bims-minfam Biomed News
on Inflammation and metabolism in ageing and cancer
Issue of 2022–07–10
seventeen papers selected by
Ayesh Seneviratne, Western University
  1. Biomarkers of aging in real life: three questions on aging and the comprehensive geriatric assessment.
  2. Do Cancer and Cancer Treatments Accelerate Aging?
  3. Amino acid catabolism regulates hematopoietic stem cell proteostasis via a GCN2-eIF2α axis.
  4. Aging clocks & mortality timers, methylation, glycomic, telomeric and more. A window to measuring biological age.
  5. Association of Clonal Hematopoiesis of Indeterminate Potential with Inflammatory Gene Expression in Patients with COPD.
  6. Caloric restriction-mimetics for the reduction of heart failure risk in aging heart: with consideration of gender-related differences.
  7. Association of BNT162b2 Vaccine Third Dose Receipt With Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection, COVID-19-Related Hospitalization, and Death Among Residents of Long-term Care Facilities, August to October 2021.
  8. Cancer-Associated Hypercalcemia.
  9. Functional characterization of the PI3K/AKT/MTOR signaling pathway for targeted therapy in B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
  10. Breakthrough COVID-19 Infections: What Are They and What Do They Look Like?
  11. The Role of Berry Consumption on Blood Pressure Regulation and Hypertension: An Overview of the Clinical Evidence.
  12. Protein Intake and the Risk of Pre-Frailty and Frailty in Norwegian Older Adults. The Tromsø Study 1994-2016.
  13. Protein Intake and Frailty in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.
  14. Plant-Based and Ketogenic Diets As Diverging Paths to Address Cancer: A Review.
  15. Cinnamon as a Complementary Therapeutic Approach for Dysglycemia and Dyslipidemia Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Molecular Mechanism of Action: A Review.
  16. Diet and longevity in the Blue Zones: A set-and-forget issue?
  17. Impact of Exercise and Aging on Mitochondrial Homeostasis in Skeletal Muscle: Roles of ROS and Epigenetics.
  1. Geroscience. 2022 Jul 07.
    Biomarkers of aging in real life: three questions on aging and the comprehensive geriatric assessment.
    Marta Zampino, M Cristina Polidori, Luigi Ferrucci, Desmond O'Neill, Alberto Pilotto, Manfred Gogol, Laurence Rubenstein.
      Measuring intrinsic, biological age is a central question in medicine, which scientists have been trying to answer for decades. Age manifests itself differently in different individuals, and chronological age often does not reflect such heterogeneity of health and function. We discuss here the value of measuring age and aging using the comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA), cornerstone of geriatric medicine, and operationalized assessment tools for prognosis. Specifically, we review the benefits of employing the multidimensional prognostic index (MPI), which collects information about eight domains relevant for the global assessment of the older person (functional and cognitive status, nutrition, mobility and risk of pressure sores, multi-morbidity, polypharmacy, and co-habitation), in the evaluation of the functional status, and in the prediction of health outcomes for older adults. Further integration of biological markers of aging into multidimensional prognostic tools is warranted, as well as actions which could facilitate prognostic assessments for older persons in all healthcare settings.
    Keywords:  Biological aging; Comprehensive geriatric assessment; Frailty; Multidimensional prognostic index
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-022-00613-4
  2. Curr Oncol Rep. 2022 Jul 07.
    Do Cancer and Cancer Treatments Accelerate Aging?
    Roma Bhatia, Shernan Holtan, Najla El Jurdi, Anna Prizment, Anne Blaes.
       PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review focuses on describing the mechanisms and clinical manifestations that underlie accelerated aging associated with cancer and its treatment.
    RECENT FINDINGS: The direct and indirect effects of cancer and its treatment are associated with late occurrence of comorbidities that happen earlier or more frequently in cancer survivors compared to cancer-free individuals, otherwise known as accelerated aging. Use of senolytics and dietary and exercise interventions including prehabilitation, caloric restriction, and rehabilitation are currently under investigation to reverse or decelerate the aging process and will be covered in this review. Further research on how to decelerate or reverse aging changes associated with cancer and its treatment will be of paramount importance as the number of cancer survivors continues to grow.
    Keywords:  Aging; Cancer; Nutrition
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11912-022-01311-2
  3. Cell Stem Cell. 2022 Jul 07. pii: S1934-5909(22)00253-3. [Epub ahead of print]29(7): 1119-1134.e7
    Amino acid catabolism regulates hematopoietic stem cell proteostasis via a GCN2-eIF2α axis.
    Changzheng Li, Binghuo Wu, Yishan Li, Jie Chen, Zhitao Ye, Xiaobin Tian, Jin Wang, Xi Xu, Shuai Pan, Yucan Zheng, Xiongwei Cai, Linjia Jiang, Meng Zhao.
      Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) adapt their metabolism to maintenance and proliferation; however, the mechanism remains incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrated that homeostatic HSCs exhibited high amino acid (AA) catabolism to reduce cellular AA levels, which activated the GCN2-eIF2α axis, a protein synthesis inhibitory checkpoint to restrain protein synthesis for maintenance. Furthermore, upon proliferation conditions, HSCs enhanced mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) for higher energy production but decreased AA catabolism to accumulate cellular AAs, which inactivated the GCN2-eIF2α axis to increase protein synthesis and coupled with proteotoxic stress. Importantly, GCN2 deletion impaired HSC function in repopulation and regeneration. Mechanistically, GCN2 maintained proteostasis and inhibited Src-mediated AKT activation to repress mitochondrial OXPHOS in HSCs. Moreover, the glycolytic metabolite, NAD+ precursor nicotinamide riboside (NR), accelerated AA catabolism to activate GCN2 and sustain the long-term function of HSCs. Overall, our study uncovered direct links between metabolic alterations and translation control in HSCs during homeostasis and proliferation.
    Keywords:  GCN2; amino acid; hematopoietic stem cells; metabolism; nicotinamide riboside; oxidative phosphorylation; protein translation; proteostasis
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2022.06.004
  4. Aging Med (Milton). 2022 Jun;5(2): 120-125
    Aging clocks & mortality timers, methylation, glycomic, telomeric and more. A window to measuring biological age.
    Raymond D Palmer.
      As humans age multiple forms of biological decay ensue, and many aspects of human biology can be measured to determine how far biological machinery has drifted from homeostasis. Research has led to aging clocks being developed that claim to predict biological age as opposed to chronological age. Aging could be regarded as a measured loss of homeostatic biological equilibrium that augments biological decay in fully developed tissues. Measuring aspects of how far various elements of biology have drifted from a youthful state may allow us to make determinations on a subject's health but also make informed predictions on their biological age. As we see across human physiology, many facets that maintain human health taper off such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, glutathione, catalase, super oxide dismutase, and more. Extracellular vesicle density also tapers off during age combined with epigenetic drift, telomere attrition, and stem cell exhaustion, whilst genomic instability and biological insults from environment and lifestyle factors increase. Measuring these types of biomarkers with aging clocks may allow subjects to understand their own health more accurately and enable subjects to better focus on their efforts in the pursuit of longevity and, in addition, allow healthcare practitioners to deliver better health advice.
    Keywords:  aging clocks; epigenetic clock; telomeres
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1002/agm2.12197
  5. Cells. 2022 Jul 05. pii: 2121. [Epub ahead of print]11(13):
    Association of Clonal Hematopoiesis of Indeterminate Potential with Inflammatory Gene Expression in Patients with COPD.
    Stefan Kuhnert, Siavash Mansouri, Michael A Rieger, Rajkumar Savai, Edibe Avci, Gabriela Díaz-Piña, Manju Padmasekar, Mario Looso, Stefan Hadzic, Till Acker, Stephan Klatt, Jochen Wilhelm, Ingrid Fleming, Natascha Sommer, Norbert Weissmann, Claus Vogelmeier, Robert Bals, Andreas Zeiher, Stefanie Dimmeler, Werner Seeger, Soni S Pullamsetti.
      Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a disease with an inflammatory phenotype with increasing prevalence in the elderly. Expanded population of mutant blood cells carrying somatic mutations is termed clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP). The association between CHIP and COPD and its relevant effects on DNA methylation in aging are mainly unknown. Analyzing the deep-targeted amplicon sequencing from 125 COPD patients, we found enhanced incidence of CHIP mutations (~20%) with a predominance of DNMT3A CHIP-mediated hypomethylation of Phospholipase D Family Member 5 (PLD5), which in turn is positively correlated with increased levels of glycerol phosphocholine, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and deteriorating lung function.
    Keywords:  COPD; clonal hematopoiesis; inflammation
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11132121
  6. Mil Med Res. 2022 Jul 04. 9(1): 33
    Caloric restriction-mimetics for the reduction of heart failure risk in aging heart: with consideration of gender-related differences.
    Lei Pang, Xi Jiang, Xin Lian, Jie Chen, Er-Fei Song, Lei-Gang Jin, Zheng-Yuan Xia, Hai-Chun Ma, Yin Cai.
      The literature is full of claims regarding the consumption of polyphenol or polyamine-rich foods that offer some protection from developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). This is achieved by preventing cardiac hypertrophy and protecting blood vessels through improving the function of endothelium. However, do these interventions work in the aged human hearts? Cardiac aging is accompanied by an increase in left ventricular hypertrophy, along with diastolic and systolic dysfunction. It also confers significant cardiovascular risks for both sexes. The incidence and prevalence of CVD increase sharply at an earlier age in men than women. Furthermore, the patterns of heart failure differ between sexes, as do the lifetime risk factors. Do caloric restriction (CR)-mimetics, rich in polyphenol or polyamine, delay or reverse cardiac aging equally in both men and women? This review will discuss three areas: (1) mechanisms underlying age-related cardiac remodeling; (2) gender-related differences and potential mechanisms underlying diminished cardiac response in older men and women; (3) we select a few polyphenol or polyamine rich compounds as the CR-mimetics, such as resveratrol, quercetin, curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate and spermidine, due to their capability to extend health-span and induce autophagy. We outline their abilities and issues on retarding aging in animal hearts and preventing CVD in humans. We discuss the confounding factors that should be considered for developing therapeutic strategies against cardiac aging in humans.
    Keywords:  Caloric restriction; Caloric restriction-mimetics; Cardiac aging; Cardiovascular disease; Clinical application; Dietary compounds; Gender difference
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-022-00389-w
  7. JAMA Netw Open. 2022 Jul 01. 5(7): e2219940
    Association of BNT162b2 Vaccine Third Dose Receipt With Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection, COVID-19-Related Hospitalization, and Death Among Residents of Long-term Care Facilities, August to October 2021.
    Khitam Muhsen, Nimrod Maimon, Amiel Yaron Mizrahi, Baruch Varticovschi, Omri Bodenheimer, Dani Cohen, Ron Dagan.
       Importance: COVID-19 vaccine might be less immunogenic and effective among residents of long-term care facilities (LTCFs).
    Objective: To examine the association of BNT162b2 third dose (first booster dose) with overall SARS-CoV-2 infection, COVID-19 hospitalizations, and mortality among LTCF residents during a nationwide surge of the Delta variant in Israel.
    Design, Setting, and Participants: This observational cohort study conducted nationwide COVID-19 surveillance in LTCFs in Israel between August and October 2021. Participants were residents of LTCFs aged 60 years or older.
    Exposures: Vaccination with the third dose of BNT162b2 vaccine vs receipt of 2 doses at least 5 months earlier, based on self-preference and choice.
    Main Outcomes and Measures: The cumulative incidences of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, COVID-19 hospitalizations, and COVID-19-related deaths more than 7 days after vaccination with the third dose were compared between the groups using Kaplan-Meier curves. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs were obtained using multivariable Cox regression models.
    Results: Among 18 611 residents included in the analysis, 12 715 (68.3%) were female, 463 (2.5%) were from the Arab population, 16 976 (91.2%) were from the general Jewish population, and 618 (3.3%) were from the ultraorthodox Jewish population; the mean (SD) age was 81.1 (9.2) years; 16 082 residents received their first booster dose (third dose) and 2529 were vaccinated with 2 doses at least 5 months earlier. The median (IQR) follow-up durations were 66 (60-70) days among 3-dose recipients and 56 (53-62) days among 2-dose-only recipients; 107 residents had SARS-CoV-2 infection after 7 days following vaccination with the booster dose compared with 185 among the 2-dose only group (cumulative incidence: 0.7% vs 7.5%; adjusted HR, 0.11 [95% CI, 0.07-0.15]). The respective adjusted HRs were 0.07 (95% CI, 0.03-0.14) and 0.10 (95% CI, 0.04-0.24) for the associations of vaccination with the third dose with hospitalization for mild-to-moderate COVID-19 and severe illness. Five COVID-19-related deaths occurred among the third dose vaccinees during the follow-up period compared with 22 among the 2-dose-only vaccinees (cumulative rate: 0.04% vs 0.9%; adjusted HR, 0.04 [95% CI, 0.009-0.16]).
    Conclusions and Relevance: This cohort study found significant inverse associations between vaccination with the third dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine with overall SARS-CoV-2 infection, COVID-19 hospitalizations, severe disease, and COVID-19-related deaths among LTCF residents during a massive surge caused by the Delta variant in Israel.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.19940
  8. N Engl J Med. 2022 Jul 07. 387(1): 96
    Cancer-Associated Hypercalcemia.
      
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMx220006
  9. Cancer Gene Ther. 2022 Jul 06.
    Functional characterization of the PI3K/AKT/MTOR signaling pathway for targeted therapy in B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
    Patricia K Grüninger, Franziska Uhl, Heike Herzog, Gaia Gentile, Marta Andrade-Martinez, Tobias Schmidt, Kyuho Han, David W Morgens, Michael C Bassik, Michael L Cleary, Oliver Gorka, Robert Zeiser, Olaf Groß, Jesús Duque-Afonso.
      B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemias (B-ALL) are characterized by the activation of signaling pathways, which are involved in survival and proliferation of leukemia cells. Using an unbiased shRNA library screen enriched for targeting signaling pathways, we identified MTOR as the key gene on which human B-ALL E2A-PBX1+ RCH-ACV cells are dependent. Using genetic and pharmacologic approaches, we investigated whether B-ALL cells depend on MTOR upstream signaling pathways including PI3K/AKT and the complexes MTORC1 or MTORC2 for proliferation and survival in vitro and in vivo. Notably, the combined inhibition of MTOR and AKT shows a synergistic effect on decreased cell proliferation in B-ALL with different karyotypes. Hence, B-ALL cells were more dependent on MTORC2 rather than MTORC1 complex in genetic assays. Using cell metabolomics, we identified changes in mitochondrial fuel oxidation after shRNA-mediated knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of MTOR. Dependence of the cells on fatty acid metabolism for their energy production was increased upon inhibition of MTOR and associated upstream signaling pathways, disclosing a possible target for a combination therapy. In conclusion, B-ALL are dependent on the PI3K/AKT/MTOR signaling pathway and the combination of specific small molecules targeting this pathway appears to be promising for the treatment of B-ALL patients.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41417-022-00491-0
  10. Radiol Cardiothorac Imaging. 2022 Feb;4(1): e210301
    Breakthrough COVID-19 Infections: What Are They and What Do They Look Like?
    Brett M Elicker.
      
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1148/ryct.210301
  11. Nutrients. 2022 Jun 29. pii: 2701. [Epub ahead of print]14(13):
    The Role of Berry Consumption on Blood Pressure Regulation and Hypertension: An Overview of the Clinical Evidence.
    Stefano Vendrame, Tolu Esther Adekeye, Dorothy Klimis-Zacas.
      The existence of a relationship between the consumption of dietary berries and blood pressure reduction in humans has been repeatedly hypothesized and documented by an increasing body of epidemiological and clinical evidence that has accumulated in recent years. However, results are mixed and complicated by a number of potentially confounding factors. The objective of this article is to review and summarize the available clinical evidence examining the effects of berry consumption on blood pressure regulation as well as the prevention or treatment of hypertension in humans, providing an overview of the potential contribution of distinctive berry polyphenols (anthocyanins, condensed tannins and ellagic acid), and results of dietary interventions with blueberries, bilberries, cranberries, raspberries, strawberries, chokeberries, cherries, blackcurrants and açai berries. We conclude that, while there is insufficient evidence supporting the existence of a direct blood pressure lowering effect, there is stronger evidence for specific types of berries acting indirectly to normalize blood pressure in subjects that are already hypertensive.
    Keywords:  anthocyanins; berries; blood pressure
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132701
  12. J Frailty Aging. 2022 ;11(3): 256-266
    Protein Intake and the Risk of Pre-Frailty and Frailty in Norwegian Older Adults. The Tromsø Study 1994-2016.
    D M Konglevoll, A Hjartåker, L A Hopstock, B H Strand, M Thoresen, L F Andersen, M H Carlsen.
       BACKGROUND: Protein intake is suggested as an important dietary factor in the prevention of frailty, however, the influence of lifelong intake remains unclear.
    OBJECTIVES: The present study investigated the relationship between daily protein intake and patterns of protein intake over 21 years and the risk of pre-frailty/frailty.
    DESIGN: Prospective cohort study.
    SETTING: The population-based Tromsø Study in Tromsø municipality, Norway.
    PARTICIPANTS: In total, 1,906 women and 1,820 men aged ≥45 years in 1994 who participated in both Tromsø4 (1994-95) and Tromsø7 (2015-16).
    MEASUREMENTS: Frailty status in Tromsø7 was measured according to Fried's phenotype, classifying participants as "robust" (frailty components present: 0), "pre-frail" (1-2) or "frail" (≥3). Daily intake of protein was estimated from self-reported habitual dietary intake using food frequency questionnaires and assessed as grams per kilogram bodyweight (g/kg BW) and per megajoule energy intake (g/MJ). The protein-frailty association was assessed via longitudinal and cross-sectional multivariable logistic regression analyses.
    RESULTS: The prevalence of pre-frailty and frailty in this study was 27% and 1.0%, respectively. Longitudinal analysis showed that the odds of pre-frailty/frailty decreased by 57% (odds ratio (OR) = 0.43, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.31;0.58, p<0.001) with the increase in intake of one additional gram of dietary protein per kg BW. The results obtained from cross-sectional analysis were similar. Tracking analysis showed that, compared to a stable high intake of protein in g/kg BW over time, other patterns of protein intake increased the risk of pre-frailty/frailty. No associations were found between intake of protein in g/MJ and pre-frailty/frailty.
    CONCLUSIONS: Intake of protein in g/kg BW both in mid-life and later in life was inversely associated with pre-frailty/frailty in older adults. This emphasizes the importance of an adequate protein intake to facilitate healthy ageing in Norwegian older adults.
    Keywords:  Frailty; nutrition; older adults; pre-frailty; protein
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.14283/jfa.2022.16
  13. Nutrients. 2022 Jul 05. pii: 2767. [Epub ahead of print]14(13):
    Protein Intake and Frailty in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies.
    Hélio José Coelho-Junior, Riccardo Calvani, Anna Picca, Matteo Tosato, Francesco Landi, Emanuele Marzetti.
       BACKGROUND: The present systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between protein intake and frailty in older adults.
    METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies that investigated the association between protein intake and frailty in older adults. Cross-sectional, case-control, and longitudinal cohort studies that investigated the association between protein intake and frailty as a primary or secondary outcome in people aged 60+ years were included. Studies published in languages other than English, Italian, Portuguese, or Spanish were excluded. Studies were retrieved on 31 January 2022.
    RESULTS: Twelve cross-sectional and five longitudinal studies that investigated 46,469 community-dwelling older adults were included. The meta-analysis indicated that absolute, bodyweight-adjusted, and percentage of protein relative to total energy consumption were not cross-sectionally associated with frailty. However, frail older adults consumed significantly less animal-derived protein than robust people. Finally, high protein consumption was associated with a significantly lower risk of frailty.
    CONCLUSIONS: Our pooled analysis indicates that protein intake, whether absolute, adjusted, or relative to total energy intake, is not significantly associated with frailty in older adults. However, we observed that frail older adults consumed significantly less animal protein than their robust counterparts.
    Keywords:  anorexia; diet; dynapenia; elderly; muscle strength; nutrition; physical function; walking speed
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132767
  14. JAMA Oncol. 2022 Jul 07.
    Plant-Based and Ketogenic Diets As Diverging Paths to Address Cancer: A Review.
    Urvi A Shah, Neil M Iyengar.
       Importance: As the incidence of cancer and metabolic disorders, such as obesity, concurrently rise, there has been increasing awareness of the pervasive effect of nutrition. The whole foods plant-based diet (WFPBD) and ketogenic diet (KD) have gained popularity in oncology, and this topic is increasingly permeating clinical dialogue.
    Observations: Dietary intake is associated with multiple pathways involved in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Consumption of a plant-enriched diet is associated with reduced cancer incidence and is recommended by dietary guidelines for cancer prevention. Despite a starkly different nutrient composition, a WFPBD and KD can be associated with weight loss, decreased inflammation, and decreased insulin levels. In addition, a WFPBD is associated with increased fiber, phytochemicals, and butyrate levels and decreased insulin-like growth factor 1 levels, whereas a KD exerts potential anticancer effects by increasing β hydroxybutyrate levels. A KD may be of interest in select, less common settings, such as tumors treated with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors, which induce hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia. Completed interventional trials have focused on increasing fruit and vegetable intake or reducing fat intake but have not specifically tested WFPBD or KD for cancer prevention or treatment. Currently available data support plant-based diets as opposed to KD as part of a lifestyle associated with reduced cancer risk. In the postdiagnosis setting, there are currently no rigorously tested approaches that support the recommendation of any diet to treat cancer.
    Conclusions and Relevance: The results of this review suggest that the collective evidence supports plant-enriched diets vs KD for the reduction of cancer risk and the improvement of metabolic disorders in survivors. Additional prospective randomized clinical trials are needed to encourage use of dietary modification across the cancer continuum. Rigorous trial designs that adapt classical oncologic end points may identify populations that are likely to benefit from starkly contrasting diets. Current data support prioritization of plant-based diets, and future data could further personalize dietary recommendations in cancer populations.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2022.1769
  15. Nutrients. 2022 Jul 05. pii: 2773. [Epub ahead of print]14(13):
    Cinnamon as a Complementary Therapeutic Approach for Dysglycemia and Dyslipidemia Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Molecular Mechanism of Action: A Review.
    Maria Leonor Silva, Maria Alexandra Bernardo, Jaipaul Singh, Maria Fernanda de Mesquita.
      The scientific evidence that cinnamon may exert beneficial effects on type 2 diabetes mellitus due to the biological activity of its bioactive compounds has been increasing in recent years. This review provides an overview of the effects of cinnamon on clinical parameters of diabetes and summarizes the molecular mechanisms of action of cinnamon on glucose and lipid metabolism. Search criteria include an electronic search using PubMed, Medline, and Cochrane Library databases. English literature references from 2000 up to 2022 were included. Following title and abstract review, full articles that met the inclusion criteria were included. The results from the available evidence revealed that cinnamon improved glycemic and lipidemic indicators. Clinical trials clarified that cinnamon also possesses an anti-inflammatory effect, which may act beneficially in diabetes. Based on in vitro and in vivo studies, cinnamon seems to elicit the regulation of glucose metabolism in tissues by insulin-mimetic effect and enzyme activity improvement. Furthermore, cinnamon seems to decrease cholesterol and fatty acid absorption in the gut. The current literature search showed a considerable number of studies on diabetic subjects. Some limitations in comparing published data should be highlighted, including variability in doses, extracts and species of cinnamon, administration forms, and antidiabetic therapy.
    Keywords:  anti-inflammatory; blood glucose; cinnamon; intervention studies; lipid profile; type 2 diabetes
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14132773
  16. Maturitas. 2022 Jun 29. pii: S0378-5122(22)00132-3. [Epub ahead of print]164 31-37
    Diet and longevity in the Blue Zones: A set-and-forget issue?
    Giovanni Mario Pes, Maria Pina Dore, Fotini Tsofliou, Michel Poulain.
      The Blue Zones (BZs) are areas of the globe inhabited by exceptionally long-lived populations. They include the island of Okinawa in Japan, the island of Ikaria in Greece, the mountain area of the island of Sardinia in Italy, and the peninsula of Nicoya in Costa Rica. Their longevity is a relatively recent phenomenon that has been progressively investigated since the dawn of this century. Research efforts over the past two decades have sought to shed light on the factors associated with this longevity, as well as explore the possibility of lessons transferable to the general population. Among the features of BZ inhabitants, described in the literature, their eating habits hold a prominent place, as these have the advantage of being easily quantifiable and applicable on a larger scale. However, it is too often taken for granted that the mere fact of being documented in a long-lived population makes the diet a causal factor of that population's longevity; this is a claim which should be proven. Furthermore, it is implicitly assumed that a specific BZ diet is homogeneous and remains stable over time, whereas some evidence suggests the opposite. Therefore, this review summarizes our current knowledge of the BZ diets and discusses whether they can be considered as a paradigmatic example of healthy nutrition valid for anyone or, rather, a set of evolving food patterns that has offered benefits to a few specific communities in recent decades.
    Keywords:  Blue zones; Ikaria; Longevity; Mediterranean diet; Nicoya; Okinawa; Sardinia
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2022.06.004
  17. Cells. 2022 Jun 30. pii: 2086. [Epub ahead of print]11(13):
    Impact of Exercise and Aging on Mitochondrial Homeostasis in Skeletal Muscle: Roles of ROS and Epigenetics.
    Jialin Li, Zhe Wang, Can Li, Yu Song, Yan Wang, Hai Bo, Yong Zhang.
      Aging causes degenerative changes such as epigenetic changes and mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle. Exercise can upregulate muscle mitochondrial homeostasis and enhance antioxidant capacity and represents an effective treatment to prevent muscle aging. Epigenetic changes such as DNA methylation, histone posttranslational modifications, and microRNA expression are involved in the regulation of exercise-induced adaptive changes in muscle mitochondria. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in signaling molecules in exercise-induced muscle mitochondrial health benefits, and strong evidence emphasizes that exercise-induced ROS can regulate gene expression via epigenetic mechanisms. The majority of mitochondrial proteins are imported into mitochondria from the cytosol, so mitochondrial homeostasis is regulated by nuclear epigenetic mechanisms. Exercise can reverse aging-induced changes in myokine expression by modulating epigenetic mechanisms. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of exercise-generated ROS in the regulation of mitochondrial homeostasis mediated by epigenetic mechanisms. In addition, the potential epigenetic mechanisms involved in exercise-induced myokine expression are reviewed.
    Keywords:  ROS; aging; epigenetics; exercise; mitochondrial; skeletal muscle
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11132086
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