bims-mitdyn Biomed News
on Mitochondrial dynamics: mechanisms
Issue of 2021‒10‒10
sixteen papers selected by
Edmond Chan
Queen’s University, School of Medicine
  1. Structure and assembly of the mammalian mitochondrial supercomplex CIII2CIV.
  2. PINK1 drives production of mtDNA-containing extracellular vesicles to promote invasiveness.
  3. Protective mitochondrial fission induced by stress-responsive protein GJA1-20k.
  4. Mild mitochondrial impairment enhances inn3ate immunity and longevity through ATFS-1 and p38 signaling.
  5. The Gro3p factor: Restoring NAD+/NADH homeostasis to ameliorate mitochondrial disease.
  6. IL-10-Mediated Refueling of Exhausted T Cell Mitochondria Boosts Anti-Tumour Immunity.
  7. Sirt1 promotes tissue regeneration in zebrafish through regulating the mitochondrial unfolded protein response.
  8. The assembly, regulation and function of the mitochondrial respiratory chain.
  9. Labeling and Measuring Stressed Mitochondria Using a PINK1-Based Ratiometric Fluorescent Sensor.
  10. Visualizing formation of the active site in the mitochondrial ribosome.
  11. Managing risky assets - mitophagy in vivo.
  12. The PINK1 repertoire: Not just a one trick pony.
  13. Mitophagy in the basolateral amygdala mediates increased anxiety induced by aversive social experience.
  14. Divergent acyl carrier protein decouples mitochondrial Fe-S cluster biogenesis from fatty acid synthesis in malaria parasites.
  15. Mitochondria regulate TRPV4 mediated release of ATP.
  16. Mitochondria and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Toward a Stratified Therapeutic Intervention.
  1. Nature. 2021 Oct 06.
    Structure and assembly of the mammalian mitochondrial supercomplex CIII2CIV.
    Irene Vercellino, Leonid A Sazanov.
      The enzymes of the mitochondrial electron transport chain are key players of cell metabolism. Despite being active when isolated, in vivo they associate into supercomplexes1, whose precise role is debated. Supercomplexes CIII2CIV1-2 (refs. 2,3), CICIII2 (ref. 4) and CICIII2CIV (respirasome)5-10 exist in mammals, but in contrast to CICIII2 and the respirasome, to date the only known eukaryotic structures of CIII2CIV1-2 come from Saccharomyces cerevisiae11,12 and plants13, which have different organization. Here we present the first, to our knowledge, structures of mammalian (mouse and ovine) CIII2CIV and its assembly intermediates, in different conformations. We describe the assembly of CIII2CIV from the CIII2 precursor to the final CIII2CIV conformation, driven by the insertion of the N terminus of the assembly factor SCAF1 (ref. 14) deep into CIII2, while its C terminus is integrated into CIV. Our structures (which include CICIII2 and the respirasome) also confirm that SCAF1 is exclusively required for the assembly of CIII2CIV and has no role in the assembly of the respirasome. We show that CIII2 is asymmetric due to the presence of only one copy of subunit 9, which straddles both monomers and prevents the attachment of a second copy of SCAF1 to CIII2, explaining the presence of one copy of CIV in CIII2CIV in mammals. Finally, we show that CIII2 and CIV gain catalytic advantage when assembled into the supercomplex and propose a role for CIII2CIV in fine tuning the efficiency of electron transfer in the electron transport chain.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03927-z
  2. J Cell Biol. 2021 Dec 06. pii: e202006049. [Epub ahead of print]220(12):
    PINK1 drives production of mtDNA-containing extracellular vesicles to promote invasiveness.
    Nicolas Rabas, Sarah Palmer, Louise Mitchell, Shehab Ismail, Andrea Gohlke, Joel S Riley, Stephen W G Tait, Payam Gammage, Leandro Lemgruber Soares, Iain R Macpherson, Jim C Norman.
      The cystine-glutamate antiporter, xCT, supports a glutathione synthesis program enabling cancer cells to cope with metabolically stressful microenvironments. Up-regulated xCT, in combination with glutaminolysis, leads to increased extracellular glutamate, which promotes invasive behavior by activating metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 (mGluR3). Here we show that activation of mGluR3 in breast cancer cells activates Rab27-dependent release of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which can transfer invasive characteristics to "recipient" tumor cells. These EVs contain mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which is packaged via a PINK1-dependent mechanism. We highlight mtDNA as a key EV cargo necessary and sufficient for intercellular transfer of invasive behavior by activating Toll-like receptor 9 in recipient cells, and this involves increased endosomal trafficking of pro-invasive receptors. We propose that an EV-mediated mechanism, through which altered cellular metabolism in one cell influences endosomal trafficking in other cells, is key to generation and dissemination of pro-invasive microenvironments during mammary carcinoma progression.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202006049
  3. Elife. 2021 10 05. pii: e69207. [Epub ahead of print]10
    Protective mitochondrial fission induced by stress-responsive protein GJA1-20k.
    Daisuke Shimura, Esther Nuebel, Rachel Baum, Steven E Valdez, Shaohua Xiao, Junco S Warren, Joseph A Palatinus, TingTing Hong, Jared Rutter, Robin M Shaw.
      The Connexin43 gap junction gene GJA1 has one coding exon, but its mRNA undergoes internal translation to generate N-terminal truncated isoforms of Connexin43 with the predominant isoform being only 20 kDa in size (GJA1-20k). Endogenous GJA1-20k protein is not membrane bound and has been found to increase in response to ischemic stress, localize to mitochondria, and mimic ischemic preconditioning protection in the heart. However, it is not known how GJA1-20k benefits mitochondria to provide this protection. Here, using human cells and mice, we identify that GJA1-20k polymerizes actin around mitochondria which induces focal constriction sites. Mitochondrial fission events occur within about 45 s of GJA1-20k recruitment of actin. Interestingly, GJA1-20k mediated fission is independent of canonical Dynamin-Related Protein 1 (DRP1). We find that GJA1-20k-induced smaller mitochondria have decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and, in hearts, provide potent protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury. The results indicate that stress responsive internally translated GJA1-20k stabilizes polymerized actin filaments to stimulate non-canonical mitochondrial fission which limits ischemic-reperfusion induced myocardial infarction.
    Keywords:  GJA1-20k; actin dynamics; cell biology; human; ischemia/reperfusion; mitochondria; mitochondria dynamics; mouse; organ protection
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.69207
  4. EMBO Rep. 2021 Oct 07. e52964
    Mild mitochondrial impairment enhances inn3ate immunity and longevity through ATFS-1 and p38 signaling.
    Juliane C Campos, Ziyun Wu, Paige D Rudich, Sonja K Soo, Meeta Mistry, Julio Cb Ferreira, T Keith Blackwell, Jeremy M Van Raamsdonk.
      While mitochondrial function is essential for life in all multicellular organisms, a mild impairment of mitochondrial function can extend longevity in model organisms. By understanding the molecular mechanisms involved, these pathways might be targeted to promote healthy aging. In studying two long-lived mitochondrial mutants in C. elegans, we found that disrupting subunits of the mitochondrial electron transport chain results in upregulation of genes involved in innate immunity, which is driven by the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (mitoUPR) but also dependent on the canonical p38-mediated innate immune signaling pathway. Both of these pathways are required for the increased resistance to bacterial pathogens and extended longevity of the long-lived mitochondrial mutants, as is the FOXO transcription factor DAF-16. This work demonstrates that both the p38-mediated innate immune signaling pathway and the mitoUPR act in concert on the same innate immunity genes to promote pathogen resistance and longevity and that input from the mitochondria can extend longevity by signaling through these pathways. This indicates that multiple evolutionarily conserved genetic pathways controlling innate immunity also function to modulate lifespan.
    Keywords:   C. elegans ; aging; innate immunity; mitochondria; mitochondrial unfolded protein response
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.15252/embr.202152964
  5. Cell Metab. 2021 Oct 05. pii: S1550-4131(21)00425-3. [Epub ahead of print]33(10): 1905-1907
    The Gro3p factor: Restoring NAD+/NADH homeostasis to ameliorate mitochondrial disease.
    Divakar S Mithal, Navdeep S Chandel.
      Leigh syndrome, a mitochondrial disease, can be modeled in mice with a deficiency in mitochondrial complex I that results in a decreased NAD+/NADH ratio. In this issue of Cell Metabolism, Liu et al. (2021) identify glycerol-3-phosphate (Gro3P) biosynthesis as a method for regenerating cytosolic NAD+ to ameliorate pathology in this mitochondrial disease model.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2021.09.006
  6. Immunometabolism. 2021 Sep 24. 3(4): e210030
    IL-10-Mediated Refueling of Exhausted T Cell Mitochondria Boosts Anti-Tumour Immunity.
    Dylan Ryan, Christian Frezza.
      Immunotherapy has underscored a revolution in cancer treatment. Yet, many patients fail to respond due to T cell exhaustion. Here, an intervention that restores mitochondrial function reversed the exhausted T cell phenotype to promote cytotoxicity and durable anti-tumour responses in vivo.
    Keywords:  IL-10; T cell; exhaustion; immunotherapy; metabolism; mitochondria
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.20900/immunometab20210030
  7. iScience. 2021 Oct 22. 24(10): 103118
    Sirt1 promotes tissue regeneration in zebrafish through regulating the mitochondrial unfolded protein response.
    Yi-Fan Lin, Jessica Sam, Todd Evans.
      The mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) is an organellar stress signaling pathway that functions to detect and restore disruption of mitochondrial proteostasis. The UPRmt is involved in a wide range of physiological and disease conditions, including aging, stem cell maintenance, innate immunity, neurodegeneration, and cancer. Here we report that the UPRmt is integral to zebrafish fin regeneration. Taking advantage of a novel zebrafish UPRmt reporter, we observed that UPRmt activation occurs in regenerating fin tissue shortly after injury. Through chemical and genetic approaches, we discovered that the Sirt1-UPRmt pathway, best known for its role in promoting lifespan extension, is crucial for fin regeneration. The metabolism of NAD+ is an important contributor to Sirt1 activity in this context. We propose that Sirt1 activation induces mitochondrial biogenesis in injured fin tissue, which leads to UPRmt activation and promotes tissue regeneration.
    Keywords:  Cell biology; Developmental biology; Molecular biology
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.103118
  8. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2021 Oct 07.
    The assembly, regulation and function of the mitochondrial respiratory chain.
    Irene Vercellino, Leonid A Sazanov.
      The mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system is central to cellular metabolism. It comprises five enzymatic complexes and two mobile electron carriers that work in a mitochondrial respiratory chain. By coupling the oxidation of reducing equivalents coming into mitochondria to the generation and subsequent dissipation of a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane, this electron transport chain drives the production of ATP, which is then used as a primary energy carrier in virtually all cellular processes. Minimal perturbations of the respiratory chain activity are linked to diseases; therefore, it is necessary to understand how these complexes are assembled and regulated and how they function. In this Review, we outline the latest assembly models for each individual complex, and we also highlight the recent discoveries indicating that the formation of larger assemblies, known as respiratory supercomplexes, originates from the association of the intermediates of individual complexes. We then discuss how recent cryo-electron microscopy structures have been key to answering open questions on the function of the electron transport chain in mitochondrial respiration and how supercomplexes and other factors, including metabolites, can regulate the activity of the single complexes. When relevant, we discuss how these mechanisms contribute to physiology and outline their deregulation in human diseases.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-021-00415-0
  9. J Biol Chem. 2021 Oct 05. pii: S0021-9258(21)01082-6. [Epub ahead of print] 101279
    Labeling and Measuring Stressed Mitochondria Using a PINK1-Based Ratiometric Fluorescent Sensor.
    Rie Uesugi, Shunsuke Ishii, Akira Matsuura, Eisuke Itakura.
      Mitochondria are essential organelles that carry out a number of pivotal metabolic processes and maintain cellular homeostasis. Mitochondrial dysfunction caused by various stresses is associated with many diseases such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, cancer, heart failure, neurodegenerative disorders, and aging. Therefore, it is important to understand the stimuli that induce mitochondrial stress. However, broad analysis of mitochondrial stress has not been carried out to date. Here, we present a set of fluorescent tools, called mito-Pain (mitochondrial PINK1 accumulation index), which enables the labeling of stressed mitochondria. Mito-Pain utilizes PINK1 stabilization on mitochondria and quantifies mitochondrial stress levels by comparison with PINK1-GFP, which is stabilized under mitochondrial stress, and RFP-Omp25, which is constitutively localized on mitochondria. To identify compounds that induce mitochondrial stress, we screened a library of 3374 compounds using mito-Pain and identified 57 compounds as mitochondrial stress inducers. Furthermore, we classified each compound into several categories based on mitochondrial response: depolarization, mitochondrial morphology, or Parkin recruitment. Parkin recruitment to mitochondria was often associated with mitochondrial depolarization and aggregation, suggesting that Parkin is recruited to heavily damaged mitochondria. In addition, many of the compounds led to various mitochondrial morphological changes, including fragmentation, aggregation, elongation, and swelling, with or without Parkin recruitment or mitochondrial depolarization. We also found that several compounds induced an ectopic response of Parkin, leading to the formation of cytosolic puncta dependent on PINK1. Thus, mito-Pain enables the detection of stressed mitochondria under a wide variety of conditions and provide insights into mitochondrial quality control systems.
    Keywords:  PTEN‐induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1); Parkin; mitochondria; mitochondrial membrane potential; mitochondrial sensor; mitochondrial stress
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101279
  10. Elife. 2021 10 05. pii: e68806. [Epub ahead of print]10
    Visualizing formation of the active site in the mitochondrial ribosome.
    Viswanathan Chandrasekaran, Nirupa Desai, Nicholas O Burton, Hanting Yang, Jon Price, Eric A Miska, V Ramakrishnan.
      Ribosome assembly is an essential and conserved process that is regulated at each step by specific factors. Using cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), we visualize the formation of the conserved peptidyl transferase center (PTC) of the human mitochondrial ribosome. The conserved GTPase GTPBP7 regulates the correct folding of 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) helices and ensures 2'-O-methylation of the PTC base U3039. GTPBP7 binds the RNA methyltransferase NSUN4 and MTERF4, which sequester H68-71 of the 16S rRNA and allow biogenesis factors to access the maturing PTC. Mutations that disrupt binding of their Caenorhabditis elegans orthologs to the large subunit potently activate mitochondrial stress and cause viability, development, and sterility defects. Next-generation RNA sequencing reveals widespread gene expression changes in these mutant animals that are indicative of mitochondrial stress response activation. We also answer the long-standing question of why NSUN4, but not its enzymatic activity, is indispensable for mitochondrial protein synthesis.
    Keywords:  C. elegans; RNA modifications; biochemistry; chemical biology; cryo-EM; human; mitochondrial ribosome; molecular biophysics; peptidyl transferase center; structural biology
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.68806
  11. J Cell Sci. 2021 Oct 01. pii: jcs240465. [Epub ahead of print]134(19):
    Managing risky assets - mitophagy in vivo.
    Derek P Narendra.
      Mitochondria, which resemble their α-proteobacteria ancestors, are a major cellular asset, producing energy 'on the cheap' through oxidative phosphorylation. They are also a liability. Increased oxidative phosphorylation means increased oxidative stress, and damaged mitochondria incite inflammation through release of their bacteria-like macromolecules. Mitophagy (the selective macroautophagy of mitochondria) controls mitochondria quality and number to manage these risky assets. Parkin, BNIP3 and NIX were identified as being part of the first mitophagy pathways identified in mammals over a decade ago, with additional pathways, including that mediated by FUNDC1 reported more recently. Loss of Parkin or PINK1 function causes Parkinson's disease, highlighting the importance of mitophagy as a quality control mechanism in the brain. Additionally, mitophagy is induced in idiopathic Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, protects the heart and other organs against energy stress and lipotoxicity, regulates metabolism by controlling mitochondrial number in brown and beige fat, and clears mitochondria during terminal differentiation of glycolytic cells, such as red blood cells and neurons. Despite its importance in disease, mitophagy is likely dispensable under physiological conditions. This Review explores the in vivo roles of mitophagy in mammalian systems, focusing on the best studied examples - mitophagy in neurodegeneration, cardiomyopathy, metabolism, and red blood cell development - to draw out common themes.
    Keywords:  Mitochondria quality control; Neurodegeneration; PRKN; Park2; Park6
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.240465
  12. Bioessays. 2021 Oct 07. e2100168
    The PINK1 repertoire: Not just a one trick pony.
    Liam Pollock, Jane Jardine, Sylvie Urbé, Michael J Clague.
      PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) is a Parkinson's disease gene that acts as a sensor for mitochondrial damage. Its best understood role involves phosphorylating ubiquitin and the E3 ligase Parkin (PRKN) to trigger a ubiquitylation cascade that results in selective clearance of damaged mitochondria through mitophagy. Here we focus on other physiological roles of PINK1. Some of these also lie upstream of Parkin but others represent autonomous functions, for which alternative substrates have been identified. We argue that PINK1 orchestrates a multi-arm response to mitochondrial damage that impacts on mitochondrial architecture and biogenesis, calcium handling, transcription and translation. We further discuss a role for PINK1 in immune signalling co-ordinated at mitochondria and consider the significance of a freely diffusible cleavage product, that is constitutively generated and degraded under basal conditions.
    Keywords:  ISR; PINK1; Parkin; Parkinson's disease; mitochondria; mitochondrial quality control; mitophagy; stress response
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.202100168
  13. Neuron. 2021 Sep 27. pii: S0896-6273(21)00680-2. [Epub ahead of print]
    Mitophagy in the basolateral amygdala mediates increased anxiety induced by aversive social experience.
    Kaizheng Duan, Qinhua Gu, Ronald S Petralia, Ya-Xian Wang, Debabrata Panja, Xing Liu, Michael L Lehmann, Huiwen Zhu, Jun Zhu, Zheng Li.
      Psychosocial stress is a common risk factor for anxiety disorders. The cellular mechanism for the anxiogenic effect of psychosocial stress is largely unclear. Here, we show that chronic social defeat (CSD) stress in mice causes mitochondrial impairment, which triggers the PINK1-Parkin mitophagy pathway selectively in the amygdala. This mitophagy elevation causes excessive mitochondrial elimination and consequent mitochondrial deficiency. Mitochondrial deficiency in the basolateral amygdalae (BLA) causes weakening of synaptic transmission in the BLA-BNST (bed nucleus of the stria terminalis) anxiolytic pathway and increased anxiety. The CSD-induced increase in anxiety-like behaviors is abolished in Pink1-/- and Park2-/- mice and alleviated by optogenetic activation of the BLA-BNST synapse. This study identifies an unsuspected role of mitophagy in psychogenetic-stress-induced anxiety elevation and reveals that mitochondrial deficiency is sufficient to increase anxiety and underlies the psychosocial-stress-induced anxiety increase. Mitochondria and mitophagy, therefore, can be potentially targeted to ameliorate anxiety.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2021.09.008
  14. Elife. 2021 Oct 06. pii: e71636. [Epub ahead of print]10
    Divergent acyl carrier protein decouples mitochondrial Fe-S cluster biogenesis from fatty acid synthesis in malaria parasites.
    Seyi Falekun, Jaime Sepulveda, Yasaman Jami-Alahmadi, Hahnbeom Park, James A Wohlschlegel, Paul A Sigala.
      Most eukaryotic cells retain a mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis (FASII) pathway whose acyl carrier protein (mACP) and 4-phosphopantetheine (Ppant) prosthetic group provide a soluble scaffold for acyl chain synthesis and biochemically couple FASII activity to mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) assembly and Fe-S cluster biogenesis. In contrast, the mitochondrion of Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites lacks FASII enzymes yet curiously retains a divergent mACP lacking a Ppant group. We report that ligand-dependent knockdown of mACP is lethal to parasites, indicating an essential FASII-independent function. Decyl-ubiquinone rescues parasites temporarily from death, suggesting a dominant dysfunction of the mitochondrial ETC. Biochemical studies reveal that Plasmodium mACP binds and stabilizes the Isd11-Nfs1 complex required for Fe-S cluster biosynthesis, despite lacking the Ppant group required for this association in other eukaryotes, and knockdown of parasite mACP causes loss of Nfs1 and the Rieske Fe-S protein in ETC Complex III. This work reveals that Plasmodium parasites have evolved to decouple mitochondrial Fe-S cluster biogenesis from FASII activity, and this adaptation is a shared metabolic feature of other apicomplexan pathogens, including Toxoplasma and Babesia. This discovery unveils an evolutionary driving force to retain interaction of mitochondrial Fe-S cluster biogenesis with ACP independent of its eponymous function in FASII.
    Keywords:  P. falciparum; biochemistry; chemical biology; infectious disease; microbiology
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.71636
  15. Br J Pharmacol. 2021 Oct 04.
    Mitochondria regulate TRPV4 mediated release of ATP.
    Xun Zhang, Matthew D Lee, Charlotte Buckley, Calum Wilson, John G McCarron.
      BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Ca2+ influx via TRPV4 triggers Ca2+ release from the IP3 -sensitive internal store to generate repetitive oscillations. While mitochondria are acknowledged regulators of IP3 -mediated Ca2+ release, how TRPV4-mediated Ca2+ signals are regulated by mitochondria is unknown. We show that depolarised mitochondria switch TRPV4 signalling from relying on Ca2+ -induced Ca2+ release at IP3 receptors, to being independent of Ca2+ influx and instead mediated by ATP release via pannexins.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: TRPV4 evoked Ca2+ signals were individually examined in hundreds of cells in the endothelium of rat mesenteric resistance arteries using the indicator Cal520.
    KEY RESULTS: TRPV4 activation with GSK1016790A(GSK) generated repetitive Ca2+ oscillations that required Ca2+ influx. However, when the mitochondrial membrane potential was depolarised, by the uncoupler CCCP or complex I inhibitor rotenone, TRPV4 activation generated large propagating, multicellular, Ca2+ waves in the absence of external Ca2+ . The ATP synthase inhibitor oligomycin did not potentiate TRPV4 mediated Ca2+ signals. GSK-evoked Ca2+ waves, when mitochondria were depolarised, were blocked by the TRPV4 channel blocker HC067047, the SERCA inhibitor cyclopiazonic acid, the phospholipase C (PLC) blocker U73122 and the inositol triphosphate receptor (IP3 R) blocker caffeine. The Ca2+ waves were also inhibited by the extracellular ATP blockers suramin and apyrase and the pannexin blocker probenecid.
    CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS: These results highlight a previously unknown role of mitochondria in shaping TRPV4 mediated Ca2+ signalling by facilitating ATP release. When mitochondria are depolarised, TRPV4-mediated release of ATP via pannexin channels activates plasma membrane purinergic receptors to trigger IP3 evoked Ca2+ release.
    Keywords:  Intercellular Ca2+ waves; Intercellular communication; Mitochondria; Pannexin; Purinergic receptors; TRPV4; Vascular; endothelium; inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.15687
  16. Annu Rev Physiol. 2021 Oct 06.
    Mitochondria and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Toward a Stratified Therapeutic Intervention.
    Gwo-Tzer Ho, Arianne L Theiss.
      Mitochondria serve numerous critical cellular functions, rapidly responding to extracellular stimuli and cellular demands while dynamically communicating with other organelles. Mitochondrial function in the gastrointestinal epithelium plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal health. Emerging studies implicate the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This review presents mitochondrial metabolism, function, and quality control that converge in intestinal epithelial stemness, differentiation programs, barrier integrity, and innate immunity to influence intestinal inflammation. Intestinal and disease characteristics that set the stage for mitochondrial dysfunction being a key factor in IBD, and in turn, pathogenic mitochondrial mechanisms influencing and potentiating the development of IBD, are discussed. These findings establish the basis for potential mitochondrial-targeted interventions for IBD therapy. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physiology, Volume 84 is February 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-060821-083306
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