bims-mitdyn Biomed News
on Mitochondrial dynamics: mechanisms
Issue of 2023–11–19
thirteen papers selected by
Edmond Chan, Queen’s University, School of Medicine
  1. A drug-like molecule engages nuclear hormone receptor DAF-12/FXR to regulate mitophagy and extend lifespan.
  2. Knockout or inhibition of USP30 protects dopaminergic neurons in a Parkinson's disease mouse model.
  3. Inflammatory macrophages reprogram to immunosuppression by reducing mitochondrial translation.
  4. MAPL loss dysregulates bile and liver metabolism in mice.
  5. Aberrant mitochondrial dynamics contributes to diaphragmatic weakness induced by mechanical ventilation.
  6. Mitigating aberrant Cdk5 activation alleviates mitochondrial defects and motor neuron disease symptoms in spinal muscular atrophy.
  7. Mitochondria-associated membrane collapse impairs TBK1-mediated proteostatic stress response in ALS.
  8. 3D reconstruction of murine mitochondria reveals changes in structure during aging linked to the MICOS complex.
  9. MYC-driven increases in mitochondrial DNA copy number occur early and persist throughout prostatic cancer progression.
  10. MCUb is an inducible regulator of calcium-dependent mitochondrial metabolism and substrate utilization in muscle.
  11. Mitoribosomal synthetic lethality overcomes multidrug resistance in MYC-driven neuroblastoma.
  12. Integration of FUNDC1-associated mitochondrial protein import and mitochondrial quality control contributes to TDP-43 degradation.
  13. Mitochondrial entry gate as regulatory hub.
  1. Nat Aging. 2023 Nov 13.
    A drug-like molecule engages nuclear hormone receptor DAF-12/FXR to regulate mitophagy and extend lifespan.
    Manish Chamoli, Anand Rane, Anna Foulger, Shankar J Chinta, Azar Asadi Shahmirzadi, Caroline Kumsta, Dhanya K Nambiar, David Hall, Angelina Holcom, Suzanne Angeli, Minna Schmidt, Sharon Pitteri, Malene Hansen, Gordon J Lithgow, Julie K Andersen.
      Autophagy-lysosomal function is crucial for maintaining healthy lifespan and preventing age-related diseases. The transcription factor TFEB plays a key role in regulating this pathway. Decreased TFEB expression is associated with various age-related disorders, making it a promising therapeutic target. In this study, we screened a natural product library and discovered mitophagy-inducing coumarin (MIC), a benzocoumarin compound that enhances TFEB expression and lysosomal function. MIC robustly increases the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans in an HLH-30/TFEB-dependent and mitophagy-dependent manner involving DCT-1/BNIP3 while also preventing mitochondrial dysfunction in mammalian cells. Mechanistically, MIC acts by inhibiting ligand-induced activation of the nuclear hormone receptor DAF-12/FXR, which, in turn, induces mitophagy and extends lifespan. In conclusion, our study uncovers MIC as a promising drug-like molecule that enhances mitochondrial function and extends lifespan by targeting DAF-12/FXR. Furthermore, we discovered DAF-12/FXR as a previously unknown upstream regulator of HLH-30/TFEB and mitophagy.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1038/s43587-023-00524-9
  2. Nat Commun. 2023 Nov 13. 14(1): 7295
    Knockout or inhibition of USP30 protects dopaminergic neurons in a Parkinson's disease mouse model.
    Tracy-Shi Zhang Fang, Yu Sun, Andrew C Pearce, Simona Eleuteri, Mark Kemp, Christopher A Luckhurst, Rachel Williams, Ross Mills, Sarah Almond, Laura Burzynski, Nóra M Márkus, Christopher J Lelliott, Natasha A Karp, David J Adams, Stephen P Jackson, Jin-Feng Zhao, Ian G Ganley, Paul W Thompson, Gabriel Balmus, David K Simon.
      Mutations in SNCA, the gene encoding α-synuclein (αSyn), cause familial Parkinson's disease (PD) and aberrant αSyn is a key pathological hallmark of idiopathic PD. This α-synucleinopathy leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, which may drive dopaminergic neurodegeneration. PARKIN and PINK1, mutated in autosomal recessive PD, regulate the preferential autophagic clearance of dysfunctional mitochondria ("mitophagy") by inducing ubiquitylation of mitochondrial proteins, a process counteracted by deubiquitylation via USP30. Here we show that loss of USP30 in Usp30 knockout mice protects against behavioral deficits and leads to increased mitophagy, decreased phospho-S129 αSyn, and attenuation of SN dopaminergic neuronal loss induced by αSyn. These observations were recapitulated with a potent, selective, brain-penetrant USP30 inhibitor, MTX115325, with good drug-like properties. These data strongly support further study of USP30 inhibition as a potential disease-modifying therapy for PD.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-42876-1
  3. Nat Commun. 2023 Nov 17. 14(1): 7471
    Inflammatory macrophages reprogram to immunosuppression by reducing mitochondrial translation.
    Marlies Cortés, Agnese Brischetto, M C Martinez-Campanario, Chiara Ninfali, Verónica Domínguez, Sara Fernández, Raquel Celis, Anna Esteve-Codina, Juan J Lozano, Julia Sidorova, Gloria Garrabou, Anna-Maria Siegert, Carlos Enrich, Belén Pintado, Manuel Morales-Ruiz, Pedro Castro, Juan D Cañete, Antonio Postigo.
      Acute inflammation can either resolve through immunosuppression or persist, leading to chronic inflammation. These transitions are driven by distinct molecular and metabolic reprogramming of immune cells. The anti-diabetic drug Metformin inhibits acute and chronic inflammation through mechanisms still not fully understood. Here, we report that the anti-inflammatory and reactive-oxygen-species-inhibiting effects of Metformin depend on the expression of the plasticity factor ZEB1 in macrophages. Using mice lacking Zeb1 in their myeloid cells and human patient samples, we show that ZEB1 plays a dual role, being essential in both initiating and resolving inflammation by inducing macrophages to transition into an immunosuppressed state. ZEB1 mediates these diverging effects in inflammation and immunosuppression by modulating mitochondrial content through activation of autophagy and inhibition of mitochondrial protein translation. During the transition from inflammation to immunosuppression, Metformin mimics the metabolic reprogramming of myeloid cells induced by ZEB1. Mechanistically, in immunosuppression, ZEB1 inhibits amino acid uptake, leading to downregulation of mTORC1 signalling and a decrease in mitochondrial translation in macrophages. These results identify ZEB1 as a driver of myeloid cell metabolic plasticity, suggesting that targeting its expression and function could serve as a strategy to modulate dysregulated inflammation and immunosuppression.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-42277-4
  4. EMBO Rep. 2023 Nov 14. e57972
    MAPL loss dysregulates bile and liver metabolism in mice.
    Vanessa Goyon, Aurèle Besse-Patin, Rodolfo Zunino, Olesia Ignatenko, Mai Nguyen, Étienne Coyaud, Jonathan M Lee, Bich N Nguyen, Brian Raught, Heidi M McBride.
      Mitochondrial and peroxisomal anchored protein ligase (MAPL) is a dual ubiquitin and small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) ligase with roles in mitochondrial quality control, cell death and inflammation in cultured cells. Here, we show that MAPL function in the organismal context converges on metabolic control, as knockout mice are viable, insulin-sensitive, and protected from diet-induced obesity. MAPL loss leads to liver-specific activation of the integrated stress response, inducing secretion of stress hormone FGF21. MAPL knockout mice develop fully penetrant spontaneous hepatocellular carcinoma. Mechanistically, the peroxisomal bile acid transporter ABCD3 is a primary MAPL interacting partner and SUMOylated in a MAPL-dependent manner. MAPL knockout leads to increased bile acid production coupled with defective regulatory feedback in liver in vivo and in isolated primary hepatocytes, suggesting cell-autonomous function. Together, our findings establish MAPL function as a regulator of bile acid synthesis whose loss leads to the disruption of bile acid feedback mechanisms. The consequences of MAPL loss in liver, along with evidence of tumor suppression through regulation of cell survival pathways, ultimately lead to hepatocellular carcinogenesis.
    Keywords:  MUL1; PMP70; SUMO; hepatocellular carcinoma; peroxisome
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.15252/embr.202357972
  5. PNAS Nexus. 2023 Nov;2(11): pgad336
    Aberrant mitochondrial dynamics contributes to diaphragmatic weakness induced by mechanical ventilation.
    Haikel Dridi, Marc Yehya, Robert Barsotti, Yang Liu, Steven Reiken, Lan Azria, Qi Yuan, Laith Bahlouli, Rajesh Kumar Soni, Andrew R Marks, Alain Lacampagne, Stefan Matecki.
      In critical care patients, the ""temporary inactivity of the diaphragm caused by mechanical ventilation (MV) triggers a series of events leading to diaphragmatic dysfunction and atrophy, commonly known as ventilator-induced diaphragm dysfunction (VIDD). While mitochondrial dysfunction related to oxidative stress is recognized as a crucial factor in VIDD, the exact molecular mechanism remains poorly understood. In this study, we observe that 6 h of MV triggers aberrant mitochondrial dynamics, resulting in a reduction in mitochondrial size and interaction, associated with increased expression of dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1). This effect can be prevented by P110, a molecule that inhibits the recruitment of DRP1 to the mitochondrial membrane. Furthermore, isolated mitochondria from the diaphragms of ventilated patients exhibited increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These mitochondrial changes were associated with the rapid oxidation of type 1 ryanodine receptor (RyR1) and a decrease in the stabilizing subunit calstabin 1. Subsequently, we observed that the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in the ventilated diaphragms showed increased calcium leakage and reduced contractile function. Importantly, the mitochondrial fission inhibitor P110 effectively prevented all of these alterations. Taken together, the results of our study illustrate that MV leads, in the diaphragm, to both mitochondrial fragmentation and dysfunction, linked to the up-/down-regulation of 320 proteins, as assessed through global comprehensive quantitative proteomics analysis, primarily associated with mitochondrial function. These outcomes underscore the significance of developing compounds aimed at modulating the balance between mitochondrial fission and fusion as potential interventions to mitigate VIDD in human patients.
    Keywords:  FIS1 inhibitor; calcium homeostasis; dynamin-related protein 1; mitochondrial fission
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad336
  6. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2023 Nov 21. 120(47): e2300308120
    Mitigating aberrant Cdk5 activation alleviates mitochondrial defects and motor neuron disease symptoms in spinal muscular atrophy.
    Nimrod Miller, Zhaofa Xu, Katharina A Quinlan, Amy Ji, Jered V McGivern, Zhihua Feng, Han Shi, Chien-Ping Ko, Li-Huei Tsai, Charles J Heckman, Allison D Ebert, Yongchao C Ma.
      Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), the top genetic cause of infant mortality, is characterized by motor neuron degeneration. Mechanisms underlying SMA pathogenesis remain largely unknown. Here, we report that the activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) and the conversion of its activating subunit p35 to the more potent activator p25 are significantly up-regulated in mouse models and human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) models of SMA. The increase of Cdk5 activity occurs before the onset of SMA phenotypes, suggesting that it may be an initiator of the disease. Importantly, aberrant Cdk5 activation causes mitochondrial defects and motor neuron degeneration, as the genetic knockout of p35 in an SMA mouse model rescues mitochondrial transport and fragmentation defects, and alleviates SMA phenotypes including motor neuron hyperexcitability, loss of excitatory synapses, neuromuscular junction denervation, and motor neuron degeneration. Inhibition of the Cdk5 signaling pathway reduces the degeneration of motor neurons derived from SMA mice and human SMA iPSCs. Altogether, our studies reveal a critical role for the aberrant activation of Cdk5 in SMA pathogenesis and suggest a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
    Keywords:  Cdk5; mitochondria; motor neuron; neurodegeneration; spinal muscular atrophy
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2300308120
  7. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2023 Nov 21. 120(47): e2315347120
    Mitochondria-associated membrane collapse impairs TBK1-mediated proteostatic stress response in ALS.
    Seiji Watanabe, Yuri Murata, Yasuyoshi Oka, Kotaro Oiwa, Mai Horiuchi, Yohei Iguchi, Okiru Komine, Akira Sobue, Masahisa Katsuno, Tomoo Ogi, Koji Yamanaka.
      The organelle contact site of the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, known as the mitochondria-associated membrane (MAM), is a multifunctional microdomain in cellular homeostasis. We previously reported that MAM disruption is a common pathological feature in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS); however, the precise role of MAM in ALS was uncovered. Here, we show that the MAM is essential for TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) activation under proteostatic stress conditions. A MAM-specific E3 ubiquitin ligase, autocrine motility factor receptor, ubiquitinated nascent proteins to activate TBK1 at the MAM, which results in ribosomal protein degradation. MAM or TBK1 deficiency under proteostatic stress conditions resulted in increased cellular vulnerability in vitro and motor impairment in vivo. Thus, MAM disruption exacerbates proteostatic stress via TBK1 inactivation in ALS. Our study has revealed a proteostatic mechanism mediated by the MAM-TBK1 axis, highlighting the physiological importance of the organelle contact sites.
    Keywords:  TANK-binding kinase 1; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; mitochondria-associated membrane; sigma-1 receptor; stress granules
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2315347120
  8. Aging Cell. 2023 Nov 13. e14009
    3D reconstruction of murine mitochondria reveals changes in structure during aging linked to the MICOS complex.
    Zer Vue, Edgar Garza-Lopez, Kit Neikirk, Prasanna Katti, Larry Vang, Heather Beasley, Jianqiang Shao, Andrea G Marshall, Amber Crabtree, Alexandria C Murphy, Brenita C Jenkins, Praveena Prasad, Chantell Evans, Brittany Taylor, Margaret Mungai, Mason Killion, Dominique Stephens, Trace A Christensen, Jacob Lam, Benjamin Rodriguez, Mark A Phillips, Nastaran Daneshgar, Ho-Jin Koh, Alice Koh, Jamaine Davis, Nina Devine, Saleem Muhammod, Estevão Scudese, Kenneth Ryan Arnold, Valeria Vanessa Chavarin, Ryan Daniel Robinson, Moumita Chakraborty, Jennifer A Gaddy, Mariya T Sweetwyne, Genesis Wilson, Elma Zaganjor, James Kezos, Cristiana Dondi, Anilkumar K Reddy, Brian Glancy, Annet Kirabo, Anita M Quintana, Dao-Fu Dai, Karen Ocorr, Sandra A Murray, Steven M Damo, Vernat Exil, Blake Riggs, Bret C Mobley, Jose A Gomez, Melanie R McReynolds, Antentor Hinton.
      During aging, muscle gradually undergoes sarcopenia, the loss of function associated with loss of mass, strength, endurance, and oxidative capacity. However, the 3D structural alterations of mitochondria associated with aging in skeletal muscle and cardiac tissues are not well described. Although mitochondrial aging is associated with decreased mitochondrial capacity, the genes responsible for the morphological changes in mitochondria during aging are poorly characterized. We measured changes in mitochondrial morphology in aged murine gastrocnemius, soleus, and cardiac tissues using serial block-face scanning electron microscopy and 3D reconstructions. We also used reverse transcriptase-quantitative PCR, transmission electron microscopy quantification, Seahorse analysis, and metabolomics and lipidomics to measure changes in mitochondrial morphology and function after loss of mitochondria contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS) complex genes, Chchd3, Chchd6, and Mitofilin. We identified significant changes in mitochondrial size in aged murine gastrocnemius, soleus, and cardiac tissues. We found that both age-related loss of the MICOS complex and knockouts of MICOS genes in mice altered mitochondrial morphology. Given the critical role of mitochondria in maintaining cellular metabolism, we characterized the metabolomes and lipidomes of young and aged mouse tissues, which showed profound alterations consistent with changes in membrane integrity, supporting our observations of age-related changes in muscle tissues. We found a relationship between changes in the MICOS complex and aging. Thus, it is important to understand the mechanisms that underlie the tissue-dependent 3D mitochondrial phenotypic changes that occur in aging and the evolutionary conservation of these mechanisms between Drosophila and mammals.
    Keywords:   Drosophila ; 3D morphometry; MICOS; aging; mitochondria; mitochondrial disease; mitochondrion; reconstruction; reticulum; serial block-face SEM; skeletal muscle
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.14009
  9. JCI Insight. 2023 Nov 16. pii: e169868. [Epub ahead of print]
    MYC-driven increases in mitochondrial DNA copy number occur early and persist throughout prostatic cancer progression.
    Jiayu Chen, Qizhi Zheng, Jessica L Hicks, Levent Trabzonlu, Busra Ozbek, Tracy Jones, Ajay M Vaghasia, Tatianna C Larman, Rulin Wang, Mark C Markowski, Samuel R Denmeade, Kenneth J Pienta, Ralph H Hruban, Emmanuel S Antonarakis, Anuj Gupta, Chi V Dang, Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian, Angelo M De Marzo.
      Increased mitochondrial function may render some cancers vulnerable to mitochondrial inhibitors. Since mitochondrial function is regulated partly by mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn), accurate measurements of mtDNAcn could help reveal which cancers are driven by increased mitochondrial function and may be candidates for mitochondrial inhibition. However, prior studies have employed bulk macrodissections that fail to account for cell type-specific or tumor cell heterogeneity in mtDNAcn. These studies have often produced unclear results, particularly in prostate cancer. Herein, we developed a multiplex in situ method to spatially quantify cell type specific mtDNAcn. We show that mtDNAcn is increased in luminal cells of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN), is increased in prostatic adenocarcinomas (PCa), and is further elevated in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Increased PCa mtDNAcn was validated by two orthogonal methods and is accompanied by increases in mtRNAs and enzymatic activity. Mechanistically, MYC inhibition in prostate cancer cells decreases mtDNA replication and expression of several mtDNA replication genes, and MYC activation in the mouse prostate leads to increased mtDNA levels in the neoplastic prostate cells. Our in situ approach also revealed elevated mtDNAcn in precancerous lesions of the pancreas and colon/rectum, demonstrating generalization across cancer types using clinical tissue samples.
    Keywords:  Cancer; Metabolism; Mitochondria; Oncology
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.169868
  10. Cell Rep. 2023 Nov 16. pii: S2211-1247(23)01477-8. [Epub ahead of print]42(11): 113465
    MCUb is an inducible regulator of calcium-dependent mitochondrial metabolism and substrate utilization in muscle.
    Jiuzhou Huo, Vikram Prasad, Kelly M Grimes, Davy Vanhoutte, N Scott Blair, Suh-Chin Lin, Michael J Bround, Donald M Bers, Jeffery D Molkentin.
      Mitochondria use the electron transport chain to generate high-energy phosphate from oxidative phosphorylation, a process also regulated by the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU) and Ca2+ levels. Here, we show that MCUb, an inhibitor of MCU-mediated Ca2+ influx, is induced by caloric restriction, where it increases mitochondrial fatty acid utilization. To mimic the fasted state with reduced mitochondrial Ca2+ influx, we generated genetically altered mice with skeletal muscle-specific MCUb expression that showed greater fatty acid usage, less fat accumulation, and lower body weight. In contrast, mice lacking Mcub in skeletal muscle showed increased pyruvate dehydrogenase activity, increased muscle malonyl coenzyme A (CoA), reduced fatty acid utilization, glucose intolerance, and increased adiposity. Mechanistically, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) overexpression in muscle of Mcub-deleted mice abolished altered substrate preference. Thus, MCUb is an inducible control point in regulating skeletal muscle mitochondrial Ca2+ levels and substrate utilization that impacts total metabolic balance.
    Keywords:  CP: Metabolism; metabolism; mitochondria; obesity; skeletal muscle; substrate utilization
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113465
  11. Cell Death Dis. 2023 Nov 16. 14(11): 747
    Mitoribosomal synthetic lethality overcomes multidrug resistance in MYC-driven neuroblastoma.
    Karolina Borankova, Maria Krchniakova, Lionel Y W Leck, Adela Kubistova, Jakub Neradil, Patric J Jansson, Michael D Hogarty, Jan Skoda.
      Mitochondria are central for cancer responses to therapy-induced stress signals. Refractory tumors often show attenuated sensitivity to apoptotic signaling, yet clinically relevant molecular actors to target mitochondria-mediated resistance remain elusive. Here, we show that MYC-driven neuroblastoma cells rely on intact mitochondrial ribosome (mitoribosome) processivity and undergo cell death following pharmacological inhibition of mitochondrial translation, regardless of their multidrug/mitochondrial resistance and stem-like phenotypes. Mechanistically, inhibiting mitoribosomes induced the mitochondrial stress-activated integrated stress response (ISR), leading to downregulation of c-MYC/N-MYC proteins prior to neuroblastoma cell death, which could be both rescued by the ISR inhibitor ISRIB. The ISR blocks global protein synthesis and shifted the c-MYC/N-MYC turnover toward proteasomal degradation. Comparing models of various neuroectodermal tumors and normal fibroblasts revealed overexpression of MYC proteins phosphorylated at the degradation-promoting site T58 as a factor that predetermines vulnerability of MYC-driven neuroblastoma to mitoribosome inhibition. Reducing N-MYC levels in a neuroblastoma model with tunable MYCN expression mitigated cell death induction upon inhibition of mitochondrial translation and functionally validated the propensity of neuroblastoma cells for MYC-dependent cell death in response to the mitochondrial ISR. Notably, neuroblastoma cells failed to develop significant resistance to the mitoribosomal inhibitor doxycycline over a long-term repeated (pulsed) selection. Collectively, we identify mitochondrial translation machinery as a novel synthetic lethality target for multidrug-resistant MYC-driven tumors.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-023-06278-x
  12. Cell Death Dis. 2023 11 11. 14(11): 735
    Integration of FUNDC1-associated mitochondrial protein import and mitochondrial quality control contributes to TDP-43 degradation.
    Jinfa Ma, Lei Liu, Lu Song, Jianghong Liu, Lingyao Yang, Quan Chen, Jane Y Wu, Li Zhu.
      Though TDP-43 protein can be translocated into mitochondria and causes mitochondrial damage in TDP-43 proteinopathy, little is known about how TDP-43 is imported into mitochondria. In addition, whether mitochondrial damage is caused by mitochondrial mislocalization of TDP-43 or a side effect of mitochondria-mediated TDP-43 degradation remains to be investigated. Here, our bioinformatical analyses reveal that mitophagy receptor gene FUNDC1 is co-expressed with TDP-43, and both TDP-43 and FUNDC1 expression is correlated with genes associated with mitochondrial protein import pathway in brain samples of patients diagnosed with TDP-43 proteinopathy. FUNDC1 promotes mitochondrial translocation of TDP-43 possibly by promoting TDP-43-TOM70 and DNAJA2-TOM70 interactions, which is independent of the LC3 interacting region of FUNDC1 in cellular experiments. In the transgenic fly model of TDP-43 proteinopathy, overexpressing FUNDC1 enhances TDP-43 induced mitochondrial damage, whereas down-regulating FUNDC1 reverses TDP-43 induced mitochondrial damage. FUNDC1 regulates mitochondria-mediated TDP-43 degradation not only by regulating mitochondrial TDP-43 import, but also by increasing LONP1 level and by activating mitophagy, which plays important roles in cytosolic TDP-43 clearance. Together, this study not only uncovers the mechanism of mitochondrial TDP-43 import, but also unravels the active role played by mitochondria in regulating TDP-43 homeostasis.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-023-06261-6
  13. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res. 2023 Jul 04. pii: S0167-4889(23)00101-5. [Epub ahead of print] 119529
    Mitochondrial entry gate as regulatory hub.
    Fabian den Brave, Nikolaus Pfanner, Thomas Becker.
      Mitochondria import 1000-1300 different precursor proteins from the cytosol. The main mitochondrial entry gate is formed by the translocase of the outer membrane (TOM complex). Molecular coupling and modification of TOM subunits control and modulate protein import in response to cellular signaling. The TOM complex functions as regulatory hub to integrate mitochondrial protein biogenesis and quality control into the cellular proteostasis network.
    Keywords:  Mitochondria; Protein sorting; Proteostasis; Quality control; Stress response; TOM complex
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119529
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