bims-mikwok Biomed News
on Mitochondrial quality control
Issue of 2020‒09‒06
twelve papers selected by
Avinash N. Mukkala, University of Toronto
  1. The effects of mesenchymal stem cell mitochondrial transplantation on doxorubicin-mediated nephrotoxicity in rats.
  2. Inhibition of proteasome reveals basal mitochondrial ubiquitination.
  3. The regulation of mitochondrial homeostasis by the Ubiquitin Proteasome System.
  4. Challenges in Promoting Mitochondrial Transplantation Therapy.
  5. Stable retention of chloramphenicol-resistant mtDNA to rescue metabolically impaired cells.
  6. Simultaneous targeting of mitochondria and monocytes enhances neuroprotection against ischemia-reperfusion injury.
  7. The existence and function of mitochondrial component in extracellular vesicles.
  8. Increased supra-organization is a dynamic multistep remodelling of respiratory complexes against proteostasis stress.
  9. The Unique Cysteine of F-ATP Synthase OSCP Subunit Participates in Modulation of the Permeability Transition Pore.
  10. Molecular Connectivity of Mitochondrial Gene Expression and OXPHOS Biogenesis.
  11. Mitonuclear Interactions in the Maintenance of Mitochondrial Integrity.
  12. Elevated post-ischemic ubiquitination results from suppression of deubiquitinase activity and not proteasome inhibition.
  1. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2020 Sep 01. e22612
    The effects of mesenchymal stem cell mitochondrial transplantation on doxorubicin-mediated nephrotoxicity in rats.
    Gokhan Burcin Kubat, Mehmet Ozler, Oner Ulger, Ozgur Ekinci, Ozbeyen Atalay, Ertugrul Celik, Mukerrem Safali, Murat Timur Budak.
      The effect of dysfunctional mitochondria in several cell pathologies has been reported in renal diseases, including diabetic nephropathy and acute kidney injury. Previous studies have reported that mitochondrial transplantation provided surprising results in myocardial and liver ischemia, as well as in Parkinson's disease. We aimed to investigate the beneficial effects of isolated mitochondria transplantation from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in vivo, to mitigate renal damage that arises from doxorubicin-mediated nephrotoxicity and its action mechanism. In this study, a kidney model of doxorubicin-mediated nephrotoxicity was used and isolated mitochondria from MSCs were transferred to the renal cortex of rats. The findings showed that the rate of isolated mitochondria from MSCs maintains sufficient membrane integrity, and was associated with a beneficial renal therapeutic effect. Following doxorubicin-mediated renal injury, isolated mitochondria or vehicle infused into the renal cortex and rats were monitored for five days. This study found that mitochondrial transplantation decreased cellular oxidative stress and promoted regeneration of tubular cells after renal injury (P < .001, P = .009). Moreover, mitochondrial transplantation reduced protein accumulation of tubular cells and reversed renal deficits (P = .01, P < .001). Mitochondrial transplantation increased Bcl-2 levels, and caspase-3 levels decreased in injured renal cells (P < .015, P < .001). Our results provide a direct link between mitochondria dysfunction and doxorubicin-mediated nephrotoxicity and suggest a therapeutic effect of transferring isolated mitochondria obtained from MSCs against renal injury. To our knowledge, this study is the first study in the literature that showed good therapeutic effects of mitochondrial transplantation in a nephrotoxicity model, which is under-researched.
    Keywords:  doxorubicin; mesenchymal stem cell; mitochondrial transplantation; rat; renal injury
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1002/jbt.22612
  2. J Proteomics. 2020 Aug 31. pii: S1874-3919(20)30317-1. [Epub ahead of print] 103949
    Inhibition of proteasome reveals basal mitochondrial ubiquitination.
    Prasad Sulkshane, Inbar Duek, Jonathan Ram, Anita Thakur, Noa Reis, Tamar Ziv, Michael H Glickman.
      Strict quality control for mitochondrial proteins is necessary to ensure cell homeostasis. Two cellular pathways-Ubiquitin Proteasome System (UPS) and autophagy-contribute to mitochondrial homeostasis under stressful conditions. Here, we investigate changes to the mitochondria proteome and to the ubiquitin landscape at mitochondria in response to proteasome inhibition. Treatment of HeLa cells devoid of Parkin, the primary E3 ligase responsible for mitophagy, with proteasome inhibitor MG132 for a few hours caused mitochondrial oxidative stress and fragmentation, reduced energy output, and increased mitochondrial ubiquitination without inducing mitophagy. Overexpression of Parkin did not show any induction of mitophagy in response to MG132 treatment. Analysis of ubiquitin chains on isolated mitochondria revealed predominance of K48, K29 and K63-linked polyubiquitin. Interestingly, of all ubiquitinated mitochondrial proteins detected in response to MG132 treatment, a majority (≥90%) were intramitochondrial irrespective of Parkin expression. However, overall levels of these ubiquitinated mitochondrial proteins did not change significantly upon proteasome inhibition when evaluated by quantitative proteomics (LFQ and SILAC), suggesting that only a small portion are ubiquitinated under basal conditions. Another aspect of proteasome inhibition is significant enrichment of UPS, lysosomal and phagosomal components, and other heat shock proteins associated with isolated mitochondria. Taken together, our study highlights a critical role of UPS for ubiquitinating and removing imported proteins as part of a basal mitochondrial quality control system independent of Parkin. SIGNIFICANCE: As centers of cellular bioenergetics, numerous metabolic pathways and signaling cascades, the health of mitochondria is of utmost importance for ensuring cell survival. Due to their unique physiology, mitochondria are constantly subjected to damaging oxidative radicals (ROS) and protein import-related stress due to buildup of unfolded aggregate-prone proteins. Thus, for quality control purposes, mitochondria are constantly under surveillance by Autophagy and the Ubiquitin Proteasome System (UPS), both of which share ubiquitin as a common signal. The ubiquitin landscape of mitochondria has been studied in detail under stressful conditions, however, little is known about basal mitochondrial ubiquitination. Our study reveals that the extent of ubiquitination at mitochondria greatly increases upon proteasome inhibition, pointing to a large number of potential substrates for proteasomal degradation. Interestingly, most of the ubiquitination occurs on intramitochondrial proteins, components of the electron transport chain (ETC) and matrix-resident metabolic enzymes in particular. Moreover, numerous cytosolic UPS components, chaperones and autophagy-lysosomal proteins were recruited to mitochondria upon proteasome inhibition. Taken together, this suggests that the levels and functions of mitochondrial proteins are constantly regulated through ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation even under basal conditions. Unclogging mitochondrial import channels may provide a mechanism to alleviate stress associated with mitochondrial protein import or to adapt cells according to their metabolic needs. Therefore, targeting the mitochondrial ubiquitination/deubiquitination machinery, such as improving the therapeutic potency of proteasome inhibitors, may provide an additional therapeutic arsenal against tumors.
    Keywords:  Mitochondria; Mitostasis; Proteasome; Quantitative proteomics; Ubiquitin
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103949
  3. Biochim Biophys Acta Bioenerg. 2020 Aug 27. pii: S0005-2728(20)30152-3. [Epub ahead of print] 148302
    The regulation of mitochondrial homeostasis by the Ubiquitin Proteasome System.
    Cynthia Alsayyah, Oznur Ozturk, Laetitia Cavellini, Naïma Belgareh-Touzé, Mickael M Cohen.
      From mitochondrial quality control pathways to the regulation of specific functions, the Ubiquitin Proteasome System (UPS) could be compared to a Swiss knife without which mitochondria could not maintain its integrity in the cell. Here, we review the mechanisms that the UPS employs to regulate mitochondrial function and efficiency. For this purpose, we depict how Ubiquitin and the Proteasome participate in diverse quality control pathways that safeguard entry into the mitochondrial compartment. A focus is then achieved on the UPS-mediated control of the yeast mitofusin Fzo1 which provides insights into the complex regulation of this particular protein in mitochondrial fusion. We ultimately dissect the mechanisms by which the UPS controls the degradation of mitochondria by autophagy in both mammalian and yeast systems. This organization should offer a useful overview of this abundant but fascinating literature on the crosstalks between mitochondria and the UPS.
    Keywords:  Mitochondria; Mitochondrial Quality Control; Mitochondrial fusion; Mitophagy; Proteasome; Ubiquitin
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2020.148302
  4. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Sep 02. pii: E6365. [Epub ahead of print]21(17):
    Challenges in Promoting Mitochondrial Transplantation Therapy.
    Yuma Yamada, Momo Ito, Manae Arai, Mitsue Hibino, Takao Tsujioka, Hideyoshi Harashima.
      Mitochondrial transplantation therapy is an innovative strategy for the treatment of mitochondrial dysfunction. The approach has been reported to be useful in the treatment of cardiac ischemic reperfusion injuries in human clinical trials and has also been shown to be useful in animal studies as a method for treating mitochondrial dysfunction in various tissues, including the heart, liver, lungs, and brain. On the other hand, there is no methodology for using preserved mitochondria. Research into the pharmaceutical formulation of mitochondria to promote mitochondrial transplantation therapy as the next step in treating many patients is urgently needed. In this review, we overview previous studies on the therapeutic effects of mitochondrial transplantation. We also discuss studies related to immune responses that occur during mitochondrial transplantation and methods for preserving mitochondria, which are key to their stability as medicines. Finally, we describe research related to mitochondrial targeting drug delivery systems (DDS) and discuss future perspectives of mitochondrial transplantation.
    Keywords:  MITO-Porter; drug delivery; immunological reaction; mitochondria; mitochondrial storage; mitochondrial transplantation
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21176365
  5. Sci Rep. 2020 Aug 31. 10(1): 14328
    Stable retention of chloramphenicol-resistant mtDNA to rescue metabolically impaired cells.
    Emma R Dawson, Alexander N Patananan, Alexander J Sercel, Michael A Teitell.
      The permanent transfer of specific mtDNA sequences into mammalian cells could generate improved models of mtDNA disease and support future cell-based therapies. Previous studies documented multiple biochemical changes in recipient cells shortly after mtDNA transfer, but the long-term retention and function of transferred mtDNA remains unknown. Here, we evaluate mtDNA retention in new host cells using 'MitoPunch', a device that transfers isolated mitochondria into mouse and human cells. We show that newly introduced mtDNA is stably retained in mtDNA-deficient (ρ0) recipient cells following uridine-free selection, although exogenous mtDNA is lost from metabolically impaired, mtDNA-intact (ρ+) cells. We then introduced a second selective pressure by transferring chloramphenicol-resistant mitochondria into chloramphenicol-sensitive, metabolically impaired ρ+ mouse cybrid cells. Following double selection, recipient cells with mismatched nuclear (nDNA) and mitochondrial (mtDNA) genomes retained transferred mtDNA, which replaced the endogenous mutant mtDNA and improved cell respiration. However, recipient cells with matched mtDNA-nDNA failed to retain transferred mtDNA and sustained impaired respiration. Our results suggest that exogenous mtDNA retention in metabolically impaired ρ+ recipients depends on the degree of recipient mtDNA-nDNA co-evolution. Uncovering factors that stabilize exogenous mtDNA integration will improve our understanding of in vivo mitochondrial transfer and the interplay between mitochondrial and nuclear genomes.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-71199-0
  6. Sci Rep. 2020 Sep 02. 10(1): 14435
    Simultaneous targeting of mitochondria and monocytes enhances neuroprotection against ischemia-reperfusion injury.
    Arihide Okahara, Jun-Ichiro Koga, Tetsuya Matoba, Masaki Fujiwara, Masaki Tokutome, Gentaro Ikeda, Kaku Nakano, Masaki Tachibana, Tetsuro Ago, Takanari Kitazono, Hiroyuki Tsutsui, Kensuke Egashira.
      Ischemia-reperfusion injury impairs the efficacy of reperfusion therapy after ischemic stroke. Cyclophilin D (CypD)-mediated openings of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) and subsequent monocyte-mediated inflammation are considered as major mechanisms of reperfusion injury. However, no medical therapies are currently available. Therefore, we have tested a hypothesis that simultaneous targeting of mPTP and inflammation confers substantial neuroprotection after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. To address this point, we prepared CypD knockout mice, C-C chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) knockout mice and CypD/CCR2 double knockout mice. These mice were subjected to 60 min transient cerebral ischemia by occluding middle cerebral arteries. Neurological deficits evaluated 3 days after reperfusion were significantly attenuated in CypD/CCR2 double knockout mice as compared to wild-type mice and other single knockout mice. Then, we have prepared polymeric nanoparticles containing cyclosporine A (CsA-NPs) and pitavastatin (Pitava-NPs), targeting mPTP opening and inflammation, respectively. Simultaneous administration of CsA-NP and Pitava-NP at the time of reperfusion also decreased infarct size and attenuated neurological deficits as compared to control nanoparticles and single administration of CsA-NPs or Pitava-NPs. These results indicate that simultaneous targeting of the mPTP opening and monocyte-mediated inflammation could be a novel strategy for better neurological outcomes in patients with ischemic stroke.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-71326-x
  7. Mitochondrion. 2020 Aug 27. pii: S1567-7249(20)30174-4. [Epub ahead of print]
    The existence and function of mitochondrial component in extracellular vesicles.
    Dan Liu, Zhanchen Dong, Jinling Wang, Ye Tao, Xiance Sun, Xiaofeng Yao.
      Intercellular transfer of mitochondria and mitochondrial components through extracellular vesicles (EVs), including microvesicles and exosomes, is an area of intense interest. The cargos that are carried by EVs define their biological activities. Mitochondria are in charge of bioenergetics and maintenance of cell viability. Increasing evidences indicate the presence of intact mitochondria or mitochondrial components in EVs, which raises many questions, how they are engulfed into EVs and what do they do? Here, we present what is currently known about the presence and function of various mitochondrial constituent in EVs. We also review current understanding about how and why mitochondrial components are encapsulated into EVs.
    Keywords:  Exosomes; Extracellular vesicles; Microvesicles; Mitochondrial components; Mitochondrial transfer
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mito.2020.08.005
  8. J Cell Sci. 2020 Sep 02. pii: jcs.248492. [Epub ahead of print]
    Increased supra-organization is a dynamic multistep remodelling of respiratory complexes against proteostasis stress.
    Shivali Rawat, Suparna Ghosh, Debodyuti Mondal, Valpadashi Anusha, Swasti Raychaudhuri.
      Proteasome-mediated degradation of misfolded proteins prevents aggregation inside and outside mitochondria. But how do cells safeguard mitochondrial proteome and function despite increased aggregation during proteasome-inactivation? Here, using a novel two-dimensional complexome profiling strategy, we report increased supra-organizations of respiratory complexes (RCs) in proteasome-inhibited cells simultaneous to pelletable aggregation of RC-subunits inside mitochondria. Complex-II (CII) and CV-subunits are increasingly incorporated into oligomers. CI, CIII and CIV-subunits are engaged into supercomplex formation. We unravel unique quinary-states of supercomplexes at early-stress that exhibit plasticity and inequivalence of constituent RCs. Core stoichiometry of CI and CIII is preserved whereas CIV-composition varies. These partially disintegrated supercomplexes remain functionally competent via conformational optimization. Subsequently, increased stepwise integration of RC-subunits into holocomplex and supercomplexes re-establish steady-state stoichiometry. Overall, the mechanism of increased supra-organization of RCs mimics the cooperative unfolding and folding pathways for protein-folding, restricted to RCs only and not observed for any other mitochondrial protein complexes.
    Keywords:  Increased supercomplex; Multistep proteome remodelling; Proteostasis; Quinary supercomplex; Respiratory complex biogenesis; Two-dimensional complexome profiling
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.248492
  9. Cell Rep. 2020 Sep 01. pii: S2211-1247(20)31084-6. [Epub ahead of print]32(9): 108095
    The Unique Cysteine of F-ATP Synthase OSCP Subunit Participates in Modulation of the Permeability Transition Pore.
    Michela Carraro, Kristen Jones, Geppo Sartori, Marco Schiavone, Salvatore Antonucci, Roza Kucharczyk, Jean-Paul di Rago, Cinzia Franchin, Giorgio Arrigoni, Michael Forte, Paolo Bernardi.
      The mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP) is a Ca2+-activated channel that plays a key role in cell death. Thiol oxidation facilitates PTP opening, yet the targets and molecular mechanisms still await a definition. Here, we investigate the role of C141 of F-ATP synthase oligomycin sensitivity conferral protein (OSCP) subunit in PTP modulation by oxidation. We find that the OSCP C141S mutation confers resistance to PTP opening and cell death by diamide and MitoParaquat only when cyclophilin D (CyPD) has been ablated, a protective role that can be explained by CyPD shielding C141 from oxidants. The mutation decreases apoptosis in zebrafish embryos, indicating that this OSCP residue is involved in development. Site-directed mutagenesis in yeast suggests that other conserved cysteines in the α, γ, and c subunits of F-ATP synthase are not involved in PTP modulation. Thus, OSCP provides a strategic site that regulates PTP opening by the interplay between CyPD (un)binding and thiol oxidation-reduction.
    Keywords:  F-ATP synthase; OSCP; cyclophilin D; cysteine; mitochondria; oxidation; permeability transition pore
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108095
  10. Mol Cell. 2020 Aug 04. pii: S1097-2765(20)30515-3. [Epub ahead of print]
    Molecular Connectivity of Mitochondrial Gene Expression and OXPHOS Biogenesis.
    Abeer Prakash Singh, Roger Salvatori, Wasim Aftab, Andreas Aufschnaiter, Andreas Carlström, Ignasi Forne, Axel Imhof, Martin Ott.
      Mitochondria contain their own gene expression systems, including membrane-bound ribosomes dedicated to synthesizing a few hydrophobic subunits of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes. We used a proximity-dependent biotinylation technique, BioID, coupled with mass spectrometry to delineate in baker's yeast a comprehensive network of factors involved in biogenesis of mitochondrial encoded proteins. This mitochondrial gene expression network (MiGENet) encompasses proteins involved in transcription, RNA processing, translation, or protein biogenesis. Our analyses indicate the spatial organization of these processes, thereby revealing basic mechanistic principles and the proteins populating strategically important sites. For example, newly synthesized proteins are directly handed over to ribosomal tunnel exit-bound factors that mediate membrane insertion, co-factor acquisition, or their mounting into OXPHOS complexes in a special early assembly hub. Collectively, the data reveal the connectivity of mitochondrial gene expression, reflecting a unique tailoring of the mitochondrial gene expression system.
    Keywords:  assembly; co-factor acquisition; gene expression; mitochondria; network; proximity interactions; respiratory chain; ribosome; translation; tunnel exit
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2020.07.024
  11. Life (Basel). 2020 Aug 31. pii: E173. [Epub ahead of print]10(9):
    Mitonuclear Interactions in the Maintenance of Mitochondrial Integrity.
    Panagiotis Karakaidos, Theodoros Rampias.
      In eukaryotic cells, mitochondria originated in an α-proteobacterial endosymbiont. Although these organelles harbor their own genome, the large majority of genes, originally encoded in the endosymbiont, were either lost or transferred to the nucleus. As a consequence, mitochondria have become semi-autonomous and most of their processes require the import of nuclear-encoded components to be functional. Therefore, the mitochondrial-specific translation has evolved to be coordinated by mitonuclear interactions to respond to the energetic demands of the cell, acquiring unique and mosaic features. However, mitochondrial-DNA-encoded genes are essential for the assembly of the respiratory chain complexes. Impaired mitochondrial function due to oxidative damage and mutations has been associated with numerous human pathologies, the aging process, and cancer. In this review, we highlight the unique features of mitochondrial protein synthesis and provide a comprehensive insight into the mitonuclear crosstalk and its co-evolution, as well as the vulnerabilities of the animal mitochondrial genome.
    Keywords:  mitochondrial diseases; mitochondrion genetic code; mitonuclear coevolution; mt-DNA repair; translational fidelity
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/life10090173
  12. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2020 Sep 05.
    Elevated post-ischemic ubiquitination results from suppression of deubiquitinase activity and not proteasome inhibition.
    Timo Kahles, Carrie Poon, Liping Qian, Victoria Palfini, Shanmukha Priya Srinivasan, Shilpa Swaminathan, Ismary Blanco, Reunet Rodney-Sandy, Costantino Iadecola, Ping Zhou, Karin Hochrainer.
      Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion increases intraneuronal levels of ubiquitinated proteins, but the factors driving ubiquitination and whether it results from altered proteostasis remain unclear. To address these questions, we used in vivo and in vitro models of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, in which hippocampal slices were transiently deprived of oxygen and glucose to simulate ischemia followed by reperfusion, or the middle cerebral artery was temporarily occluded in mice. We found that post-ischemic ubiquitination results from two key steps: restoration of ATP at reperfusion, which allows initiation of protein ubiquitination, and free radical production, which, in the presence of sufficient ATP, increases ubiquitination above pre-ischemic levels. Surprisingly, free radicals did not augment ubiquitination through inhibition of the proteasome as previously believed. Although reduced proteasomal activity was detected after ischemia, this was neither caused by free radicals nor sufficient in magnitude to induce appreciable accumulation of proteasomal target proteins or ubiquitin-proteasome reporters. Instead, we found that ischemia-derived free radicals inhibit deubiquitinases, a class of proteases that cleaves ubiquitin chains from proteins, which was sufficient to elevate ubiquitination after ischemia. Our data provide evidence that free radical-dependent deubiquitinase inactivation rather than proteasomal inhibition drives ubiquitination following ischemia-reperfusion, and as such call for a reevaluation of the mechanisms of post-ischemic ubiquitination, previously attributed to altered proteostasis. Since deubiquitinase inhibition is considered an endogenous neuroprotective mechanism to shield proteins from oxidative damage, modulation of deubiquitinase activity may be of therapeutic value to maintain protein integrity after an ischemic insult.
    Keywords:  Cerebral ischemia–reperfusion; Deubiquitinase inhibition; Free radical production; Ubiquitin
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-020-03625-5
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