bims-mikwok 2021-10-03 papers

bims-mikwok

Biomed News

on Mitochondrial quality control

Issue of 2021–10–03
nine papers selected by
Avinash N. Mukkala, University of Toronto

The multifaceted regulation of mitophagy by endogenous metabolites.
Advances in mitochondrial medicine and translational research.
Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Diseases, Longevity, and Treatment Resistance: Tuning Mitochondria Function as a Therapeutic Strategy.
The fasting-feeding metabolic transition regulates mitochondrial dynamics.
The modified mitochondrial outer membrane carrier MTCH2 links mitochondrial fusion to lipogenesis.
A brief overview of BNIP3L/NIX receptor-mediated mitophagy.
Integrated Stress Response Couples Mitochondrial Protein Translation with Oxidative Stress Control.
Simulated microgravity triggers DNA damage and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis through ROS generation in human promyelocytic leukemic cells.
Mitochondrial F1 FO ATP synthase determines the local proton motive force at cristae rims.

Autophagy. 2021 Sep 29. 1-24

The multifaceted regulation of mitophagy by endogenous metabolites.

Ting Zhang, Qian Liu, Weihua Gao, Sheikh Arslan Sehgal, Hao Wu.

  Owing to the dominant functions of mitochondria in multiple cellular metabolisms and distinct types of regulated cell death, maintaining a functional mitochondrial network is fundamental for the cellular homeostasis and body fitness in response to physiological adaptations and stressed conditions. The process of mitophagy, in which the dysfunctional or superfluous mitochondria are selectively engulfed by autophagosome and subsequently degraded in lysosome, has been well formulated as one of the major mechanisms for mitochondrial quality control. To date, the PINK1-PRKN-dependent and receptors (including proteins and lipids)-dependent pathways have been characterized to determine the mitophagy in mammalian cells. The mitophagy is highly responsive to the dynamics of endogenous metabolites, including iron-, calcium-, glycolysis-TCA-, NAD+-, amino acids-, fatty acids-, and cAMP-associated metabolites. Herein, we summarize the recent advances toward the molecular details of mitophagy regulation in mammalian cells. We also highlight the key regulations of mammalian mitophagy by endogenous metabolites, shed new light on the bidirectional interplay between mitophagy and cellular metabolisms, with attempting to provide a perspective insight into the nutritional intervention of metabolic disorders with mitophagy deficit.Abbreviations: acetyl-CoA: acetyl-coenzyme A; ACO1: aconitase 1; ADCYs: adenylate cyclases; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; ATM: ATM serine/threonine kinase; BCL2L1: BCL2 like 1; BCL2L13: BCL2 like 13; BNIP3: BCL2 interacting protein 3; BNIP3L: BCL2 interacting protein 3 like; Ca2+: calcium ion; CALCOCO2: calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2; CANX: calnexin; CO: carbon monoxide; CYCS: cytochrome c, somatic; DFP: deferiprone; DNM1L: dynamin 1 like; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; FKBP8: FKBP prolyl isomerase 8; FOXO3: forkhead box O3; FTMT: ferritin mitochondrial; FUNDC1: FUN14 domain containing 1; GABA: γ-aminobutyric acid; GSH: glutathione; HIF1A: hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha; IMMT: inner membrane mitochondrial protein; IRP1: iron regulatory protein 1; ISC: iron-sulfur cluster; ITPR2: inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate type 2 receptor; KMO: kynurenine 3-monooxygenase; LIR: LC3 interacting region; MAM: mitochondria-associated membrane; MAP1LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MFNs: mitofusins; mitophagy: mitochondrial autophagy; mPTP: mitochondrial permeability transition pore; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NAD+: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NAM: nicotinamide; NMN: nicotinamide mononucleotide; NO: nitric oxide; NPA: Niemann-Pick type A; NR: nicotinamide riboside; NR4A1: nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 1; NRF1: nuclear respiratory factor 1; OPA1: OPA1 mitochondrial dynamin like GTPase; OPTN: optineurin; PARL: presenilin associated rhomboid like; PARPs: poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases; PC: phosphatidylcholine; PHB2: prohibitin 2; PINK1: PTEN induced kinase 1; PPARG: peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma; PPARGC1A: PPARG coactivator 1 alpha; PRKA: protein kinase AMP-activated; PRKDC: protein kinase, DNA-activated, catalytic subunit; PRKN: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; RHOT: ras homolog family member T; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SIRTs: sirtuins; STK11: serine/threonine kinase 11; TCA: tricarboxylic acid; TP53: tumor protein p53; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; VDAC1: voltage dependent anion channel 1.

Keywords:  Cell metabolism; metabolite; mitochondria; mitophagy; mitophagy receptor

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1080/15548627.2021.1975914
Mitochondrion. 2021 Sep 24. pii: S1567-7249(21)00134-3. [Epub ahead of print]

Advances in mitochondrial medicine and translational research.

Raviprasad Kuthethur, Keshava Prasad, Sanjiban Chakrabarty, Shama Prasada Kabekkodu, Keshav K Singh, Kumarasamy Thangaraj, Kapaettu Satyamoorthy.

  Current knowledge of mitochondrial biology and function has provided tools and technologies that helped a better understanding of the molecular etiology of complex mitochondrial disorders. Dual genetic control of this subcellular organelle function regulates various signaling mechanisms which are essential for metabolism, bioenergetics, fatty acid biosynthesis, and DNA replication & repair. Understanding nuclear mitochondrial crosstalk through advanced genomics as well as clinical perspectives is the overall basis of mitochondrial research and medicine, also the sole objective of Society for Mitochondrial Medicine and Research (SMRM) - India. The eighth virtual international conference on 'Advances in Mitochondrial Medicine and Translational Research' was organized at the Manipal School of Life Sciences, MAHE, Manipal, India, during 6 - 7 November 2020. The aim of the virtual conference was to highlight the recent advances and future perspectives that represent comprehensive clinical and fundamental research interests in the area of mitochondrial biology of human diseases. To systematically present the various findings in mitochondrial biology, the meeting was themed with specific aspects comprising (a) mitochondrial disorders: clinical & genomic perspectives, (b) mitochondria in cancer, (c) mitochondrial metabolism & disorders, and (d) mitochondrial diseases & therapy. This report provides an overview of the recent advancements in the area of mitochondrial biology and medicine that was discussed at the conference.

Keywords:  Anterograde and retrograde signaling; Cancer and mitochondria; Mitochondrial disorders; Mitochondrial metabolism; Therapeutics and mitochondria; miRNAs and mitochondria

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mito.2021.09.008
Genes (Basel). 2021 Aug 29. pii: 1348. [Epub ahead of print]12(9):

Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Diseases, Longevity, and Treatment Resistance: Tuning Mitochondria Function as a Therapeutic Strategy.

Kazuo Tomita, Yoshikazu Kuwahara, Kento Igarashi, Mehryar Habibi Roudkenar, Amaneh Mohammadi Roushandeh, Akihiro Kurimasa, Tomoaki Sato.

  Mitochondria are very important intracellular organelles because they have various functions. They produce ATP, are involved in cell signaling and cell death, and are a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mitochondria have their own DNA (mtDNA) and mutation of mtDNA or change the mtDNA copy numbers leads to disease, cancer chemo/radioresistance and aging including longevity. In this review, we discuss the mtDNA mutation, mitochondrial disease, longevity, and importance of mitochondrial dysfunction in cancer first. In the later part, we particularly focus on the role in cancer resistance and the mitochondrial condition such as mtDNA copy number, mitochondrial membrane potential, ROS levels, and ATP production. We suggest a therapeutic strategy employing mitochondrial transplantation (mtTP) for treatment-resistant cancer.

Keywords:  cancer radioresistance; clinically relevant radioresistant (CRR) cells; mitochondria; mitochondrial DNA

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/genes12091348
FASEB J. 2021 Oct;35(10): e21891

The fasting-feeding metabolic transition regulates mitochondrial dynamics.

Mauricio Castro-Sepúlveda, Béatrice Morio, Mauro Tuñón-Suárez, Sebastian Jannas-Vela, Francisco Díaz-Castro, Jennifer Rieusset, Hermann Zbinden-Foncea.

  In humans, insulin resistance has been linked to an impaired metabolic transition from fasting to feeding (metabolic flexibility; MetFlex). Previous studies suggest that mitochondrial dynamics response is a putative determinant of MetFlex; however, this has not been studied in humans. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the mitochondrial dynamics response in the metabolic transition from fasting to feeding in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Six male subjects fasted for 16 h (fasting), immediately after which they consumed a 75-g oral glucose load (glucose). In both fasting and glucose conditions, blood samples were taken to obtain PBMCs. Mitochondrial dynamics were assessed by electron microscopy images. We exposed in vitro acetoacetate-treated PBMCs to the specific IP3R inhibitor Xestospongin B (XeB) to reduce IP3R-mediated mitochondrial Ca2+ accumulation. This allowed us to evaluate the role of ER-mitochondria Ca2+ exchange in the mitochondrial dynamic response to substrate availability. To determine whether PBMCs could be used in obesity context (low MetFlex), we measured mitochondrial dynamics in mouse spleen-derived lymphocytes from WT and ob/ob mice. We demonstrated that the transition from fasting to feeding reduces mitochondria-ER interactions, induces mitochondrial fission and reduces mitochondrial cristae density in human PBMCs. In addition, we demonstrated that IP3R activity is key in the mitochondrial dynamics response when PBMCs are treated with a fasting-substrate in vitro. In murine mononuclear-cells, we confirmed that mitochondria-ER interactions are regulated in the fasted-fed transition and we further highlight mitochondria-ER miscommunication in PBMCs of diabetic mice. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the fasting/feeding transition reduces mitochondria-ER interactions, induces mitochondrial fission and reduces mitochondrial cristae density in human PBMCs, and that IP3R activity may potentially play a central role.

Keywords:  fasting; mitochondria-ER interaction; mitochondrial cristae; mitochondrial fusion; mitochondrial morphology; obesity

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.202100929R
J Cell Biol. 2021 Nov 01. pii: e202103122. [Epub ahead of print]220(11):

The modified mitochondrial outer membrane carrier MTCH2 links mitochondrial fusion to lipogenesis.

Katherine Labbé, Shona Mookerjee, Maxence Le Vasseur, Eddy Gibbs, Chad Lerner, Jodi Nunnari.

Mitochondrial function is integrated with cellular status through the regulation of opposing mitochondrial fusion and division events. Here we uncover a link between mitochondrial dynamics and lipid metabolism by examining the cellular role of mitochondrial carrier homologue 2 (MTCH2). MTCH2 is a modified outer mitochondrial membrane carrier protein implicated in intrinsic cell death and in the in vivo regulation of fatty acid metabolism. Our data indicate that MTCH2 is a selective effector of starvation-induced mitochondrial hyperfusion, a cytoprotective response to nutrient deprivation. We find that MTCH2 stimulates mitochondrial fusion in a manner dependent on the bioactive lipogenesis intermediate lysophosphatidic acid. We propose that MTCH2 monitors flux through the lipogenesis pathway and transmits this information to the mitochondrial fusion machinery to promote mitochondrial elongation, enhanced energy production, and cellular survival under homeostatic and starvation conditions. These findings will help resolve the roles of MTCH2 and mitochondria in tissue-specific lipid metabolism in animals.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202103122
FEBS Open Bio. 2021 Oct 01.

A brief overview of BNIP3L/NIX receptor-mediated mitophagy.

Mija Marinković, Ivana Novak.

  Mitophagy is a form of autophagy specialized to selectively remove mitochondria. Although the PINK1/Parkin pathway is the best described mitophagy of damaged mitochondria, receptor/mediated mitophagy seems to have a pivotal role in cellular development and specialization. The most studied mitophagy receptor BNIP3L/NIX is shown to be important for the programmed removal of healthy mitochondria during terminal differentiation of erythrocytes, but its role has been proven in various cell types. Despite recent advances in our understanding of its regulation by phosphorylation and dimerization, there remain numerous questions on how BNIP3L/NIX tightly balances between cellular life and death decisions. This brief review intends to summarize ongoing dilemmas related to BNIP3L/NIX.

Keywords:  BNIP3L/NIX; mitochondria; mitophagy; reticulocytes

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1002/2211-5463.13307
Circulation. 2021 Sep 29.

Integrated Stress Response Couples Mitochondrial Protein Translation with Oxidative Stress Control.

Guangyu Zhang, Xiaoding Wang, Chao Li, Qinfeng Li, Yu A An, Xiang Luo, Yingfeng Deng, Thomas G Gillette, Philipp E Scherer, Zhao V Wang.

Background: The integrated stress response (ISR) is an evolutionarily conserved process to cope with intracellular and extracellular disturbances. Myocardial infarction is a leading cause of death worldwide. Coronary artery reperfusion is the most effective means to mitigate cardiac damage of myocardial infarction, which however causes additional reperfusion injury. This study aimed to investigate the role of the ISR in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Methods: Cardiac-specific gain- and loss-of-function approaches for the ISR were employed in vivo. Myocardial I/R was achieved by the ligation of the cardiac left anterior descending artery for 45 minutes, followed by reperfusion for different times. Cardiac function was assessed by echocardiography. Additionally, cultured H9c2 cells, primary rat cardiomyocytes, and mouse embryonic fibroblasts were used to dissect underlying molecular mechanisms. Moreover, tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling and mass spectrometry was conducted to identify protein targets of the ISR. Pharmacological means were tested to manipulate the ISR for therapeutic exploration. Results: We show that the PERK/eIF2α axis of the ISR is strongly induced by I/R in cardiomyocytes in vitro and in vivo. We further reveal a physiological role of PERK/eIF2α signaling by showing that acute activation of PERK in the heart confers robust cardioprotection against reperfusion injury. In contrast, cardiac-specific deletion of PERK aggravates cardiac responses to reperfusion. Mechanistically, the ISR directly targets mitochondrial complexes via translational suppression. We identify NDUFAF2, an assembly factor of mitochondrial complex I, as a selective target of PERK. Overexpression of PERK suppresses the protein expression of NDUFAF2 while PERK inhibition causes an increase of NDUFAF2. Silencing of NDUFAF2 significantly rescues cardiac cell survival from PERK knockdown under I/R. Further, we show that activation of PERK/eIF2α signaling reduces mitochondrial complex-derived reactive oxygen species and improves cardiac cell survival in response to I/R. Moreover, pharmacological stimulation of the ISR protects the heart against reperfusion damage, even after the restoration of occluded coronary artery, highlighting a clinical relevance for myocardial infarction treatment. Conclusions: These studies suggest that the ISR improves cell survival and mitigate reperfusion damage by selectively suppressing mitochondrial protein synthesis and reducing oxidative stress in the heart.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.053125
Mitochondrion. 2021 Sep 24. pii: S1567-7249(21)00132-X. [Epub ahead of print]

Simulated microgravity triggers DNA damage and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis through ROS generation in human promyelocytic leukemic cells.

Ragini Singh, Mohit Rajput, Rana P Singh.

  The weightlessness or microgravity, a physical factor in space, may adversely affect the health of the space travellers or astronauts. The knowledge about the effect of microgravity on human cancer cells is very limited and poorly understood. Here, we employed rotary cell culture system (RCCS) to induce simulated microgravity (SMG) and examined its effects on human promyelocytic leukemic HL-60 cells. These cells were grown in normal gravity condition (1g) for control purpose. The 72 h exposure of cells to SMG decreased cell proliferation and viability which were accompanied by the reduced expression of PCNA and phosphorylated ERK1/2 and AKT proteins. SMG increased the DNA damage as well as the expression of DNA damage sensing proteins including ATM, ATR, Chk1, Chk2 and γH2A.X. The expression of AP1, XRCC1 and APEX1 regulating BER, XPC regulating NER and MLH1 and PMS2 regulating MMR were downregulated. However, SMG increased the expression of Ku70/80, DNA-PK and Rad51, regulating NHEJ and HR. SMG induced apoptosis and increased the levels of cleaved-poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase and cleaved-caspase-3. An increase in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential were also observed. SMG enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation which led to the enhanced DNA damage and apoptotic cell death. Overall, SMG induced ROS, DNA damage and differential expression of DNA repair genes, and altered the overall DNA repair capacity which may activate ATM/ATR-Chk1/2 and Ku70/80 and DNA-PK-mediated apoptotic cell death.

Keywords:  Apoptosis; Cancer; DNA damage; DNA repair; Microgravity; Mitochondria; ROS

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mito.2021.09.006
EMBO Rep. 2021 Sep 30. e52727

Mitochondrial F1 FO ATP synthase determines the local proton motive force at cristae rims.

Bettina Rieger, Tasnim Arroum, Marie-Theres Borowski, Jimmy Villalta, Karin B Busch.

  The classical view of oxidative phosphorylation is that a proton motive force (PMF) generated by the respiratory chain complexes fuels ATP synthesis via ATP synthase. Yet, under glycolytic conditions, ATP synthase in its reverse mode also can contribute to the PMF. Here, we dissected these two functions of ATP synthase and the role of its inhibitory factor 1 (IF1) under different metabolic conditions. pH profiles of mitochondrial sub-compartments were recorded with high spatial resolution in live mammalian cells by positioning a pH sensor directly at ATP synthase's F1 and FO subunits, complex IV and in the matrix. Our results clearly show that ATP synthase activity substantially controls the PMF and that IF1 is essential under OXPHOS conditions to prevent reverse ATP synthase activity due to an almost negligible ΔpH. In addition, we show how this changes lateral, transmembrane, and radial pH gradients in glycolytic and respiratory cells.

Keywords:  IF1; Mitochondrial F1FO ATP synthase; local pH measurements; proton motive force; ΔpH

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.15252/embr.202152727