bims-misrem 2021-06-20 papers

bims-misrem

Biomed News

on Mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle mass

Issue of 2021–06–20
six papers selected by
Rafael Antonio Casuso Pérez, University of Granada

The erythropoietin receptor expressed in skeletal muscle is essential for mitochondrial biogenesis and physiological exercise.
Substrate-Specific Respiration of Isolated Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria after 1 h of Moderate Cycling in Sedentary Adults.
Insulin rapidly increases skeletal muscle mitochondrial ADP sensitivity in the absence of a high lipid environment.
The extensive and functionally uncharacterized mitochondrial phosphoproteome.
Protective role of the mitochondrial fusion protein OPA1 in hypertension.
Short-term high-fat diet induces muscle fiber type-selective anabolic resistance to resistance exercise.

Pflugers Arch. 2021 Jun 17.

The erythropoietin receptor expressed in skeletal muscle is essential for mitochondrial biogenesis and physiological exercise.

Kirsten T Nijholt, Laura M G Meems, Willem P T Ruifrok, Alexander H Maass, Salva R Yurista, Mario G Pavez-Giani, Belend Mahmoud, Anouk H G Wolters, Dirk J van Veldhuisen, Wiek H van Gilst, Herman H W Silljé, Rudolf A de Boer, B Daan Westenbrink.

  Erythropoietin (EPO) is a haematopoietic hormone that regulates erythropoiesis, but the EPO-receptor (EpoR) is also expressed in non-haematopoietic tissues. Stimulation of the EpoR in cardiac and skeletal muscle provides protection from various forms of pathological stress, but its relevance for normal muscle physiology remains unclear. We aimed to determine the contribution of the tissue-specific EpoR to exercise-induced remodelling of cardiac and skeletal muscle. Baseline phenotyping was performed on left ventricle and m. gastrocnemius of mice that only express the EpoR in haematopoietic tissues (EpoR-tKO). Subsequently, mice were caged in the presence or absence of a running wheel for 4 weeks and exercise performance, cardiac function and histological and molecular markers for physiological adaptation were assessed. While gross morphology of both muscles was normal in EpoR-tKO mice, mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle was decreased by 50%, associated with similar reductions in mitochondrial biogenesis, while mitophagy was unaltered. When subjected to exercise, EpoR-tKO mice ran slower and covered less distance than wild-type (WT) mice (5.5 ± 0.6 vs. 8.0 ± 0.4 km/day, p < 0.01). The impaired exercise performance was paralleled by reductions in myocyte growth and angiogenesis in both muscle types. Our findings indicate that the endogenous EPO-EpoR system controls mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle. The reductions in mitochondrial content were associated with reduced exercise capacity in response to voluntary exercise, supporting a critical role for the extra-haematopoietic EpoR in exercise performance.

Keywords:  Cardiac and skeletal muscle; Erythropoietin receptor; Exercise performance; Exercise-induced physiological adaptation; Mitochondrial biogenesis

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-021-02577-4
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2021 Jul 01. 53(7): 1375-1384

Substrate-Specific Respiration of Isolated Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria after 1 h of Moderate Cycling in Sedentary Adults.

Sean A Newsom, Harrison D Stierwalt, Sarah E Ehrlicher, Matthew M Robinson.

INTRODUCTION: Skeletal muscle mitochondria have dynamic shifts in oxidative metabolism to meet energy demands of aerobic exercise. Specific complexes oxidize lipid and nonlipid substrates. It is unclear if aerobic exercise stimulates intrinsic oxidative metabolism of mitochondria or varies between substrates.
METHODS: We studied mitochondrial metabolism in sedentary male and female adults (n = 11F/4M) who were free of major medical conditions with mean ± SD age of 28 ± 7 yr, peak aerobic capacity of 2.0 ± 0.4 L·min-1, and body mass index of 22.2 ± 2 kg·m-2. Biopsies were collected from the vastus lateralis muscle on separate study days at rest or 15 min after exercise (1 h cycling at 65% peak aerobic capacity). Isolated mitochondria were analyzed using high-resolution respirometry of separate titration protocols for lipid (palmitoylcarnitine, F-linked) and nonlipid substrates (glutamate-malate, N-linked; succinate S-linked). Titration protocols distinguished between oxidative phosphorylation and leak respiration and included the measurement of reactive oxygen species emission (H2O2). Western blotting determined the protein abundance of electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) subunits, including inhibitory methylation site on ETF-β.
RESULTS: Aerobic exercise induced modest increases in mitochondrial respiration because of increased coupled respiration across F-linked (+13%, P = 0.08), N(S)-linked (+14%, P = 0.09), and N-linked substrates (+17%, P = 0.08). Prior exercise did not change P:O ratio. Electron leak to H2O2 increased 6% increased after exercise (P = 0.06) for lipid substrates but not for nonlipid. The protein abundance of ETF-α or ETF-β subunit or inhibitory methylation on ETF-β was not different between rest and after exercise.
CONCLUSION: In sedentary adults, the single bout of moderate-intensity cycling induced modest increases for intrinsic mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation that was consistent across multiple substrates.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002615
Biochem J. 2021 Jun 15. pii: BCJ20210264. [Epub ahead of print]

Insulin rapidly increases skeletal muscle mitochondrial ADP sensitivity in the absence of a high lipid environment.

Henver Simionato Brunetta, Heather Lauren Petrick, Bayley Vachon, Everson Araujo Nunes, Graham P Holloway.

  Reductions in mitochondrial function have been proposed to cause insulin resistance, however the possibility that impairments in insulin signaling negatively affects mitochondrial bioenergetics has received little attention. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that insulin could rapidly improve mitochondrial ADP sensitivity, a key process linked to oxidative phosphorylation and redox balance, and if this phenomenon would be lost following high-fat diet (HFD)-induced insulin resistance. Insulin acutely (60 minutes post I.P.) increased submaximal (100-1000 μM ADP) mitochondrial respiration ~2-fold without altering maximal (>1000 μM ADP) respiration, suggesting insulin rapidly improves mitochondrial bioenergetics. The consumption of HFD impaired submaximal ADP-supported respiration ~50%, however, despite the induction of insulin resistance, the ability of acute insulin to stimulate ADP sensitivity and increase submaximal respiration persisted. While these data suggest that insulin mitigates HFD-induced impairments in mitochondrial bioenergetics, the presence of a high intracellular lipid environment reflective of an HFD (i.e. presence of palmitoyl-CoA) completely prevented the beneficial effects of insulin. Altogether, these data show that while insulin rapidly stimulates mitochondrial bioenergetics through an improvement in ADP sensitivity, this phenomenon is possibly lost following HFD due to the presence of intracellular lipids.

Keywords:  insulin resistance; mitochondria; muscle metabolism; obesity; skeletal muscle

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1042/BCJ20210264
J Biol Chem. 2021 Jun 15. pii: S0021-9258(21)00680-3. [Epub ahead of print] 100880

The extensive and functionally uncharacterized mitochondrial phosphoproteome.

Natalie M Niemi, David J Pagliarini.

  More than half a century ago, reversible protein phosphorylation was first linked to mitochondrial metabolism through the regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase. Since this discovery, the number of identified mitochondrial protein phosphorylation sites has increased by orders of magnitude, driven largely by technological advances in mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics. However, the majority of these modifications remain uncharacterized, rendering their function and relevance unclear. Nonetheless, recent studies have shown that disruption of resident mitochondrial protein phosphatases causes substantial metabolic dysfunction across organisms, suggesting that proper management of mitochondrial phosphorylation is vital for organellar and organismal homeostasis. While these data suggest that phosphorylation within mitochondria is of critical importance, significant gaps remain in our knowledge of how these modifications influence organellar function. Here, we curate publicly available datasets to map the extent of protein phosphorylation within mammalian mitochondria and to highlight the known functions of mitochondrial-resident phosphatases. We further propose models by which phosphorylation may affect mitochondrial enzyme activities, protein import and processing, and overall organellar homeostasis.

Keywords:  mitochondria; phosphoproteomics; protein kinase; protein phosphatase; protein phosphorylation

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100880
FASEB J. 2021 Jul;35(7): e21678

Protective role of the mitochondrial fusion protein OPA1 in hypertension.

Pauline Robert, Phuc Minh Chau Nguyen, Alexis Richard, Céline Grenier, Arnaud Chevrollier, Mathilde Munier, Linda Grimaud, Coralyne Proux, Tristan Champin, Eric Lelièvre, Emmanuelle Sarzi, Emilie Vessières, Samir Henni, Delphine Prunier, Pascal Reynier, Guys Lenaers, Céline Fassot, Daniel Henrion, Laurent Loufrani.

  Hypertension is associated with excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in vascular cells. Mitochondria undergo fusion and fission, a process playing a role in mitochondrial function. OPA1 is essential for mitochondrial fusion. Loss of OPA1 is associated with ROS production and cell dysfunction. We hypothesized that mitochondria fusion could reduce oxidative stress that defect in fusion would exacerbate hypertension. Using (a) Opa1 haploinsufficiency in isolated resistance arteries from Opa1+/- mice, (b) primary vascular cells from Opa1+/- mice, and (c) RNA interference experiments with siRNA against Opa1 in vascular cells, we investigated the role of mitochondria fusion in hypertension. In hypertension, Opa1 haploinsufficiency induced altered mitochondrial cristae structure both in vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells but did not modify protein level of long and short forms of OPA1. In addition, we demonstrated an increase of mitochondrial ROS production, associated with a decrease of superoxide dismutase 1 protein expression. We also observed an increase of apoptosis in vascular cells and a decreased VSMCs proliferation. Blood pressure, vascular contractility, as well as endothelium-dependent and -independent relaxation were similar in Opa1+/- , WT, L-NAME-treated Opa1+/- and WT mice. Nevertheless, chronic NO-synthase inhibition with L-NAME induced a greater hypertension in Opa1+/- than in WT mice without compensatory arterial wall hypertrophy. This was associated with a stronger reduction in endothelium-dependent relaxation due to excessive ROS production. Our results highlight the protective role of mitochondria fusion in the vasculature during hypertension by limiting mitochondria ROS production.

Keywords:  Opa1; hypertension; mitochondria; oxidative stress; vascular function

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.202000238RRR
J Appl Physiol (1985). 2021 06 17.

Short-term high-fat diet induces muscle fiber type-selective anabolic resistance to resistance exercise.

Satoru Ato, Takahiro Mori, Yuki Fujita, Taiga Mishima, Riki Ogasawara.

  Chronic obesity and insulin resistance are considered to inhibit contraction-induced muscle hypertrophy, through impairment of mTORC1 and muscle protein synthesis (MPS). A high-fat diet is known to rapidly induce obesity and insulin resistance within a month. However, the influence of a short-term high-fat diet on the response of mTORC1 activation and MPS to acute resistance exercise (RE) is unclear. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a short-term high-fat diet on the response of mTORC1 activation and MPS to acute RE. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to groups and fed a normal diet (ND), high-fat diet (HFD 4wk), or pair feed (PF 4wk) for 4 weeks. After dietary habituation, acute RE was performed on the gastrocnemius muscle via percutaneous electrical stimulation. The results showed that 4 weeks of a high fat-diet induced intramuscular lipid accumulation and insulin resistance, without affecting basal mTORC1 activity or MPS. The response of RE-induced mTORC1 activation and MPS was not altered by a high-fat diet. On the other hand, analysis of each fiber type demonstrated that response of MPS to an acute RE was disappeared specifically in type I and IIa fiber. These results indicate that a short-term high-fat diet causes anabolic resistance to acute RE, depending on the fiber type.

Keywords:  high-fat diet; muscle protein synthesis; resistance exercise; ｍTOR

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00889.2020