bims-mitdyn Biomed News
on Mitochondrial dynamics: mechanisms
Issue of 2022‒05‒29
fifteen papers selected by
Edmond Chan
Queen’s University, School of Medicine
  1. Defining mitochondrial protein functions through deep multiomic profiling.
  2. Mitochondrial uncouplers induce proton leak by activating AAC and UCP1.
  3. MPST sulfurtransferase maintains mitochondrial protein import and cellular bioenergetics to attenuate obesity.
  4. The UPRmt preserves mitochondrial import to extend lifespan.
  5. Shifting metabolism to increase lifespan.
  6. Genetic screen identifies non-mitochondrial proteins involved in the maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis.
  7. DRP1 levels determine the apoptotic threshold during embryonic differentiation through a mitophagy-dependent mechanism.
  8. RRM1 variants cause a mitochondrial DNA maintenance disorder via impaired de novo nucleotide synthesis.
  9. Integrative analysis of mitochondrial metabolic dynamics in reprogramming human fibroblast cells.
  10. Automated Quantification and Network Analysis of Redox Dynamics in Neuronal Mitochondria.
  11. Gold(III)-P-chirogenic complex induces mitochondrial dysfunction in triple-negative breast cancer.
  12. Generation of a mitochondrial protein compendium in Dictyostelium discoideum.
  13. Glycyrrhetinic acid restricts mitochondrial energy metabolism by targeting SHMT2.
  14. Mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns trigger arginase-dependent lymphocyte immunoregulation.
  15. Disruption of the MICOS complex leads to an aberrant cristae structure and an unexpected, pronounced lifespan extension in Podospora anserina.
  1. Nature. 2022 May 25.
    Defining mitochondrial protein functions through deep multiomic profiling.
    Jarred W Rensvold, Evgenia Shishkova, Yuriy Sverchkov, Ian J Miller, Arda Cetinkaya, Angela Pyle, Mateusz Manicki, Dain R Brademan, Yasemin Alanay, Julian Raiman, Adam Jochem, Paul D Hutchins, Sean R Peters, Vanessa Linke, Katherine A Overmyer, Austin Z Salome, Alexander S Hebert, Catherine E Vincent, Nicholas W Kwiecien, Matthew J P Rush, Michael S Westphall, Mark Craven, Nurten A Akarsu, Robert W Taylor, Joshua J Coon, David J Pagliarini.
      Mitochondria are epicentres of eukaryotic metabolism and bioenergetics. Pioneering efforts in recent decades have established the core protein componentry of these organelles1 and have linked their dysfunction to more than 150 distinct disorders2,3. Still, hundreds of mitochondrial proteins lack clear functions4, and the underlying genetic basis for approximately 40% of mitochondrial disorders remains unresolved5. Here, to establish a more complete functional compendium of human mitochondrial proteins, we profiled more than 200 CRISPR-mediated HAP1 cell knockout lines using mass spectrometry-based multiomics analyses. This effort generated approximately 8.3 million distinct biomolecule measurements, providing a deep survey of the cellular responses to mitochondrial perturbations and laying a foundation for mechanistic investigations into protein function. Guided by these data, we discovered that PIGY upstream open reading frame (PYURF) is an S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferase chaperone that supports both complex I assembly and coenzyme Q biosynthesis and is disrupted in a previously unresolved multisystemic mitochondrial disorder. We further linked the putative zinc transporter SLC30A9 to mitochondrial ribosomes and OxPhos integrity and established RAB5IF as the second gene harbouring pathogenic variants that cause cerebrofaciothoracic dysplasia. Our data, which can be explored through the interactive online MITOMICS.app resource, suggest biological roles for many other orphan mitochondrial proteins that still lack robust functional characterization and define a rich cell signature of mitochondrial dysfunction that can support the genetic diagnosis of mitochondrial diseases.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04765-3
  2. Nature. 2022 May 25.
    Mitochondrial uncouplers induce proton leak by activating AAC and UCP1.
    Ambre M Bertholet, Andrew M Natale, Paola Bisignano, Junji Suzuki, Andriy Fedorenko, James Hamilton, Tatiana Brustovetsky, Lawrence Kazak, Ryan Garrity, Edward T Chouchani, Nickolay Brustovetsky, Michael Grabe, Yuriy Kirichok.
      Mitochondria generate heat due to H+ leak (IH) across their inner membrane1. IH results from the action of long-chain fatty acids on uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in brown fat2-6 and ADP/ATP carrier (AAC) in other tissues1,7-9, but the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. As evidence of pharmacological activators of IH through UCP1 and AAC is lacking, IH is induced by protonophores such as 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) and cyanide-4-(trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone (FCCP)10,11. Although protonophores show potential in combating obesity, diabetes and fatty liver in animal models12-14, their clinical potential for treating human disease is limited due to indiscriminately increasing H+ conductance across all biological membranes10,11 and adverse side effects15. Here we report the direct measurement of IH induced by DNP, FCCP and other common protonophores and find that it is dependent on AAC and UCP1. Using molecular structures of AAC, we perform a computational analysis to determine the binding sites for protonophores and long-chain fatty acids, and find that they overlap with the putative ADP/ATP-binding site. We also develop a mathematical model that proposes a mechanism of uncoupler-dependent IH through AAC. Thus, common protonophoric uncouplers are synthetic activators of IH through AAC and UCP1, paving the way for the development of new and more specific activators of these two central mediators of mitochondrial bioenergetics.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04747-5
  3. J Exp Med. 2022 Jul 04. pii: e20211894. [Epub ahead of print]219(7):
    MPST sulfurtransferase maintains mitochondrial protein import and cellular bioenergetics to attenuate obesity.
    Antonia Katsouda, Dimitrios Valakos, Vasilios S Dionellis, Sofia-Iris Bibli, Ioannis Akoumianakis, Sevasti Karaliota, Karim Zuhra, Ingrid Fleming, Noriyuki Nagahara, Sophia Havaki, Vassilis G Gorgoulis, Dimitris Thanos, Charalambos Antoniades, Csaba Szabo, Andreas Papapetropoulos.
      Given the clinical, economic, and societal impact of obesity, unraveling the mechanisms of adipose tissue expansion remains of fundamental significance. We previously showed that white adipose tissue (WAT) levels of 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (MPST), a mitochondrial cysteine-catabolizing enzyme that yields pyruvate and sulfide species, are downregulated in obesity. Here, we report that Mpst deletion results in fat accumulation in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) through transcriptional and metabolic maladaptation. Mpst-deficient mice on HFD exhibit increased body weight and inguinal WAT mass, reduced metabolic rate, and impaired glucose/insulin tolerance. At the molecular level, Mpst ablation activates HIF1α, downregulates subunits of the translocase of outer/inner membrane (TIM/TOM) complex, and impairs mitochondrial protein import. MPST deficiency suppresses the TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and fatty acid oxidation, enhancing lipid accumulation. Sulfide donor administration to obese mice reverses the HFD-induced changes. These findings reveal the significance of MPST for white adipose tissue biology and metabolic health and identify a potential new therapeutic target for obesity.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20211894
  4. J Cell Biol. 2022 Jul 04. pii: e202201071. [Epub ahead of print]221(7):
    The UPRmt preserves mitochondrial import to extend lifespan.
    Nan Xin, Jenni Durieux, Chunxia Yang, Suzanne Wolff, Hyun-Eui Kim, Andrew Dillin.
      The mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) is dedicated to promoting mitochondrial proteostasis and is linked to extreme longevity. The key regulator of this process is the transcription factor ATFS-1, which, upon UPRmt activation, is excluded from the mitochondria and enters the nucleus to regulate UPRmt genes. However, the repair proteins synthesized as a direct result of UPRmt activation must be transported into damaged mitochondria that had previously excluded ATFS-1 owing to reduced import efficiency. To address this conundrum, we analyzed the role of the import machinery when the UPRmt was induced. Using in vitro and in vivo analysis of mitochondrial proteins, we surprisingly find that mitochondrial import increases when the UPRmt is activated in an ATFS-1-dependent manner, despite reduced mitochondrial membrane potential. The import machinery is upregulated, and an intact import machinery is essential for UPRmt-mediated lifespan extension. ATFS-1 has a weak mitochondrial targeting sequence (MTS), allowing for dynamic subcellular localization during the initial stages of UPRmt activation.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202201071
  5. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2022 May 18. pii: S1043-2760(22)00087-X. [Epub ahead of print]
    Shifting metabolism to increase lifespan.
    João Pessoa.
      Lionaki et al. report that reducing mitochondrial protein import increases Caenorhabditis elegans lifespan, through a metabolic shift that enhances the conversion of glucose into serine. Here, I discuss the promise held by these findings in the framework of therapeutic approaches to metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases.
    Keywords:  C. elegans; fructose; glucose; lifespan; metabolic shift; mitochondrial protein import
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2022.05.001
  6. MicroPubl Biol. 2022 ;2022
    Genetic screen identifies non-mitochondrial proteins involved in the maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis.
    Stephane Rolland, Barbara Conradt.
      The mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPR mt ) is an important stress response that ensures the maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis in response to various types of cellular stress. We previously described a genetic screen for Caenorhabditis elegans genes, which when inactivated cause UPR mt activation, and reported genes identified that encode mitochondrial proteins. We now report additional genes identified in the screen. Importantly, these include genes that encode non-mitochondrial proteins involved in processes such as the control of gene expression, post-translational modifications, cell signaling and cellular trafficking. Interestingly, we identified several genes that have been proposed to participate in the transfer of lipids between peroxisomes, ER and mitochondria, suggesting that lipid transfer between these organelles is essential for mitochondrial homeostasis. In conclusion, this study shows that the maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis is not only dependent on mitochondrial processes but also relies on non-mitochondrial processes and pathways. Our results reinforce the notion that mitochondrial function and cellular function are intimately connected.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.17912/micropub.biology.000562
  7. Dev Cell. 2022 May 15. pii: S1534-5807(22)00306-9. [Epub ahead of print]
    DRP1 levels determine the apoptotic threshold during embryonic differentiation through a mitophagy-dependent mechanism.
    Barbara Pernaute, Salvador Pérez-Montero, Juan Miguel Sánchez Nieto, Aida Di Gregorio, Ana Lima, Katerina Lawlor, Sarah Bowling, Gianmaria Liccardi, Alejandra Tomás, Pascal Meier, Hiromi Sesaki, Guy A Rutter, Ivana Barbaric, Tristan A Rodríguez.
      The changes that drive differentiation facilitate the emergence of abnormal cells that need to be removed before they contribute to further development or the germline. Consequently, in mice in the lead-up to gastrulation, ∼35% of embryonic cells are eliminated. This elimination is caused by hypersensitivity to apoptosis, but how it is regulated is poorly understood. Here, we show that upon exit of naive pluripotency, mouse embryonic stem cells lower their mitochondrial apoptotic threshold, and this increases their sensitivity to cell death. We demonstrate that this enhanced apoptotic response is induced by a decrease in mitochondrial fission due to a reduction in the activity of dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1). Furthermore, we show that in naive pluripotent cells, DRP1 prevents apoptosis by promoting mitophagy. In contrast, during differentiation, reduced mitophagy levels facilitate apoptosis. Together, these results indicate that during early mammalian development, DRP1 regulation of mitophagy determines the apoptotic response.
    Keywords:  apoptosis; early development; embryonic stem cell differentiation; mitochondrial dynamics; mitophagy; pluripotency
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2022.04.020
  8. J Clin Invest. 2022 May 26. pii: e145660. [Epub ahead of print]
    RRM1 variants cause a mitochondrial DNA maintenance disorder via impaired de novo nucleotide synthesis.
    Jonathan Shintaku, Wolfgang M Pernice, Wafaa Eyaid, Jeevan B Gc, Zuben P Brown, Marti Juanola-Falgarona, Javier Torres-Torronteras, Ewen W Sommerville, Debby Mei Hellebrekers, Emma L Blakely, Alan Donaldson, Ingrid Mbh van de Laar, Cheng-Shiun Leu, Ramon Marti, Joachim Frank, Kurenai Tanji, David A Koolen, Richard J Rodenburg, Patrick F Chinnery, H J M Smeets, Gráinne S Gorman, Penelope E Bonnen, Robert W Taylor, Michio Hirano.
      Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion/deletions syndromes (MDDS) encompass a clinically and etiologically heterogenous group of mitochondrial disorders due to impaired mtDNA maintenance. Among the most frequent causes of MDDS are defects in nucleoside/nucleotide metabolism, which is critical for synthesis and homeostasis of the deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) substrates of mtDNA replication. A central enzyme for generating dNTPs is ribonucleotide reductase, a critical mediator of de novo nucleotide synthesis composed of catalytic RRM1 subunits in complex with RRM2 or p53R2. Here, we report five probands from four families who presented with ptosis and ophthalmoplegia, plus other manifestations and multiple mtDNA deletions in muscle. We identified three RRM1 loss-of-function variants, including a dominant catalytic site variant (NP_001024.1: p.N427K) and two homozygous recessive variants at p.R381, which has evolutionarily conserved interactions with the specificity site. Atomistic molecular dynamics simulations indicate mechanisms by which RRM1 variants affect protein structure. Cultured primary skin fibroblasts of probands manifested mtDNA depletion under cycling conditions, indicating impaired de novo nucleotide synthesis. Fibroblasts also exhibited aberrant nucleoside diphosphate and dNTP pools and mtDNA ribonucleotide incorporation. Our data reveal primary RRM1 deficiency and, by extension, impaired de novo nucleotide synthesis are causes of MDDS.
    Keywords:  Genetic diseases; Genetics; Mitochondria; Molecular pathology
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI145660
  9. STAR Protoc. 2022 Jun 17. 3(2): 101401
    Integrative analysis of mitochondrial metabolic dynamics in reprogramming human fibroblast cells.
    Young Cha, Pierre Leblanc, Yean Ju Hong, Kwang-Soo Kim.
      Mitochondrial dynamics play critical roles in both tissue homeostasis and somatic cell reprogramming. Here, we provide integrated guidance for assessing mitochondrial function and dynamics while reprogramming human fibroblasts via an integrated analysis approach. This protocol includes instructions for mitochondrial metabolic analysis in real time and flow cytometry-based assessment of mitochondrial mass and membrane potential. We also describe a protocol for quantification of mitochondrial network and key metabolites. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Cha et al. (2021).
    Keywords:  Cell Biology; Cell culture; Cell-based Assays; Flow Cytometry/Mass Cytometry; Metabolism; Microscopy; Stem Cells
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101401
  10. Methods Mol Biol. 2022 ;2399 261-274
    Automated Quantification and Network Analysis of Redox Dynamics in Neuronal Mitochondria.
    Felix T Kurz, Michael O Breckwoldt.
      Mitochondria are complex organelles with multifaceted roles in cell biology, acting as signaling hubs that implicate them in cellular physiology and pathology. Mitochondria are both the target and the origin of multiple signaling events, including redox processes and calcium signaling which are important for organellar function and homeostasis. One way to interrogate mitochondrial function is by live cell imaging. Elaborated approaches perform imaging of single mitochondrial dynamics in living cells and animals. Imaging mitochondrial signaling and function can be challenging due to the sheer number of mitochondria, and the speed, propagation, and potential short half-life of signals. Moreover, mitochondria are organized in functionally coupled interorganellar networks. Therefore, advanced analysis and postprocessing tools are needed to enable automated analysis to fully quantitate mitochondrial signaling events and decipher their complex spatiotemporal connectedness. Herein, we present a protocol for recording and automating analyses of signaling in neuronal mitochondrial networks.
    Keywords:  Computational wavelet analysis; Fluorescence microscopy; Grx1-roGFP2; Mitochondria; Mitochondrial cluster; Redox potential
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1831-8_12
  11. iScience. 2022 May 20. 25(5): 104340
    Gold(III)-P-chirogenic complex induces mitochondrial dysfunction in triple-negative breast cancer.
    Chibuzor Olelewe, Jong Hyun Kim, Samuel Ofori, Randall T Mertens, Sailajah Gukathasan, Samuel G Awuah.
      Chemical agents that specifically exploit metabolic vulnerabilities of cancer cells will be beneficial but are rare. The role of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in promoting and maintaining triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) growth provides new treatment opportunity. In this work, we describe AuPhos-19, a small-molecule gold(III)-based agent bearing a chiral phosphine ligand that selectively disrupts mitochondrial metabolism in murine and human TNBC cells but not normal epithelial cells. AuPhos-19 induces potent cytotoxic effect with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) in the nanomolar range (220-650 nM) across different TNBC cell lines. The lipophilic cationic character of AuPhos-19 facilitates interaction with mitochondrial OXPHOS. AuPhos-19 inhibits mitochondria respiration and induces significant AMPK activation. Depolarization of the mitochondria membrane, mitochondria ROS accumulation, and mitochondria DNA depletion provided further indication that AuPhos-19 perturbs mitochondria function. AuPhos-19 inhibits tumor growth in tumor-bearing mice. This study highlights the development of gold-based compounds targeting mitochondrial pathways for efficacious cancer treatment.
    Keywords:  Biochemistry; Biological sciences; Cancer; Small molecule
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2022.104340
  12. iScience. 2022 May 20. 25(5): 104332
    Generation of a mitochondrial protein compendium in Dictyostelium discoideum.
    Anna V Freitas, Jake T Herb, Miao Pan, Yong Chen, Marjan Gucek, Tian Jin, Hong Xu.
      The social ameba Dictyostelium discoideum has emerged as a powerful model to study mitochondrial genetics and bioenergetics. However, a comprehensive inventory of mitochondrial proteins that is critical to understanding mitochondrial processes has yet to be curated. Here, we utilized high-throughput multiplexed protein quantitation and homology analyses to generate a high-confidence mitochondrial protein compendium consisting of 936 proteins. Our proteomic approach, which utilizes mass spectrometry in combination with mathematical modeling, was validated through mitochondrial targeting sequence prediction and live-cell imaging. Our final compendium consists of 936 proteins. Nearly, a third of D. discoideum mitochondrial proteins do not have homologs in humans, budding yeasts, or an ancestral alphaproteobacteria. Additionally, we leverage our compendium to highlight the complexity of metabolic reprogramming during starvation-induced development. Our compendium lays a foundation to investigate mitochondrial processes that are unique in ameba and to understand the functions of conserved mitochondrial proteins in D. discoideum.
    Keywords:  Microbiology; Microorganism; Omics; Proteomics
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2022.104332
  13. iScience. 2022 May 20. 25(5): 104349
    Glycyrrhetinic acid restricts mitochondrial energy metabolism by targeting SHMT2.
    Xiuxiu Jin, Li Li, Qinlu Peng, Chunmei Gan, Li Gao, Siyu He, Shuangyan Tan, Wenchen Pu, Yu Liu, Yanqiu Gong, Yuqin Yao, Gang Wang, Xiaohui Liu, Meng Gong, Peng Lei, Huiyuan Zhang, Shiqian Qi, Heng Xu, Hongbo Hu, Biao Dong, Yong Peng, Dan Su, Lunzhi Dai.
      Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) is a natural product of licorice with mitochondria targeting properties and shows broad anticancer activities, but its targets and underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we identified the mitochondrial enzyme serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2 (SHMT2) as a target of GA by using chemical proteomics. Binding to and inhibiting the activity of SHMT2 by GA were validated in vitro and in vivo. Knockout of SHMT2 or inhibiting SHMT2 with GA restricts mitochondrial energy supplies by downregulating mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and fatty acid β-oxidation, and consequently suppresses cancer cell proliferation and tumor growth. Crystal structures of GA derivatives indicate that GA occupies SHMT2 folate-binding pocket and regulates SHMT2 activity. Modifications at GA carboxylic group with diamines significantly improved its anticancer potency, demonstrating GA as a decent structural template for SHMT2 inhibitor development.
    Keywords:  Biochemistry; Natural product biochemistry; Omics; Proteomics
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2022.104349
  14. Cell Rep. 2022 May 24. pii: S2211-1247(22)00620-9. [Epub ahead of print]39(8): 110847
    Mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns trigger arginase-dependent lymphocyte immunoregulation.
    Lauren P Westhaver, Sarah Nersesian, Adam Nelson, Leah K MacLean, Emily B Carter, Derek Rowter, Jun Wang, Boris L Gala-Lopez, Andrew W Stadnyk, Brent Johnston, Jeanette E Boudreau.
      Tissue damage leads to loss of cellular and mitochondrial membrane integrity and release of damage-associated molecular patterns, including those of mitochondrial origin (mitoDAMPs). Here, we describe the lymphocyte response to mitoDAMPs. Using primary cells from mice and human donors, we demonstrate that natural killer (NK) cells and T cells adopt regulatory phenotypes and functions in response to mitoDAMPs. NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity, interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production, T cell proliferation, and in vivo anti-viral T cell activation are all interrupted in the presence of mitoDAMPs or mitoDAMP-rich irradiated cells in in vitro and in vivo assays. Mass spectrometry analysis of mitoDAMPs demonstrates that arginase and products of its enzymatic activity are prevalent in mitoDAMP preparations. Functional validation by arginase inhibition and/or arginine add-back shows that arginine depletion is responsible for the alteration in immunologic polarity. We conclude that lymphocyte responses to mitoDAMPs reflect a highly conserved mechanism that regulates inflammation in response to tissue injury.
    Keywords:  CP: Immunology; NK cell; arginase; arginine metabolism; damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs); immunoregulation; lymphocytes; mass spectrometry; mitochondria; natural killer cell; tissue damage
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110847
  15. J Cell Biochem. 2022 May 26.
    Disruption of the MICOS complex leads to an aberrant cristae structure and an unexpected, pronounced lifespan extension in Podospora anserina.
    Verena Warnsmann, Lisa-Marie Marschall, Anja C Meeßen, Maike Wolters, Lea Schürmanns, Marion Basoglu, Stefan Eimer, Heinz D Osiewacz.
      Mitochondria are dynamic eukaryotic organelles involved in a variety of essential cellular processes including the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and reactive oxygen species as well as in the control of apoptosis and autophagy. Impairments of mitochondrial functions lead to aging and disease. Previous work with the ascomycete Podospora anserina demonstrated that mitochondrial morphotype as well as mitochondrial ultrastructure change during aging. The latter goes along with an age-dependent reorganization of the inner mitochondrial membrane leading to a change from lamellar cristae to vesicular structures. Particularly from studies with yeast, it is known that besides the F1 Fo -ATP-synthase and the phospholipid cardiolipin also the "mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system" (MICOS) complex, existing of the Mic60- and Mic10-subcomplex, is essential for proper cristae formation. In the present study, we aimed to understand the mechanistic basis of age-related changes in the mitochondrial ultrastructure. We observed that MICOS subunits are coregulated at the posttranscriptional level. This regulation partially depends on the mitochondrial iAAA-protease PaIAP. Most surprisingly, we made the counterintuitive observation that, despite the loss of lamellar cristae and of mitochondrial impairments, the ablation of MICOS subunits (except for PaMIC12) leads to a pronounced lifespan extension. Moreover, simultaneous ablation of subunits of both MICOS subcomplexes synergistically increases lifespan, providing formal genetic evidence that both subcomplexes affect lifespan by different and at least partially independent pathways. At the molecular level, we found that ablation of Mic10-subcomplex components leads to a mitohormesis-induced lifespan extension, while lifespan extension of Mic60-subcomplex mutants seems to be controlled by pathways involved in the control of phospholipid homeostasis. Overall, our data demonstrate that both MICOS subcomplexes have different functions and play distinct roles in the aging process of P. anserina.
    Keywords:  MICOS; Podospora anserina; aging; cristae; mitochondria; mitohormesis
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.30278
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