, although it has been demonstrated that a lot of metabolites accumulating in blood and human skeletal muscle during an exercise activate different signaling pathways and induce the expression of many genes in working muscle fibres, the systematic understanding of signaling-metabolic pathway interrelations with downstream genetic regulation in the skeletal muscle is still elusive. Herein, a physiologically based computational model of skeletal muscle comprising energy metabolism, Ca2+, and AMPK (AMP-dependent protein kinase) signaling pathways and the expression regulation of genes with early and delayed responses was developed based on a modular modeling approach and included 171 differential equations and more than 640 parameters. The integrated modular model validated on diverse including original experimental data and different exercise modes provides a comprehensive in silico platform in order to decipher and track cause-effect relationships between metabolic, signaling, and gene expression levels in skeletal muscle.
    Keywords:  BioUML; Ca2+-dependent signaling pathway; RNA sequencing; mathematical model; physical exercise; regulation of expression; skeletal muscle; transcriptome
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910353
  8. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Oct 04. pii: 10735. [Epub ahead of print]22(19):
    Deletion of Neuronal CuZnSOD Accelerates Age-Associated Muscle Mitochondria and Calcium Handling Dysfunction That Is Independent of Denervation and Precedes Sarcopenia.
    Yu Su, Dennis R Claflin, Meixiang Huang, Carol S Davis, Peter C D Macpherson, Arlan Richardson, Holly Van Remmen, Susan V Brooks.
      Skeletal muscle suffers atrophy and weakness with aging. Denervation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction are all proposed as contributors to age-associated muscle loss, but connections between these factors have not been established. We examined contractility, mitochondrial function, and intracellular calcium transients (ICTs) in muscles of mice throughout the life span to define their sequential relationships. We performed these same measures and analyzed neuromuscular junction (NMJ) morphology in mice with postnatal deletion of neuronal Sod1 (i-mn-Sod1-/- mice), previously shown to display accelerated age-associated muscle loss and exacerbation of denervation in old age, to test relationships between neuronal redox homeostasis, NMJ degeneration and mitochondrial function. In control mice, the amount and rate of the decrease in mitochondrial NADH during contraction was greater in middle than young age although force was not reduced, suggesting decreased efficiency of NADH utilization prior to the onset of weakness. Declines in both the peak of the ICT and force were observed in old age. Muscles of i-mn-Sod1-/- mice showed degeneration of mitochondrial and calcium handling functions in middle-age and a decline in force generation to a level not different from the old control mice, with maintenance of NMJ morphology. Together, the findings support the conclusion that muscle mitochondrial function decreases during aging and in response to altered neuronal redox status prior to NMJ deterioration or loss of mass and force suggesting mitochondrial defects contribute to sarcopenia independent of denervation.
    Keywords:  NADH; calcium; denervation; oxidative stress; sarcopenia
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910735
  9. Commun Biol. 2021 Oct 14. 4(1): 1183
    Matrigel 3D bioprinting of contractile human skeletal muscle models recapitulating exercise and pharmacological responses.
    Angela Alave Reyes-Furrer, Sonia De Andrade, Dominic Bachmann, Heidi Jeker, Martin Steinmann, Nathalie Accart, Andrew Dunbar, Martin Rausch, Epifania Bono, Markus Rimann, Hansjoerg Keller.
      A key to enhance the low translatability of preclinical drug discovery are in vitro human three-dimensional (3D) microphysiological systems (MPS). Here, we show a new method for automated engineering of 3D human skeletal muscle models in microplates and functional compound screening to address the lack of muscle wasting disease medication. To this end, we adapted our recently described 24-well plate 3D bioprinting platform with a printhead cooling system to allow microvalve-based drop-on-demand printing of cell-laden Matrigel containing primary human muscle precursor cells. Mini skeletal muscle models develop within a week exhibiting contractile, striated myofibers aligned between two attachment posts. As an in vitro exercise model, repeated high impact stimulation of contractions for 3 h by a custom-made electrical pulse stimulation (EPS) system for 24-well plates induced interleukin-6 myokine expression and Akt hypertrophy pathway activation. Furthermore, the known muscle stimulators caffeine and Tirasemtiv acutely increase EPS-induced contractile force of the models. This validated new human muscle MPS will benefit development of drugs against muscle wasting diseases. Moreover, our Matrigel 3D bioprinting platform will allow engineering of non-self-organizing complex human 3D MPS.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-021-02691-0
  10. J Neuromuscul Dis. 2021 Oct 05.
    Anoctamin 5 Knockout Mouse Model Recapitulates LGMD2L Muscle Pathology and Offers Insight Into in vivo Functional Deficits.
    Girija Thiruvengadam, Sen Chandra Sreetama, Karine Charton, Marshall Hogarth, James S Novak, Laurence Suel-Petat, Goutam Chandra, Bruno Allard, Isabelle Richard, Jyoti K Jaiswal.
      Mutations in the Anoctamin 5 (Ano5) gene that result in the lack of expression or function of ANO5 protein, cause Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophy (LGMD) 2L/R12, and Miyoshi Muscular Dystrophy (MMD3). However, the dystrophic phenotype observed in patient muscles is not uniformly recapitulated by ANO5 knockout in animal models of LGMD2L. Here we describe the generation of a mouse model of LGMD2L generated by targeted out-of-frame deletion of the Ano5 gene. This model shows progressive muscle loss, increased muscle weakness, and persistent bouts of myofiber regeneration without chronic muscle inflammation, which recapitulates the mild to moderate skeletal muscle dystrophy reported in the LGMD2L patients. We show that these features of ANO5 deficient muscle are not associated with a change in the calcium-activated sarcolemmal chloride channel activity or compromised in vivo regenerative myogenesis. Use of this mouse model allows conducting in vivo investigations into the functional role of ANO5 in muscle health and for preclinical therapeutic development for LGMD2L.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3233/JND-210720
  11. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021 ;9 764095
    Editorial: Emerging Mechanisms for Skeletal Muscle Mass Regulation.
    Yuji Ogura, Shuichi Sato, Yann S Gallot, Susan Tsivitse Arthur.
      
    Keywords:  cancer; homeostasis; myocyte; myogenesis; signaling
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2021.764095
  12. PLoS One. 2021 ;16(10): e0258419
    Kinetin stimulates differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts.
    Michal Mielcarek, Mark Isalan.
      Kinetin or N6-furfuryladenine (K) belongs to a class of plant hormones called cytokinins, which are biologically active molecules modulating many aspects of plant growth and development. However, biological activities of cytokinins are not only limited to plants; their effects on animals have been widely reported in the literature. Here, we found that Kinetin is a potent small molecule that efficiently stimulates differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts into myotubes in vitro. The highest efficacy was achieved at 1μM and 10μM Kinetin concentrations, in both mitogen-poor and rich media. More importantly, Kinetin was able to strongly stimulate the MyoD-dependent conversion of fibroblasts into myotubes. Kinetin alone did not give rise to fibroblast conversion and required MyoD; this demonstrates that Kinetin augments the molecular repertoire of necessary key regulatory factors to facilitate MyoD-mediated myogenic differentiation. This novel Kinetin pro-myogenic function may be explained by its ability to alter intracellular calcium levels and by its potential to impact on Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) signalling. Taken together, our findings unravel the effects of a new class of small molecules with potent pro-myogenic activities. This opens up new therapeutic avenues with potential for treating skeletal muscle diseases related to muscle aging and wasting.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258419
  13. World J Biol Chem. 2021 Sep 27. 12(5): 70-86
    Culprits or consequences: Understanding the metabolic dysregulation of muscle in diabetes.
    Colleen L O'Reilly, Selina Uranga, James D Fluckey.
      The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) continues to rise despite the amount of research dedicated to finding the culprits of this debilitating disease. Skeletal muscle is arguably the most important contributor to glucose disposal making it a clear target in insulin resistance and T2D research. Within skeletal muscle there is a clear link to metabolic dysregulation during the progression of T2D but the determination of culprits vs consequences of the disease has been elusive. Emerging evidence in skeletal muscle implicates influential cross talk between a key anabolic regulatory protein, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and its associated complexes (mTORC1 and mTORC2), and the well-described canonical signaling for insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. This new understanding of cellular signaling crosstalk has blurred the lines of what is a culprit and what is a consequence with regard to insulin resistance. Here, we briefly review the most recent understanding of insulin signaling in skeletal muscle, and how anabolic responses favoring anabolism directly impact cellular glucose disposal. This review highlights key cross-over interactions between protein and glucose regulatory pathways and the implications this may have for the design of new therapeutic targets for the control of glucoregulatory function in skeletal muscle.
    Keywords:  Glucose regulation; Glucose uptake; Insulin resistance; Insulin signaling; Mammalian target of rapamycin; Skeletal muscle
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.4331/wjbc.v12.i5.70
  14. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Sep 24. pii: 10293. [Epub ahead of print]22(19):
    Smoothelin-Like Protein 1 Regulates the Thyroid Hormone-Induced Homeostasis and Remodeling of C2C12 Cells via the Modulation of Myosin Phosphatase.
    Evelin Major, Ilka Keller, Dániel Horváth, István Tamás, Ferenc Erdődi, Beáta Lontay.
      The pathological elevation of the active thyroid hormone (T3) level results in the manifestation of hyperthyroidism, which is associated with alterations in the differentiation and contractile function of skeletal muscle (SKM). Myosin phosphatase (MP) is a major cellular regulator that hydrolyzes the phosphoserine of phosphorylated myosin II light chain. MP consists of an MYPT1/2 regulatory and a protein phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit. Smoothelin-like protein 1 (SMTNL1) is known to inhibit MP by directly binding to MP as well as by suppressing the expression of MYPT1 at the transcriptional level. Supraphysiological vs. physiological concentration of T3 were applied on C2C12 myoblasts and differentiated myotubes in combination with the overexpression of SMTNL1 to assess the role and regulation of MP under these conditions. In non-differentiated myoblasts, MP included MYPT1 in the holoenzyme complex and its expression and activity was regulated by SMTNL1, affecting the phosphorylation level of MLC20 assessed using semi-quantitative Western blot analysis. SMTNL1 negatively influenced the migration and cytoskeletal remodeling of myoblasts measured by high content screening. In contrast, in myotubes, the expression of MYPT2 but not MYPT1 increased in a T3-dependent and SMTNL1-independent manner. T3 treatment combined with SMTNL1 overexpression impeded the activity of MP. In addition, MP interacted with Na+/K+-ATPase and dephosphorylated its inhibitory phosphorylation sites, identifying this protein as a novel MP substrate. These findings may help us gain a better understanding of myopathy, muscle weakness and the disorder of muscle regeneration in hyperthyroid patients.
    Keywords:  C2C12 cell migration; Na+/K+-ATPase; SMTNL1; myogenesis; myosin phosphatase; thyroid hormone
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910293
  15. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Sep 29. pii: 10564. [Epub ahead of print]22(19):
    Age-Related Changes in the Matrisome of the Mouse Skeletal Muscle.
    Francesco Demetrio Lofaro, Barbara Cisterna, Maria Assunta Lacavalla, Federico Boschi, Manuela Malatesta, Daniela Quaglino, Carlo Zancanaro, Federica Boraldi.
      Aging is characterized by a progressive decline of skeletal muscle (SM) mass and strength which may lead to sarcopenia in older persons. To date, a limited number of studies have been performed in the old SM looking at the whole, complex network of the extracellular matrix (i.e., matrisome) and its aging-associated changes. In this study, skeletal muscle proteins were isolated from whole gastrocnemius muscles of adult (12 mo.) and old (24 mo.) mice using three sequential extractions, each one analyzed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Muscle sections were investigated using fluorescence- and transmission electron microscopy. This study provided the first characterization of the matrisome in the old SM demonstrating several statistically significantly increased matrisome proteins in the old vs. adult SM. Several proteomic findings were confirmed and expanded by morphological data. The current findings shed new light on the mutually cooperative interplay between cells and the extracellular environment in the aging SM. These data open the door for a better understanding of the mechanisms modulating myocellular behavior in aging (e.g., by altering mechano-sensing stimuli as well as signaling pathways) and their contribution to age-dependent muscle dysfunction.
    Keywords:  aging; extracellular matrix; immunohistochemistry; proteomics; sarcopenia; ultrastructure
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910564
  16. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Oct 07. pii: 10831. [Epub ahead of print]22(19):
    Feeding Rhythm-Induced Hypothalamic Agouti-Related Protein Elevation via Glucocorticoids Leads to Insulin Resistance in Skeletal Muscle.
    Tetsuya Shiuchi, Airi Otsuka, Noriyuki Shimizu, Sachiko Chikahisa, Hiroyoshi Séi.
      Circadian phase shifts in peripheral clocks induced by changes in feeding rhythm often result in insulin resistance. However, whether the hypothalamic control system for energy metabolism is involved in the feeding rhythm-related development of insulin resistance is unknown. Here, we show the physiological significance and mechanism of the involvement of the agouti-related protein (AgRP) in evening feeding-associated alterations in insulin sensitivity. Evening feeding during the active dark period increased hypothalamic AgRP expression and skeletal muscle insulin resistance in mice. Inhibiting AgRP expression by administering an antisense oligo or a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist mitigated these effects. AgRP-producing neuron-specific glucocorticoid receptor-knockout (AgRP-GR-KO) mice had normal skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity even under evening feeding schedules. Hepatic vagotomy enhanced AgRP expression in the hypothalamus even during ad-lib feeding in wild-type mice but not in AgRP-GR-KO mice. The findings of this study indicate that feeding in the late active period may affect hypothalamic AgRP expression via glucocorticoids and induce skeletal muscle insulin resistance.
    Keywords:  AgRP; feeding rhythm; glucocorticoid; insulin sensitivity; skeletal muscle
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910831
  17. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Sep 23. pii: 10246. [Epub ahead of print]22(19):
    Transgenic Expression of Bmp3b in Mesenchymal Progenitors Mitigates Age-Related Muscle Mass Loss and Neuromuscular Junction Degeneration.
    Tamaki Kurosawa, Keitaro Minato, Madoka Ikemoto-Uezumi, Jun Hino, Kunihiro Tsuchida, Akiyoshi Uezumi.
      Skeletal muscle is a vital organ for a healthy life, but its mass and function decline with aging, resulting in a condition termed sarcopenia. The etiology of sarcopenia remains unclear. We recently demonstrated that interstitial mesenchymal progenitors are essential for homeostatic muscle maintenance, and a diminished expression of the mesenchymal-specific gene Bmp3b is associated with sarcopenia. Here, we assessed the protective function of Bmp3b against sarcopenia by generating conditional transgenic (Tg) mice that enable a forced expression of Bmp3b specifically in mesenchymal progenitors. The mice were grown until they reached the geriatric stage, and the age-related muscle phenotypes were examined. The Tg mice had significantly heavier muscles compared to control mice, and the type IIB myofiber cross-sectional areas were preserved in Tg mice. The composition of the myofiber types did not differ between the genotypes. The Tg mice showed a decreasing trend of fibrosis, but the degree of fat infiltration was as low as that in the control mice. Finally, we observed the preservation of innervated neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) in the Tg muscle in contrast to the control muscle, where the NMJ degeneration was conspicuous. Thus, our results indicate that the transgenic expression of Bmp3b in mesenchymal progenitors alleviates age-related muscle deterioration. Collectively, this study strengthens the beneficial role of mesenchymal Bmp3b against sarcopenia and suggests that preserving the youthfulness of mesenchymal progenitors may be an effective means of combating sarcopenia.
    Keywords:  mesenchymal progenitors; sarcopenia; skeletal muscle
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910246
  18. Nat Commun. 2021 Oct 13. 12(1): 5977
    p107 mediated mitochondrial function controls muscle stem cell proliferative fates.
    Debasmita Bhattacharya, Vicky Shah, Oreoluwa Oresajo, Anthony Scimè.
      Muscle diseases and aging are associated with impaired myogenic stem cell self-renewal and fewer proliferating progenitors (MPs). Importantly, distinct metabolic states induced by glycolysis or oxidative phosphorylation have been connected to MP proliferation and differentiation. However, how these energy-provisioning mechanisms cooperate remain obscure. Herein, we describe a mechanism by which mitochondrial-localized transcriptional co-repressor p107 regulates MP proliferation. We show p107 directly interacts with the mitochondrial DNA, repressing mitochondrial-encoded gene transcription. This reduces ATP production by limiting electron transport chain complex formation. ATP output, controlled by the mitochondrial function of p107, is directly associated with the cell cycle rate. Sirt1 activity, dependent on the cytoplasmic glycolysis product NAD+, directly interacts with p107, impeding its mitochondrial localization. The metabolic control of MP proliferation, driven by p107 mitochondrial function, establishes a cell cycle paradigm that might extend to other dividing cell types.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-26176-0
  19. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Oct 08. pii: 10876. [Epub ahead of print]22(19):
    Genetically Encoded Biosensors to Monitor Intracellular Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species and Glutathione Redox Potential in Skeletal Muscle Cells.
    Escarlata Fernández-Puente, Jesús Palomero.
      Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) play an important role in the pathophysiology of skeletal muscle and are involved in the regulation of intracellular signaling pathways, which drive metabolism, regeneration, and adaptation in skeletal muscle. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes are unknown or partially uncovered. We implemented a combination of methodological approaches that are funded for the use of genetically encoded biosensors associated with quantitative fluorescence microscopy imaging to study redox biology in skeletal muscle. Therefore, it was possible to detect and monitor RONS and glutathione redox potential with high specificity and spatio-temporal resolution in two models, isolated skeletal muscle fibers and C2C12 myoblasts/myotubes. Biosensors HyPer3 and roGFP2-Orp1 were examined for the detection of cytosolic hydrogen peroxide; HyPer-mito and HyPer-nuc for the detection of mitochondrial and nuclear hydrogen peroxide; Mito-Grx1-roGFP2 and cyto-Grx1-roGFP2 were used for registration of the glutathione redox potential in mitochondria and cytosol. G-geNOp was proven to detect cytosolic nitric oxide. The fluorescence emitted by the biosensors is affected by pH, and this might have masked the results; therefore, environmental CO2 must be controlled to avoid pH fluctuations. In conclusion, genetically encoded biosensors and quantitative fluorescence microscopy provide a robust methodology to investigate the pathophysiological processes associated with the redox biology of skeletal muscle.
    Keywords:  C2C12 myoblast/myotube; RONS; biosensors; glutathione redox potential; hydrogen peroxide; nitric oxide; quantitative fluorescence microscopy; redox signaling; single skeletal muscle fiber; skeletal muscle
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910876
  20. J Gen Physiol. 2021 Dec 06. pii: e202012635. [Epub ahead of print]153(12):
    Pannexin-1 and CaV1.1 show reciprocal interaction during excitation-contraction and excitation-transcription coupling in skeletal muscle.
    Francisco Jaque-Fernández, Gonzalo Jorquera, Jennifer Troc-Gajardo, France Pietri-Rouxel, Christel Gentil, Sonja Buvinic, Bruno Allard, Enrique Jaimovich, Vincent Jacquemond, Mariana Casas.
      One of the most important functions of skeletal muscle is to respond to nerve stimuli by contracting. This function ensures body movement but also participates in other important physiological roles, like regulation of glucose homeostasis. Muscle activity is closely regulated to adapt to different demands and shows a plasticity that relies on both transcriptional activity and nerve stimuli. These two processes, both dependent on depolarization of the plasma membrane, have so far been regarded as separated and independent processes due to a lack of evidence of common protein partners or molecular mechanisms. In this study, we reveal intimate functional interactions between the process of excitation-induced contraction and the process of excitation-induced transcriptional activity in skeletal muscle. We show that the plasma membrane voltage-sensing protein CaV1.1 and the ATP-releasing channel Pannexin-1 (Panx1) regulate each other in a reciprocal manner, playing roles in both processes. Specifically, knockdown of CaV1.1 produces chronically elevated extracellular ATP concentrations at rest, consistent with disruption of the normal control of Panx1 activity. Conversely, knockdown of Panx1 affects not only activation of transcription but also CaV1.1 function on the control of muscle fiber contraction. Altogether, our results establish the presence of bidirectional functional regulations between the molecular machineries involved in the control of contraction and transcription induced by membrane depolarization of adult muscle fibers. Our results are important for an integrative understanding of skeletal muscle function and may impact our understanding of several neuromuscular diseases.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1085/jgp.202012635
  21. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Sep 23. pii: 10212. [Epub ahead of print]22(19):
    Activation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome Increases the IL-1β Level and Decreases GLUT4 Translocation in Skeletal Muscle during Insulin Resistance.
    Luan Américo-Da-Silva, Javiera Aguilera, Oscar Quinteros-Waltemath, Pablo Sánchez-Aguilera, Javier Russell, Cynthia Cadagan, Roberto Meneses-Valdés, Gina Sánchez, Manuel Estrada, Gonzalo Jorquera, Genaro Barrientos, Paola Llanos.
      Low-grade chronic inflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance (IR), and skeletal muscle has a central role in this condition. NLRP3 inflammasome activation pathways promote low-grade chronic inflammation in several tissues. However, a direct link between IR and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in skeletal muscle has not been reported. Here, we evaluated the NLRP3 inflammasome components and their role in GLUT4 translocation impairment in skeletal muscle during IR. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed with a normal control diet (NCD) or high-fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks. The protein levels of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, gasdermin-D (GSDMD), and interleukin (IL)-1β were measured in both homogenized and isolated fibers from the flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) or soleus muscle. GLUT4 translocation was determined through GLUT4myc-eGFP electroporation of the FBD muscle. Our results, obtained using immunofluorescence, showed that adult skeletal muscle expresses the inflammasome components. In the FDB and soleus muscles, homogenates from HFD-fed mice, we found increased protein levels of NLRP3 and ASC, higher activation of caspase-1, and elevated IL-1β in its mature form, compared to NCD-fed mice. Moreover, GSDMD, a protein that mediates IL-1β secretion, was found to be increased in HFD-fed-mice muscles. Interestingly, MCC950, a specific pharmacological NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor, promoted GLUT4 translocation in fibers isolated from the FDB muscle of NCD- and HFD-fed mice. In conclusion, we found increased NLRP3 inflammasome components in adult skeletal muscle of obese insulin-resistant animals, which might contribute to the low-grade chronic metabolic inflammation of skeletal muscle and IR development.
    Keywords:  GLUT4; GSDMD; NALP3; caspase-1; high-fat diet; inflammation; myokines
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910212
  22. Stem Cell Reports. 2021 Sep 30. pii: S2213-6711(21)00486-0. [Epub ahead of print]
    Defective autophagy and increased apoptosis contribute toward the pathogenesis of FKRP-associated muscular dystrophies.
    Carolina Ortiz-Cordero, Claudia Bincoletto, Neha R Dhoke, Sridhar Selvaraj, Alessandro Magli, Haowen Zhou, Do-Hyung Kim, Anne G Bang, Rita C R Perlingeiro.
      Fukutin-related protein (FKRP) is a glycosyltransferase involved in glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan (α-DG). Mutations in FKRP are associated with muscular dystrophies (MD) ranging from limb-girdle LGMDR9 to Walker-Warburg Syndrome (WWS), a severe type of congenital MD. Although hypoglycosylation of α-DG is the main hallmark of this group of diseases, a full understanding of the underlying pathophysiology is still missing. Here, we investigated molecular mechanisms impaired by FKRP mutations in pluripotent stem (PS) cell-derived myotubes. FKRP-deficient myotubes show transcriptome alterations in genes involved in extracellular matrix receptor interactions, calcium signaling, PI3K-Akt pathway, and lysosomal function. Accordingly, using a panel of patient-specific LGMDR9 and WWS induced PS cell-derived myotubes, we found a significant reduction in the autophagy-lysosome pathway for both disease phenotypes. In addition, we show that WWS myotubes display decreased ERK1/2 activity and increased apoptosis, which were restored in gene edited myotubes. Our results suggest the autophagy-lysosome pathway and apoptosis may contribute to the FKRP-associated MD pathogenesis.
    Keywords:  dystroglycanopathies; iPS cells; in vitro modeling; skeletal muscle
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.09.009
  23. J Exp Biol. 2021 Oct 14. pii: jeb.242698. [Epub ahead of print]
    Integration of proteomic and genetic approaches to assess developmental muscle atrophy.
    David S Brooks, Kumar Vishal, Simranjot Bawa, Adrienne Alder, Erika R Geisbrecht.
      Muscle atrophy, or a decline in muscle protein mass, is a significant problem in the aging population and in numerous disease states. Unraveling molecular signals that trigger and promote atrophy may lead to a better understanding of treatment options; however, there is no single cause of atrophy identified to date. To gain insight into this problem, we chose to investigate changes in protein profiles during muscle atrophy in Manduca sexta and Drosophila melanogaster. The use of insect models provides an interesting parallel to probe atrophic mechanisms since these organisms undergo a normal developmental atrophy process during the pupal transition stage. Leveraging the inherent advantages of each model organism, we first defined protein signature changes during Manduca intersegmental muscle (ISM) atrophy and then used genetic approaches to confirm their functional importance in the Drosophila dorsal internal oblique muscles (DIOMs). Our data reveal an upregulation of proteasome and peptidase components and a general downregulation of proteins that regulate actin filament formation. Surprisingly, thick filament proteins that comprise the A band are increased in abundance, providing support for the ordered destruction of myofibrillar components during developmental atrophy. We also uncover the actin filament regulator Ciboulot (Cib) as a novel regulator of muscle atrophy. These insights provide a framework towards a better understanding of global changes that occur during atrophy and may lead to eventual therapeutic targets.
    Keywords:  Atrophy; Drosophila; Manduca; Muscle
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.242698
  24. NPJ Aging Mech Dis. 2021 Oct 14. 7(1): 26
    Age-related mitochondrial alterations in brain and skeletal muscle of the YAC128 model of Huntington disease.
    Kristina Bečanović, Asghar Muhammad, Izabella Gadawska, Shiny Sachdeva, David Walker, Eduardo R Lazarowski, Sonia Franciosi, Kevin H J Park, Hélène C F Côté, Blair R Leavitt.
      Mitochondrial dysfunction and bioenergetics failure are common pathological hallmarks in Huntington's disease (HD) and aging. In the present study, we used the YAC128 murine model of HD to examine the effects of mutant huntingtin on mitochondrial parameters related to aging in brain and skeletal muscle. We have conducted a cross-sectional natural history study of mitochondrial DNA changes in the YAC128 mouse. Here, we first show that the mitochondrial volume fraction appears to increase in the axons and dendrite regions adjacent to the striatal neuron cell bodies in old mice. Mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn) was used as a proxy measure for mitochondrial biogenesis and function. We observed that the mtDNAcn changes significantly with age and genotype in a tissue-specific manner. We found a positive correlation between aging and the mtDNAcn in striatum and skeletal muscle but not in cortex. Notably, the YAC128 mice had lower mtDNAcn in cortex and skeletal muscle. We further show that mtDNA deletions are present in striatal and skeletal muscle tissue in both young and aged YAC128 and WT mice. Tracking gene expression levels cross-sectionally in mice allowed us to identify contributions of age and genotype to transcriptional variance in mitochondria-related genes. These findings provide insights into the role of mitochondrial dynamics in HD pathogenesis in both brain and skeletal muscle, and suggest that mtDNAcn in skeletal muscle tissue may be a potential biomarker that should be investigated further in human HD.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41514-021-00079-2
  25. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Oct 06. pii: 10795. [Epub ahead of print]22(19):
    The Ryanodine Receptor as a Sensor for Intracellular Environments in Muscles.
    Takuya Kobayashi, Nagomi Kurebayashi, Takashi Murayama.
      The ryanodine receptor (RyR) is a Ca2+ release channel in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal and cardiac muscles and plays a key role in excitation-contraction coupling. The activity of the RyR is regulated by the changes in the level of many intracellular factors, such as divalent cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+), nucleotides, associated proteins, and reactive oxygen species. Since these intracellular factors change depending on the condition of the muscle, e.g., exercise, fatigue, or disease states, the RyR channel activity will be altered accordingly. In this review, we describe how the RyR channel is regulated under various conditions and discuss the possibility that the RyR acts as a sensor for changes in the intracellular environments in muscles.
    Keywords:  cardiac muscle; diet; exercise and injury; heart function; ryanodine receptor; skeletal muscle
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910795
  26. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Sep 28. pii: 10444. [Epub ahead of print]22(19):
    Role of Pannexin 1 ATP-Permeable Channels in the Regulation of Signaling Pathways during Skeletal Muscle Unloading.
    Ksenia A Zaripova, Ekaterina P Kalashnikova, Svetlana P Belova, Tatiana Y Kostrominova, Boris S Shenkman, Tatiana L Nemirovskaya.
      Skeletal muscle unloading results in atrophy. We hypothesized that pannexin 1 ATP-permeable channel (PANX1) is involved in the response of muscle to unloading. We tested this hypothesis by blocking PANX1, which regulates efflux of ATP from the cytoplasm. Rats were divided into six groups (eight rats each): non-treated control for 1 and 3 days of the experiments (1C and 3C, respectively), 1 and 3 days of hindlimb suspension (HS) with placebo (1H and 3H, respectively), and 1 and 3 days of HS with PANX1 inhibitor probenecid (PRB; 1HP and 3HP, respectively). When compared with 3C group there was a significant increase in ATP in soleus muscle of 3H and 3HP groups (32 and 51%, respectively, p < 0.05). When compared with 3H group, 3HP group had: (1) lower mRNA expression of E3 ligases MuRF1 and MAFbx (by 50 and 38% respectively, p < 0.05) and MYOG (by 34%, p < 0.05); (2) higher phosphorylation of p70S6k and p90RSK (by 51 and 35% respectively, p < 0.05); (3) lower levels of phosphorylated eEF2 (by 157%, p < 0.05); (4) higher level of phosphorylated GSK3β (by 189%, p < 0.05). In conclusion, PANX1 ATP-permeable channels are involved in the regulation of muscle atrophic processes by modulating expression of E3 ligases, and protein translation and elongation processes during unloading.
    Keywords:  MAFbx; MuRF1; muscle unloading; pannexin channel 1
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910444
  27. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2021 Oct 14. e2102157
    Obesity Impairs Embryonic Myogenesis by Enhancing BMP Signaling within the Dermomyotome.
    Liang Zhao, Nathan C Law, Noe A Gomez, Junseok Son, Yao Gao, Xiangdong Liu, Jeanene M de Avila, Mei-Jun Zhu, Min Du.
      Obesity during pregnancy leads to adverse health outcomes in offspring. However, the initial effects of maternal obesity (MO) on embryonic organogenesis have yet to be thoroughly examined. Using unbiased single-cell transcriptomic analyses (scRNA-seq), the effects of MO on the myogenic process is investigated in embryonic day 9.5 (E9.5) mouse embryos. The results suggest that MO induces systematic hypoxia, which is correlated with enhanced BMP signaling and impairs skeletal muscle differentiation within the dermomyotome (DM). The Notch-signaling effectors, HES1 and HEY1, which also act down-stream of BMP signaling, suppress myogenic differentiation through transcriptionally repressing the important myogenic regulator MEF2C. Moreover, the major hypoxia effector, HIF1A, enhances expression of HES1 and HEY1 and blocks myogenic differentiation in vitro. In summary, this data demonstrate that MO induces hypoxia and impairs myogenic differentiation by up-regulating BMP signaling within the DM, which may account for the disruptions of skeletal muscle development and function in progeny.
    Keywords:  bone morphogenetic proteins signaling; embryonic myogenesis; maternal obesity; single cell RNA sequencing
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202102157
  28. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2021 Oct 11.
    Damaging eccentric exercise attenuates disuse induced declines in daily myofibrillar protein synthesis and transiently prevents muscle atrophy in healthy men.
    Tom S O Jameson, Sean P Kilroe, Jonathan Fulford, Doaa Reda Abdelrahman, Andrew John Murton, Marlou L Dirks, Francis B Stephens, Benjamin T Wall.
       INTRODUCTION: Short-term disuse leads to muscle loss driven by lowered daily myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS). However, disuse commonly results from muscle damage, and its influence on muscle deconditioning during disuse is unknown.
    METHODS: 21 males (20±1 y, BMI=24±1 kg·m-2 (±SEM)) underwent 7 days of unilateral leg immobilization immediately preceded by 300 bilateral, maximal, muscle-damaging eccentric quadriceps contractions (DAM; n=10) or no exercise (CON; n=11). Participants ingested deuterated water and underwent temporal bilateral thigh MRI scans and vastus lateralis muscle biopsies of immobilized (IMM) and non-immobilized (N-IMM) legs.
    RESULTS: N-IMM quadriceps muscle volume remained unchanged throughout in both groups. IMM quadriceps muscle volume declined after 2 days by 1.7±0.5% in CON (P=0.031; and by 1.3±0.6% when corrected to N-IMM; P=0.06) but did not change in DAM, and declined equivalently in CON (by 6.4±1.1% [5.0±1.6% when corrected to N-IMM]) and DAM (by 2.6±1.8% [4.0±1.9% when corrected to N-IMM]) after 7 days. Immobilization began to decrease MyoPS compared with N-IMM in both groups after 2 days (P=0.109), albeit with higher MyoPS rates in DAM compared with CON (P=0.035). Frank suppression of MyoPS was observed between days 2-7 in CON (IMM=1.04±0.12, N-IMM=1.86±0.10%·d-1; P=0.002) but not DAM (IMM=1.49±0.29, N-IMM=1.90±0.30%·d-1; P>0.05). Declines in MyoPS and quadriceps volume after 7 days correlated positively in CON (R2=0.403; P=0.035) but negatively in DAM (R2=0.483; P=0.037). Quadriceps strength declined following immobilization in both groups, but to a greater extent in DAM.
    CONCLUSION: Prior muscle damaging eccentric exercise increases MyoPS and prevents loss of quadriceps muscle volume after 2 (but not 7) days of disuse.
    Keywords:  Deuterated water; Immobilization; Muscle damage; Muscle disuse; Muscle protein synthesis
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00294.2021
  29. Front Physiol. 2021 ;12 728683
    Myofibril and Mitochondrial Area Changes in Type I and II Fibers Following 10 Weeks of Resistance Training in Previously Untrained Men.
    Bradley A Ruple, Joshua S Godwin, Paulo H C Mesquita, Shelby C Osburn, Casey L Sexton, Morgan A Smith, Jeremy C Ogletree, Michael D Goodlett, Joseph L Edison, Arny A Ferrando, Andrew D Fruge, Andreas N Kavazis, Kaelin C Young, Michael D Roberts.
      Resistance training increases muscle fiber hypertrophy, but the morphological adaptations that occur within muscle fibers remain largely unresolved. Fifteen males with minimal training experience (24±4years, 23.9±3.1kg/m2 body mass index) performed 10weeks of conventional, full-body resistance training (2× weekly). Body composition, the radiological density of the vastus lateralis muscle using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT), and vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were obtained 1week prior to and 72h following the last training bout. Quantification of myofibril and mitochondrial areas in type I (positive for MyHC I) and II (positive for MyHC IIa/IIx) fibers was performed using immunohistochemistry (IHC) techniques. Relative myosin heavy chain and actin protein abundances per wet muscle weight as well as citrate synthase (CS) activity assays were also obtained on tissue lysates. Training increased whole-body lean mass, mid-thigh muscle cross-sectional area, mean and type II fiber cross-sectional areas (fCSA), and maximal strength values for leg press, bench press, and deadlift (p<0.05). The intracellular area occupied by myofibrils in type I or II fibers was not altered with training, suggesting a proportional expansion of myofibrils with fCSA increases. However, our histological analysis was unable to differentiate whether increases in myofibril number or girth occurred. Relative myosin heavy chain and actin protein abundances also did not change with training. IHC indicated training increased mitochondrial areas in both fiber types (p=0.018), albeit CS activity levels remained unaltered with training suggesting a discordance between these assays. Interestingly, although pQCT-derived muscle density increased with training (p=0.036), suggestive of myofibril packing, a positive association existed between training-induced changes in this metric and changes in mean fiber myofibril area (r=0.600, p=0.018). To summarize, our data imply that shorter-term resistance training promotes a proportional expansion of the area occupied by myofibrils and a disproportional expansion of the area occupied by mitochondria in type I and II fibers. Additionally, IHC and biochemical techniques should be viewed independently from one another given the lack of agreement between the variables assessed herein. Finally, the pQCT may be a viable tool to non-invasively track morphological changes (specifically myofibril density) in muscle tissue.
    Keywords:  histology; mitochondria; myofibrils; peripheral quantitative computed tomography; resistance training
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.728683
  30. Amino Acids. 2021 Oct 12.
    Carnosine and skeletal muscle dysfunction in a rodent multiple sclerosis model.
    Jan Spaas, Pieter Van Noten, Charly Keytsman, Ine Nieste, Laura Blancquaert, Wim Derave, Bert O Eijnde.
      Muscle weakness and fatigue are primary manifestations of multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic disease of the central nervous system. Interventions that enhance muscle function may improve overall physical well-being of MS patients. Recently, we described that levels of carnosine, an endogenous muscle dipeptide involved in contractile function and fatigue-resistance, are reduced in muscle tissue from MS patients and a monophasic rodent MS model (experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, EAE). In the present study, we aimed to (1) confirm this finding in a chronic EAE model, along with the characterization of structural and functional muscle alterations, and (2) investigate the effect of carnosine supplementation to increase/restore muscle carnosine levels and improve muscle function in EAE. We performed muscle immunohistochemistry and ex vivo contractility measurements to examine muscle structure and function at different stages of EAE, and following nutritional intervention (oral carnosine: 3, 15 or 30 g/L in drinking water). Immunohistochemistry revealed progressively worsening muscle fiber atrophy and a switch towards a fast-twitch muscle phenotype during EAE. Using ex vivo muscle contractility experiments, we observed reductions in muscle strength and contraction speed, but no changes in muscle fatigability of EAE mice. However, carnosine levels were unaltered during all stages of EAE, and even though oral carnosine supplementation dose-dependently increased muscle carnosine levels up to + 94% after 56 days EAE, this did not improve muscle function of EAE mice. In conclusion, EAE mice display significant, yet time-dependent, muscular alterations, and carnosine intervention does not improve muscle function in EAE.
    Keywords:  Carnosine; Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; Histidine-containing dipeptides; Multiple sclerosis; Skeletal muscle
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-021-03086-5
  31. Front Physiol. 2021 ;12 723931
    Preliminary Investigations Into the Effect of Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage on Systemic Extracellular Vesicle Release in Trained Younger and Older Men.
    Yvoni Kyriakidou, Isabella Cooper, Igor Kraev, Sigrun Lange, Bradley T Elliott.
      Background: Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) results in transient muscle inflammation, strength loss, and muscle soreness and may cause subsequent exercise avoidance. Research has recently proven that skeletal muscle can also release extracellular vesicles (EVs) into the circulation following a bout of exercise. However, EV's potential role, including as a biomarker, in the response to eccentric resistance exercise stimulus remains unclear. Methods: Twelve (younger, n=7, 27.0±1.5years and older, n=5, 63.0±1.0years) healthy, physically active males, undertaking moderate, regular physical activity (3-5 times per week) performed a unilateral high intensity eccentric exercise protocol. Venous plasma was collected for assessment of EVs and creatine kinase (CK) prior to EIMD, immediately after EIMD, and 1-72h post-EIMD, and maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) were assessed at all time points, except 1 and 2h post-EIMD. Results: A significant effect of both time (p=0.005) and group (p<0.001) was noted for MVIC, with younger participants' MVIC being higher throughout. Whilst a significant increase was observed in DOMS in the younger group (p=0.014) and in the older group (p=0.034) following EIMD, no significant differences were observed between groups. CK was not different between age groups but was altered following the EIMD (main effect of time p=0.026), with increased CK seen immediately post-, at 1 and 2h post-EIMD. EV count tended to be lower in older participants at rest, relative to younger participants (p=0.056), whilst EV modal size did not differ between younger and older participants pre-EIMD. EIMD did not substantially alter EV modal size or EV count in younger or older participants; however, the alteration in EV concentration (ΔCount) and EV modal size (ΔMode) between post-EIMD and pre-EIMD negatively associated with CK activity. No significant associations were noted between MVIC or DOMS and either ΔCount or ΔMode of EVs at any time point. Conclusion: These findings suggest that profile of EV release, immediately following exercise, may predict later CK release and play a role in the EIMD response. Exercise-induced EV release profiles may therefore serve as an indicator for subsequent muscle damage.
    Keywords:  ageing; delayed onset muscle soreness; eccentric exercise; extracellular vesicles; inflammation; muscle damage; recovery; strength
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.723931
  32. Mol Med Rep. 2021 Dec;pii: 854. [Epub ahead of print]24(6):
    Sarcopenia, frailty and type 2 diabetes mellitus (Review).
    Hiroki Nishikawa, Shinya Fukunishi, Akira Asai, Keisuke Yokohama, Hideko Ohama, Shuhei Nishiguchi, Kazuhide Higuchi.
      Skeletal muscle is the largest and most energy‑consuming organ in the human body, which plays an important role in energy metabolism and glucose uptake. There is a notable decrease in glucose uptake in the skeletal muscle of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Endurance exercise can reduce hyperglycemia and improve insulin resistance in patients with type 2 DM. Insulin exerts a variety of effects, many of which are mediated by Akt, including increasing glucose uptake, promoting glycogen synthesis and inhibiting glycogen degradation, increasing free fatty acid uptake, increasing protein synthesis, promoting muscle hypertrophy and inhibiting protein degradation. Skeletal muscle mass progressively declines with aging, resulting in loss of muscle strength and physical function. Sarcopenia is a syndrome characterized by loss of skeletal muscle mass and muscle weakness or loss of physical function, and frailty is another syndrome that has received great interest in recent years. Decreased organ function results in vulnerability to external stress. Frailty is associated with falls, fractures and hospitalization; however, there is the reversibility of returning to a healthy state with appropriate interventions. Frailty is classified into three subgroups: Physical frailty, social frailty and cognitive frailty, whereby sarcopenia is the main component of physical frailty. The present review discusses the associations between sarcopenia, frailty and type 2 DM based on current evidence.
    Keywords:  frailty; insulin; sarcopenia; skeletal muscle; type 2 diabetes mellitus
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.12494
  33. Front Physiol. 2021 ;12 727585
    Mitochondrial Fragmentation and Dysfunction in Type IIx/IIb Diaphragm Muscle Fibers in 24-Month Old Fischer 344 Rats.
    Alyssa D Brown, Leah A Davis, Matthew J Fogarty, Gary C Sieck.
      Sarcopenia is characterized by muscle fiber atrophy and weakness, which may be associated with mitochondrial fragmentation and dysfunction. Mitochondrial remodeling and biogenesis in muscle fibers occurs in response to exercise and increased muscle activity. However, the adaptability mitochondria may decrease with age. The diaphragm muscle (DIAm) sustains breathing, via recruitment of fatigue-resistant type I and IIa fibers. More fatigable, type IIx/IIb DIAm fibers are infrequently recruited during airway protective and expulsive behaviors. DIAm sarcopenia is restricted to the atrophy of type IIx/IIb fibers, which impairs higher force airway protective and expulsive behaviors. The aerobic capacity to generate ATP within muscle fibers depends on the volume and intrinsic respiratory capacity of mitochondria. In the present study, mitochondria in type-identified DIAm fibers were labeled using MitoTracker Green and imaged in 3-D using confocal microscopy. Mitochondrial volume density was higher in type I and IIa DIAm fibers compared with type IIx/IIb fibers. Mitochondrial volume density did not change with age in type I and IIa fibers but was reduced in type IIx/IIb fibers in 24-month rats. Furthermore, mitochondria were more fragmented in type IIx/IIb compared with type I and IIa fibers, and worsened in 24-month rats. The maximum respiratory capacity of mitochondria in DIAm fibers was determined using a quantitative histochemical technique to measure the maximum velocity of the succinate dehydrogenase reaction (SDH max ). SDH max per fiber volume was higher in type I and IIa DIAm fibers and did not change with age. In contrast, SDH max per fiber volume decreased with age in type IIx/IIb DIAm fibers. There were two distinct clusters for SDH max per fiber volume and mitochondrial volume density, one comprising type I and IIa fibers and the second comprising type IIx/IIb fibers. The separation of these clusters increased with aging. There was also a clear relation between SDH max per mitochondrial volume and the extent of mitochondrial fragmentation. The results show that DIAm sarcopenia is restricted to type IIx/IIb DIAm fibers and related to reduced mitochondrial volume, mitochondrial fragmentation and reduced SDH max per fiber volume.
    Keywords:  SDHmax; fiber type; maximum respiratory capacity; mitochondrial fragmentation; sarcopenia
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.727585
  34. Aging Dis. 2021 Oct;12(7): 1605-1623
    The Proper Diet and Regular Physical Activity Slow Down the Development of Parkinson Disease.
    Patryk Andrzej Chromiec, Zofia Kinga Urbaś, Martyna Jacko, Jan Jacek Kaczor.
      From year to year, we know more about neurodegeneration and Parkinson's disease (PD). A positive influence of various types of physical activity is more often described in the context of neuroprotection and prevention as well as the form of rehabilitation in Parkinson's patients. Moreover, when we look at supplementation, clinical nutrition and dietetics, we will see that balancing consumed products and supplementing the vitamins or minerals is necessary. Considering the biochemical pathways in skeletal muscle, we may see that many researchers desire to identify molecular mediators that have an impact through exercise and balanced diet on human health or development of the neurodegenerative disease. Therefore, it is mandatory to study the potential mechanism(s) related to diet and factors resulted from physical activity as molecular mediators, which play a therapeutic role in PD. This review summarizes the available literature on mechanisms and specific pathways involved in diet-exercise relationship and discusses how therapy, including appropriate exercises and diet that influence molecular mediators, may significantly slow down the progress of neurodegenerative processes. We suggest that a proper diet combined with physical activity will be a good solution for psycho-muscle BALANCE not only in PD but also in other neurodegenerative diseases.
    Keywords:  Parkinson’s disease; diet; neuroinflammation; neuroprotection; physical exercise
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.14336/AD.2021.0123
  35. J Biomech. 2021 Sep 27. pii: S0021-9290(21)00536-4. [Epub ahead of print]128 110770
    Rheological properties of skeletal muscles in a Duchenne muscular dystrophy murine model before and after autologous cell therapy.
    Joanna Zemła, Pavithra S Iyer, Grażyna Pyka-Fościak, Nicolas Mermod, Małgorzata Lekka.
      Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is still an incurable muscle degenerative disease; thus, numerous studies focused on novel therapeutic approaches. However, a simple assay of muscle function restoration remains needed. Herein, we used an oscillatory shear rheometer to evaluate changes in rheological properties of mouse muscles (tibialis anterior, TA) and their restoration upon autologous cell therapy by comparing the viscoelastic properties of normal, diseased and treated muscles. Amplitude sweep tests of muscle samples were performed under 20% compression over a range of shear strain between 0.01 and 2% and frequency of 1 rad/s. The samples were tested in plane-plane geometry and horizontal myofiber alignment. Typical linear viscoelastic region (LVER) patterns were found for each muscle type. For healthy muscles, a broad LVER between shear deformations (γ) of 0.013-0.62% was observed. The LVER of DMD mdx/SCID muscles was found at 0.14% to 0.46% shear deformation, and no shear dependence of storage (G') and loss (G") moduli at γ range changing from 0.034% to 0.26% was found for transplanted tissues. G'LVER and G"LVER moduli of healthy muscles were significantly higher than G'LVER and G"LVER of dystrophic tissues. Additionally, muscle resistance assessment by rheometer indicated that muscles transplanted with stem cells restored elastic properties to levels close to those of healthy muscles. Interestingly, histological staining and rheological data indicate that the loss factor is strongly related to structural changes of examined muscles.
    Keywords:  Cell therapy; Duchenne muscular dystrophy; Oscillatory rheology; Soft tissue mechanics; Viscoelasticity of tissues
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110770
  36. J Cell Biol. 2021 Dec 06. pii: e201905065. [Epub ahead of print]220(12):
    Cavin4 interacts with Bin1 to promote T-tubule formation and stability in developing skeletal muscle.
    Harriet P Lo, Ye-Wheen Lim, Zherui Xiong, Nick Martel, Charles Ferguson, Nicholas Ariotti, Jean Giacomotto, James Rae, Matthias Floetenmeyer, Shayli Varasteh Moradi, Ya Gao, Vikas A Tillu, Di Xia, Huang Wang, Samira Rahnama, Susan J Nixon, Michele Bastiani, Ryan D Day, Kelly A Smith, Nathan J Palpant, Wayne A Johnston, Kirill Alexandrov, Brett M Collins, Thomas E Hall, Robert G Parton.
      The cavin proteins are essential for caveola biogenesis and function. Here, we identify a role for the muscle-specific component, Cavin4, in skeletal muscle T-tubule development by analyzing two vertebrate systems, mouse and zebrafish. In both models, Cavin4 localized to T-tubules, and loss of Cavin4 resulted in aberrant T-tubule maturation. In zebrafish, which possess duplicated cavin4 paralogs, Cavin4b was shown to directly interact with the T-tubule-associated BAR domain protein Bin1. Loss of both Cavin4a and Cavin4b caused aberrant accumulation of interconnected caveolae within the T-tubules, a fragmented T-tubule network enriched in Caveolin-3, and an impaired Ca2+ response upon mechanical stimulation. We propose a role for Cavin4 in remodeling the T-tubule membrane early in development by recycling caveolar components from the T-tubule to the sarcolemma. This generates a stable T-tubule domain lacking caveolae that is essential for T-tubule function.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201905065
  37. PLoS One. 2021 ;16(10): e0258635
    Gene expression changes in vastus lateralis muscle after different strength training regimes during rehabilitation following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
    Birgit Friedmann-Bette, Holger Lornsen, Mario Parstorfer, Thomas Gwechenberger, Francesca Profit, Marc-André Weber, Alexander Barié.
      Impaired muscle regeneration has repeatedly been described after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL-R). The results of recent studies provided some evidence for negative alterations in knee extensor muscles after ACL-R causing persisting strength deficits in spite of the regain of muscle mass. Accordingly, we observed that 12 weeks of concentric/eccentric quadriceps strength training with eccentric overload (CON/ECC+) induced a significantly greater hypertrophy of the atrophied quadriceps muscle after ACL-R than conventional concentric/eccentric quadriceps strength training (CON/ECC). However, strength deficits persisted and there was an unexpected increase in the proportion of slow type I fibers instead of the expected shift towards a faster muscle phenotype after CON/ECC+. In order to shed further light on muscle recovery after ACL-R, the steady-state levels of 84 marker mRNAs were analyzed in biopsies obtained from the vastus lateralis muscle of 31 subjects before and after 12 weeks of CON/ECC+ (n = 18) or CON/ECC strength training (n = 13) during rehabilitation after ACL-R using a custom RT2 Profiler PCR array. Significant (p < 0.05) changes were detected in the expression of 26 mRNAs, several of them involved in muscle wasting/atrophy. A different pattern with regard to the strength training mode was observed for 16 mRNAs, indicating an enhanced hypertrophic stimulus, mechanical sensing or fast contractility after CON/ECC+. The effects of the type of autograft (quadriceps, QUAD, n = 19, or semitendinosus tendon, SEMI, n = 12) were reflected in the lower expression of 6 mRNAs involved in skeletal muscle hypertrophy or contractility in QUAD. In conclusion, the greater hypertrophic stimulus and mechanical stress induced by CON/ECC+ and a beginning shift towards a faster muscle phenotype after CON/ECC+ might be indicated by significant gene expression changes as well as still ongoing muscle wasting processes and a negative impact of QUAD autograft.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258635
  38. Front Physiol. 2021 ;12 706128
    Paternal Resistance Exercise Modulates Skeletal Muscle Remodeling Pathways in Fathers and Male Offspring Submitted to a High-Fat Diet.
    Rebecca Salomão, Ivo Vieira de Sousa Neto, Gracielle Vieira Ramos, Ramires Alsamir Tibana, João Quaglioti Durigan, Guilherme Borges Pereira, Octávio Luiz Franco, Carine Royer, Francisco de Assis Rocha Neves, Ana Carolina Andrade de Carvalho, Otávio Toledo Nóbrega, Rodrigo Haddad, Jonato Prestes, Rita de Cássia Marqueti.
      Although some studies have shown that a high-fat diet (HFD) adversely affects muscle extracellular matrix remodeling, the mechanisms involved in muscle trophism, inflammation, and adipogenesis have not been fully investigated. Thus, we investigated the effects of 8 weeks of paternal resistance training (RT) on gene and protein expression/activity of critical factors involved in muscle inflammation and remodeling of fathers and offspring (offspring exposed to standard chow or HFD). Animals were randomly distributed to constitute sedentary fathers (SF; n = 7; did not perform RT) or trained fathers (TF n = 7; performed RT), with offspring from mating with sedentary females. After birth, 28 male pups were divided into four groups (n = 7 per group): offspring from sedentary father submitted either to control diet (SFO-C) or high-fat diet (SFO-HF) and offspring from trained father submitted to control diet (TFO-C) or high-fat diet (TFO-HF). Our results show that an HFD downregulated collagen mRNA levels and upregulated inflammatory and atrophy pathways and adipogenic transcription factor mRNA levels in offspring gastrocnemius muscle. In contrast, paternal RT increased MMP-2 activity and decreased IL-6 levels in offspring exposed to a control diet. Paternal RT upregulated P70s6k and Ppara mRNA levels and downregulated Atrogin1 mRNA levels, while decreasing NFκ-B, IL-1β, and IL-8 protein levels in offspring exposed to an HFD. Paternal physical training influences key skeletal muscle remodeling pathways and inflammatory profiles relevant for muscle homeostasis maintenance in offspring submitted to different diets.
    Keywords:  adipogenic; atrophy/hypertrophy signaling; exercise; gastrocnemius; intergenerational; proinflammatory cytokines; protein turnover
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.706128
  39. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2021 Oct 14.
    TRAPPC11-related muscular dystrophy with hypoglycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan in skeletal muscle and brain.
    Pinki Munot, Nadine McCrea, Silvia Torelli, Adnan Manzur, Caroline Sewry, Darren Chambers, Lucy Feng, Pierpaolo Ala, Irina Zaharieva, Nicola Ragge, Helen Roper, Tamas Marton, Phil Cox, Miroslav P Milev, Wen-Chen Liang, Shinsuke Maruyama, Ichizo Nishino, Michael Sacher, Rahul Phadke, Francesco Muntoni.
       AIMS: TRAPPC11, a subunit of the transport protein particle (TRAPP) complex is important for complex integrity and anterograde membrane transport from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment. Several individuals with TRAPPC11 mutations have been reported with muscle weakness and other features including brain, liver, skeletal and eye involvement. A detailed analysis of brain and muscle pathology will further our understanding of the presentation and aetiology of TRAPPC11-disease.
    METHODS: We describe five cases of early-onset TRAPPC11-related muscular dystrophy with a systematic review of muscle pathology in all five individuals, post-mortem brain pathology findings in one, and membrane trafficking assays in another.
    RESULTS: All affected individuals presented in infancy with muscle weakness, motor delay and elevated serum creatine kinase (CK). Additional features included cataracts, liver disease, intellectual disability, cardiomyopathy, movement disorder, and structural brain abnormalities. Muscle pathology in all five revealed dystrophic changes, universal hypoglycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan and variably reduced dystrophin-associated complex proteins. Membrane trafficking assays showed defective Golgi trafficking in one individual. Neuropathological examination of one individual revealed cerebellar atrophy, granule cell hypoplasia, Purkinje cell (PC) loss, degeneration, and dendrite dystrophy, reduced alpha-dystroglycan (IIH6) expression in PC and dentate neurons, and absence of neuronal migration defects.
    CONCLUSIONS: This report suggests that recessive mutations in TRAPPC11 are linked to muscular dystrophies with hypoglycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan. The structural cerebellar involvement that we document for the first time resembles the neuropathology reported in N-linked congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) such as PMM2-CDG, suggesting defects in multiple glycosylation pathways in this condition.
    Keywords:  IIH6; Purkinje cell; TRAPPC11; cerebellum; dystroglycan; glycosylation; granule cell; muscular dystrophy
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1111/nan.12771
  40. Exp Cell Res. 2021 Oct 09. pii: S0014-4827(21)00419-5. [Epub ahead of print] 112865
    Isoform-specific functions of synaptopodin-2 variants in cytoskeleton stabilization and autophagy regulation in muscle under mechanical stress.
    Keerthika Lohanadan, Sibylle Molt, Franziska Dierck, Peter F M van der Ven, Norbert Frey, Jörg Höhfeld, Dieter O Fürst.
      Protein homeostasis (proteostasis) in multicellular organisms depends on the maintenance of force-bearing and force-generating cellular structures. Within myofibrillar Z-discs of striated muscle isoforms of synaptopodin-2 (SYNPO2/myopodin) act as adapter proteins that are engaged in proteostasis of the actin-crosslinking protein filamin C (FLNc) under mechanical stress. SYNPO2 directly binds F-actin, FLNc and α-actinin and thus contributes to the architectural features of the actin cytoskeleton. By its association with autophagy mediating proteins, i.e. BAG3 and VPS18, SYNPO2 is also engaged in protein quality control and helps to target mechanical unfolded and damaged FLNc for degradation. Here we show that deficiency of all SYNPO2-isoforms in myotubes leads to decreased myofibrillar stability and deregulated autophagy under mechanical stress. In addition, isoform-specific proteostasis functions were revealed. The PDZ-domain containing variant SYNPO2b and the shorter, PDZ-less isoform SYNPO2e both localize to Z-discs. Yet, SYNPO2e is less stably associated with the Z-disc than SYNPO2b, and is dynamically transferred into FLNc-containing myofibrillar lesions under mechanical stress. SYNPO2e also recruits BAG3 into these lesions via interaction with the WW domain of BAG3. Our data provide evidence for a role of myofibrillar lesions as a transient quality control compartment essential to prevent and repair contraction-induced myofibril damage in muscle and indicate an important coordinating activity for SYNPO2 therein.
    Keywords:  autophagy; electrical pacing stimulation; exercise; myofibril remodeling; myopodin/synaptopodin-2 isoforms; sarcomeric Z-disc
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112865
  41. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2021 ;2021 3846122
    Effects of Exercise-Induced ROS on the Pathophysiological Functions of Skeletal Muscle.
    Fan Wang, Xin Wang, Yiping Liu, Zhenghong Zhang.
      Oxidative stress is the imbalance of the redox system in the body, which produces excessive reactive oxygen species, leads to multiple cellular damages, and closely relates to some pathological conditions, such as insulin resistance and inflammation. Meanwhile, exercise as an external stimulus of oxidative stress causes the changes of pathophysiological functions in the tissues and organs, including skeletal muscle. Exercise-induced oxidative stress is considered to have different effects on the structure and function of skeletal muscle. Long-term regular or moderate exercise-induced oxidative stress is closely related to the formation of muscle adaptation, while excessive free radicals produced by strenuous or acute exercise can cause muscle oxidative stress fatigue and damage, which impacts exercise capacity and damages the body's health. The present review systematically summarizes the relationship between exercise-induced oxidative stress and the adaptions, damage, and fatigue in skeletal muscle, in order to clarify the effects of exercise-induced oxidative stress on the pathophysiological functions of skeletal muscle.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/3846122
  42. J Med Chem. 2021 Oct 12.
    Discovery of Reldesemtiv, a Fast Skeletal Muscle Troponin Activator for the Treatment of Impaired Muscle Function.
    Scott E Collibee, Gustave Bergnes, Chihyuan Chuang, Luke Ashcraft, Jeffrey Gardina, Marc Garard, Chris R Jamison, Kevin Lu, Pu-Ping Lu, Alexander Muci, Antonio Romero, Ellen Valkevich, Wenyue Wang, Jeffrey Warrington, Bing Yao, Nickie Durham, James Hartman, Anna Marquez, Aaron Hinken, Julia Schaletzky, Donghong Xu, Darren T Hwee, David Morgans, Fady I Malik, Bradley P Morgan.
      The discovery of reldesemtiv, a second-generation fast skeletal muscle troponin activator (FSTA) that increases force production at submaximal stimulation frequencies, is reported. Property-based optimization of high throughput screening hit 1 led to compounds with improved free exposure and in vivo muscle activation potency compared to the first-generation FSTA, tirasemtiv. Reldesemtiv demonstrated increased muscle force generation in a phase 1 clinical trial and is currently being evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01067
  43. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2021 Oct 13.
    Association of dietary protein intake with skeletal muscle mass in older adults: A systematic review.
    Akinori Yaegashi, Takashi Kimura, Takumi Hirata, Akiko Tamakoshi.
      Protein supplementation has been shown to be effective in attenuating the loss of lean body mass and muscle mass in older adults; however, its benefits as dietary protein remain unclear. This systematic review of observational studies aimed to investigate the association of dietary protein intake with skeletal muscle mass (SM). Observational studies that investigated the association of dietary protein intake with SM in older adults were retrieved from MEDLINE, Web of Science and Cochrane-CENTRAL databases. Of the 26 analyses in the 17 studies, 18 showed a significant positive association. In cohort studies, 55.6% (five of nine analyses) showed a significant positive association. Of these, four analyses were adjusted for well-known confounding factors, used energy-adjusted protein intake, and used the amount of change of SM between baseline and follow-up as the outcome, with two of them showing a significant positive association. Although 69.2% (18 of 26 analyses) of the 17 studies showed a significant positive association between dietary protein intake and SM in older adults, most studies were cross-sectional and had at least one important methodological limitation. Therefore, we could not draw any conclusions. Thus, well-designed cohort studies are needed in future to identify the association between dietary protein intake and SM in older adults. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2021; ••: ••-••.
    Keywords:  dietary protein intake; older people; sarcopenia; skeletal muscle mass; systematic review
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.14291
  44. J Mol Med (Berl). 2021 Oct 09.
    Hyper-SUMOylation of SMN induced by SENP2 deficiency decreases its stability and leads to spinal muscular atrophy-like pathology.
    Yuhong Zhang, Xu Chen, Qiqi Wang, Congcong Du, Wenbin Lu, Hong Yuan, Zhenzhen Zhang, Danqing Li, Xing Ling, Xiang Ren, Yang Zhao, Qi Su, Zhengcao Xing, Yuanyuan Qin, Xinyi Yang, Yajie Shen, Hongmei Wu, Yitao Qi.
      Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a degenerative motor neuron disease and a leading cause of infant mortality, is caused by loss of functional survival motor neuron (SMN) protein due to SMN1 gene mutation. Here, using mouse and cell models for behavioral and histological studies, we found that SENP2 (SUMO/sentrin-specific protease 2)-deficient mice developed a notable SMA-like pathology phenotype with significantly decreased muscle fibers and motor neurons. At the molecular level, SENP2 deficiency in mice did not affect transcription but decreased SMN protein levels by promoting the SUMOylation of SMN. SMN was modified by SUMO2 with the E3 PIAS2α and deconjugated by SENP2. SUMOylation of SMN accelerated its degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation pathway with the ubiquitin E1 UBA1 (ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 1) and E3 ITCH. SUMOylation of SMN increased its acetylation to inhibit the formation of Cajal bodies (CBs). These results showed that SENP2 deficiency induced hyper-SUMOylation of the SMN protein, which further affected the stability and functions of the SMN protein, eventually leading to the SMA-like phenotype. Thus, we uncovered the important roles for hyper-SUMOylation of SMN induced by SENP2 deficiency in motor neurons and provided a novel targeted therapeutic strategy for SMA. KEY MESSAGES: SENP2 deficiency enhanced the hyper-SUMOylation of SMN and promoted the degradation of SMN by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. SUMOylation increased the acetylation of SMN to inhibit CB formation. SENP2 deficiency caused hyper-SUMOylation of SMN protein, which further affected the stability and functions of SMN protein and eventually led to the occurrence of SMA-like pathology.
    Keywords:  Protein stability; SMA; SMN; SUMOylation; Ubiquitination
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109-021-02130-x
  45. Front Physiol. 2021 ;12 682233
    What Is Moderate to Vigorous Exercise Intensity?
    Brian R MacIntosh, Juan M Murias, Daniel A Keir, Jamie M Weir.
      A variety of health benefits associated with physical activity depends upon the frequency, intensity, duration, and type of exercise. Intensity of exercise is the most elusive of these elements and yet has important implications for the health benefits and particularly cardiovascular outcomes elicited by regular physical activity. Authorities recommend that we obtain 150min of moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) each week. The current descriptions of moderate to vigorous intensity are not sufficient, and we wish to enhance understanding of MVPA by recognition of important boundaries that define these intensities. There are two key thresholds identified in incremental tests: ventilatory and lactate thresholds 1 and 2, which reflect boundaries related to individualized disturbance to homeostasis that are appropriate for prescribing exercise. VT2 and LT2 correspond with critical power/speed and respiratory compensation point. Moderate intensity physical activity approaches VT1 and LT1 and vigorous intensity physical activity is between the two thresholds (1 and 2). The common practice of prescribing exercise at a fixed metabolic rate (# of METs) or percentage of maximal heart rate or of maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) does not acknowledge the individual variability of these metabolic boundaries. As training adaptations occur, these boundaries will change in absolute and relative terms. Reassessment is necessary to maintain regular exercise in the moderate to vigorous intensity domains. Future research should consider using these metabolic boundaries for exercise prescription, so we will gain a better understanding of the specific physical activity induced health benefits.
    Keywords:  exercise for health; exercise prescription; health benefits of exercise; lifestyle; physical activity
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.682233
  46. Am J Kidney Dis. 2021 Oct 12. pii: S0272-6386(21)00918-5. [Epub ahead of print]
    Activin A Signaling Provides an Interorgan Link Between Kidney and Muscle in CKD-Associated Muscle Wasting.
    Elliot A Perens, Hal M Hoffman, Robert H Mak.
      
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2021.09.007
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