bims-mepmim 2022-08-07 papers

bims-mepmim

Biomed News

on Metabolites in pathological microenvironments and immunometabolism

Issue of 2022–08–07
twenty-one papers selected by
Erika Mariana Palmieri, NIH/NCI Laboratory of Cancer ImmunoMetabolism

Nucleotide imbalance decouples cell growth from cell proliferation.
PI3K-AKT Inhibits PANK4 to Promote De Novo Synthesis of Coenzyme A.
Loss of myeloid lipoprotein lipase exacerbates adipose tissue fibrosis with collagen VI deposition and hyperlipidemia in leptin-deficient obese mice.
Obesity and Fatty Acids Promote Mitochondrial Translocation of STAT3 Through ROS-Dependent Mechanisms.
Glutamine metabolism modulates chondrocyte inflammatory response.
Role of the cystathionine β-synthase / H2S pathway in the development of cellular metabolic dysfunction and pseudohypoxia in down syndrome.
α2-3 Sialic acid binding and uptake by human monocyte-derived dendritic cells alters metabolism and cytokine release and initiates tolerizing T cell programming.
Hydrogen Sulfide Ameliorated High Choline-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction by Inhibiting cGAS-STING-NLRP3 Inflammasome Pathway.
Nrf2 as a regulator of mitochondrial function: Energy metabolism and beyond.
13C metabolic flux analysis clarifies distinct metabolic phenotypes of cancer cell spheroid mimicking tumor hypoxia.
METTL14-dependent m6A modification controls iNKT cell development and function.
A non-canonical vitamin K cycle is a potent ferroptosis suppressor.
Microenvironmental sensing by fibroblasts controls macrophage population size.
PARP12 is required for mitochondrial function maintenance in thermogenic adipocytes.
Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles drive the potency of Toll-like receptor 9 agonist for amplified innate and adaptive immune response.
DNA methyltransferase 3 alpha and TET methylcytosine dioxygenase 2 restrain mitochondrial DNA-mediated interferon signaling in macrophages.
RNA-seq Based Transcriptome Analysis Reveals The Cross-Talk of Macrophage and Adipocyte of Chicken Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue during The Embryonic and Post-Hatch Period.
Regulation of mitochondrial proteostasis by the proton gradient.
The mystery of mitochondrial plasticity: TMBIM5 integrates metabolic state and proteostasis.
Unexpected role for IGF-1 in starvation: Maintenance of blood glucose.
Breast cancer cell-derived microRNA-155 suppresses tumor progression via enhancing immune cell recruitment and anti-tumor function.

Nat Cell Biol. 2022 Aug 04.

Nucleotide imbalance decouples cell growth from cell proliferation.

Frances F Diehl, Teemu P Miettinen, Ryan Elbashir, Christopher S Nabel, Alicia M Darnell, Brian T Do, Scott R Manalis, Caroline A Lewis, Matthew G Vander Heiden.

Nucleotide metabolism supports RNA synthesis and DNA replication to enable cell growth and division. Nucleotide depletion can inhibit cell growth and proliferation, but how cells sense and respond to changes in the relative levels of individual nucleotides is unclear. Moreover, the nucleotide requirement for biomass production changes over the course of the cell cycle, and how cells coordinate differential nucleotide demands with cell cycle progression is not well understood. Here we find that excess levels of individual nucleotides can inhibit proliferation by disrupting the relative levels of nucleotide bases needed for DNA replication and impeding DNA replication. The resulting purine and pyrimidine imbalances are not sensed by canonical growth regulatory pathways like mTORC1, Akt and AMPK signalling cascades, causing excessive cell growth despite inhibited proliferation. Instead, cells rely on replication stress signalling to survive during, and recover from, nucleotide imbalance during S phase. We find that ATR-dependent replication stress signalling is activated during unperturbed S phases and promotes nucleotide availability to support DNA replication. Together, these data reveal that imbalanced nucleotide levels are not detected until S phase, rendering cells reliant on replication stress signalling to cope with this metabolic problem and disrupting the coordination of cell growth and division.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41556-022-00965-1
Cancer Discov. 2022 Aug 05. OF1

PI3K-AKT Inhibits PANK4 to Promote De Novo Synthesis of Coenzyme A.

AKT inhibits the metabolic enzyme PANK4 to promote the de novo synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA).

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-RW2022-140
J Biol Chem. 2022 Aug 01. pii: S0021-9258(22)00764-5. [Epub ahead of print] 102322

Loss of myeloid lipoprotein lipase exacerbates adipose tissue fibrosis with collagen VI deposition and hyperlipidemia in leptin-deficient obese mice.

Manabu Takahashi, Daisuke Yamamuro, Tetsuji Wakabayashi, Akihito Takei, Shoko Takei, Shuichi Nagashima, Hiroaki Okazaki, Ken Ebihara, Hiroaki Yagyu, Yuki Takayanagi, Tatsushi Onaka, Ira J Goldberg, Shun Ishibashi.

  During obesity, tissue macrophages increase in number and become pro-inflammatory, thereby contributing to metabolic dysfunction. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL), which hydrolyzes triglyceride (TG) in lipoproteins, is secreted by macrophages. However, the role of macrophage-derived LPL in adipose tissue remodeling and lipoprotein metabolism is largely unknown. To clarify these issues, we crossed leptin-deficient Lepob/ob mice with mice lacking the Lpl gene in myeloid cells (Lplm-/m-) to generate Lplm-/m-;Lepob/ob mice. We found the weight of perigonadal white adipose tissue (WAT) was increased in Lplm-/m-;Lepob/ob mice compared with Lepob/ob mice due to substantial accumulation of both adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) and collagen that surrounded necrotic adipocytes. In the fibrotic epidydimal WAT of Lplm-/m-;Lepob/ob mice, we observed an increase in collagen VI and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), while α-smooth muscle cell actin, a marker of myofibroblasts, was almost undetectable, suggesting that the adipocytes were the major source of the collagens. Furthermore the ATMs from Lplm-/m-;Lepob/ob mice showed increased expression of genes related to fibrosis and inflammation. In addition, we determined Lplm-/m-;Lepob/ob mice were more hypertriglyceridemic than Lepob/ob mice. Lplm-/m-;Lepob/ob mice also showed slower weight gain than Lepob/ob mice, which was primarily due to reduced food intake. In conclusion, we discovered that the loss of myeloid Lpl led to extensive fibrosis of perigonadal WAT and hypertriglyceridemia. In addition to illustrating an important role of macrophage LPL in regulation of circulating TG levels, these data show that macrophage LPL protects against fibrosis in obese adipose tissues.

Keywords:  adipose tissues; collagen; fibrosis; hypertriglyceridemia; inflammation; leptin; lipoprotein lipase; macrophages; obesity

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102322
Front Aging. 2022 ;3 924003

Obesity and Fatty Acids Promote Mitochondrial Translocation of STAT3 Through ROS-Dependent Mechanisms.

Rachel Conway, Jack Donato Rockhold, Sara SantaCruz-Calvo, Emelia Zukowski, Gabriella H Pugh, Hatice Hasturk, Philip A Kern, Barbara S Nikolajczyk, Leena P Bharath.

  Obesity promotes the onset and progression of metabolic and inflammatory diseases such as type 2 diabetes. The chronic low-grade inflammation that occurs during obesity triggers multiple signaling mechanisms that negatively affect organismal health. One such mechanism is the persistent activation and mitochondrial translocation of STAT3, which is implicated in inflammatory pathologies and many types of cancers. STAT3 in the mitochondria (mitoSTAT3) alters electron transport chain activity, thereby influencing nutrient metabolism and immune response. PBMCs and CD4+ T cells from obese but normal glucose-tolerant (NGT) middle-aged subjects had higher phosphorylation of STAT3 on residue serine 727 and more mitochondrial accumulation of STAT3 than cells from lean subjects. To evaluate if circulating lipid overabundance in obesity is responsible for age- and sex-matched mitoSTAT3, cells from lean subjects were challenged with physiologically relevant doses of the saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, palmitate and oleate, respectively. Fatty acid treatment caused robust accumulation of mitoSTAT3 in all cell types, which was independent of palmitate-induced impairments in autophagy. Co-treatment of cells with fatty acid and trehalose prevented STAT3 phosphorylation and mitochondrial accumulation in an autophagy-independent but cellular peroxide-dependent mechanism. Pharmacological blockade of mitoSTAT3 either by a mitochondria-targeted STAT3 inhibitor or ROS scavenging prevented obesity and fatty acid-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines IL-17A and IL-6, thus establishing a mechanistic link between mitoSTAT3 and inflammatory cytokine production.

Keywords:  ROS; T cells; cytokines; inflammation; mitochondrial STAT3; obesity; peroxide

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3389/fragi.2022.924003
Elife. 2022 Aug 02. pii: e80725. [Epub ahead of print]11

Glutamine metabolism modulates chondrocyte inflammatory response.

Manoj Arra, Gaurav Swarnkar, Naga Suresh Adapala, Syeda-Kanwal Batool Naqvi, Lei Cai, Muhammad Farooq Rai, Srikanth Singamaneni, Gabriel Mbalaviele, Robert Brophy, Yousef Abu-Amer.

  Osteoarthritis is the most common joint disease in the world with significant societal consequences, but lacks effective disease modifying interventions. The pathophysiology consists of a prominent inflammatory component that can be targeted to prevent cartilage degradation and structural defects. Intracellular metabolism has emerged as a culprit of the inflammatory response in chondrocytes, with both processes co-regulating each other. The role of glutamine metabolism in chondrocytes, especially in the context of inflammation, lacks a thorough understanding and is the focus of this work. We display that mouse chondrocytes utilize glutamine for energy production and anabolic processes. Furthermore, we show that glutamine deprivation itself causes metabolic reprogramming and decreases the inflammatory response of chondrocytes through inhibition of NF-κB activity. Finally, we display that glutamine deprivation promotes autophagy and that ammonia is an inhibitor of autophagy. Overall, we identify a relationship between glutamine metabolism and inflammatory signaling and display the need for increased study of chondrocyte metabolic systems.

Keywords:  immunology; inflammation; mouse

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.80725
Redox Biol. 2022 Jul 21. pii: S2213-2317(22)00188-4. [Epub ahead of print]55 102416

Role of the cystathionine β-synthase / H2S pathway in the development of cellular metabolic dysfunction and pseudohypoxia in down syndrome.

Theodora Panagaki, Laszlo Pecze, Elisa B Randi, Anni I Nieminen, Csaba Szabo.

   BACKGROUND: Overexpression of the transsulfuration enzyme cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS), and overproduction of its product, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are recognized as potential pathogenetic factors in Down syndrome (DS). The purpose of the study was to determine how the mitochondrial function and core metabolic pathways are affected by DS and how pharmacological inhibition of CBS affects these parameters.
METHODS: 8 human control and 8 human DS fibroblast cell lines have been subjected to bioenergetic and fluxomic and proteomic analysis with and without treatment with a pharmacological inhibitor of CBS.
RESULTS: DS cells exhibited a significantly higher CBS expression than control cells, and produced more H2S. They also exhibited suppressed mitochondrial electron transport and oxygen consumption and suppressed Complex IV activity, impaired cell proliferation and increased ROS generation. Inhibition of H2S biosynthesis with aminooxyacetic acid reduced cellular H2S, improved cellular bioenergetics, attenuated ROS and improved proliferation. 13C glucose fluxomic analysis revealed that DS cells exhibit a suppression of the Krebs cycle activity with a compensatory increase in glycolysis. CBS inhibition restored the flux from glycolysis to the Krebs cycle and reactivated oxidative phosphorylation. Proteomic analysis revealed no CBS-dependent alterations in the expression level of the enzymes involved in glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation and the pentose phosphate pathway. DS was associated with the dysregulation of several components of the autophagy network; CBS inhibition normalized several of these parameters.
CONCLUSIONS: Increased H2S generation in DS promotes pseudohypoxia and contributes to cellular metabolic dysfunction by causing a shift from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis.

Keywords:  Down syndrome; Glycolysis; Hydrogen sulfide; Metabolism; Oxidative phosphorylation

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2022.102416
Immunother Adv. 2021 Jan;1(1): ltab012

α2-3 Sialic acid binding and uptake by human monocyte-derived dendritic cells alters metabolism and cytokine release and initiates tolerizing T cell programming.

Joyce Lübbers, Rui-Jún Eveline Li, Friederike S Gorki, Sven C M Bruijns, Ashley Gallagher, Hakan Kalay, Martino Ambrosini, Douwe Molenaar, Jan Van den Bossche, Sandra J van Vliet, Yvette van Kooyk.

  Dendritic cells (DCs) are key in the initiation of the adaptive T cell responses to tailor adequate immunity that corresponds to the type of pathogen encountered. Oppositely, DCs control the resolution phase of inflammation and are able to induce tolerance after receiving anti-inflammatory cytokines or upon encounter of self-associated molecular patterns, such as α2-3 linked sialic acid (α2-3sia).
OBJECTIVE: We here investigated whether α2-3sia, that bind immune inhibitory Siglec receptors, would alter signaling and reprogramming of LPS-stimulated human monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs).
METHODS AND RESULTS: Transcriptomic analysis of moDCs stimulated with α2-3sia-conjugated dendrimers revealed differentially expressed genes related to metabolic pathways, cytokines, and T cell differentiation. An increase in genes involved in ATPase regulator activity, oxidoreductase activity, and glycogen metabolic processes was detected. Metabolic extracellular flux analysis confirmed a more energetic moDC phenotype upon α2-3sia binding as evidenced by an increase in both glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. TH1 differentiation promoting genes IFNL and IL27, were significantly downregulated in the presence of α2-3sia. Functional assays confirmed that α2-3sia binding to moDCs induced phosphorylation of Siglec-9, reduced production of inflammatory cytokines IL-12 and IL-6, and increased IL-10. Surprisingly, α2-3sia-differentiated moDCs promoted FoxP3+CD25+/-CD127- regulatory T cell differentiation and decreased FoxP3-CD25-CD127- effector T cell proliferation.
CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, we demonstrate that α2-3sia binding to moDCs, phosphorylates Siglec-9, alters metabolic pathways, cytokine signaling, and T cell differentiation processes in moDCs and promotes regulatory T cells. The sialic acid-Siglec axis on DCs is therefore, a novel target to induce tolerance and to explore for immunotherapeutic interventions aimed to restore inflammatory processes.

Keywords:  Sialic acids and Siglecs; dendritic cells; glycolysis; regulatory T cells; tolerance

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1093/immadv/ltab012
Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022 ;2022 1392896

Hydrogen Sulfide Ameliorated High Choline-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction by Inhibiting cGAS-STING-NLRP3 Inflammasome Pathway.

Lu Bai, Jing Dai, Yuxuan Xia, Kaichuan He, Hongmei Xue, Qi Guo, Danyang Tian, Lin Xiao, Xiangjian Zhang, Xu Teng, Yuming Wu, Sheng Jin.

Although it is an essential nutrient, high choline intake directly or indirectly via its metabolite is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, the mechanism of which remains to be elucidated. The present study was performed to investigate whether hydrogen sulfide (H2S) was involved in high choline-induced cardiac dysfunction and explore the potential mechanisms. We found that ejection fraction (EF) and fractional shortening (FS), the indicators of cardiac function measured by echocardiography, were significantly decreased in mice fed a diet containing 1.3% choline for 4 months as compared to the control, while applying 3,3-dimethyl-1-butanol (DMB) to suppress trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO, a metabolite of choline) generation ameliorated the cardiac function. Subsequently, we found that feeding choline or TMAO significantly increased the protein levels of cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS), stimulator of interferon genes (STING), NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), caspase-1, and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) as compared to the control, which indicated the activation of cGAS-STING-NLRP3 inflammasome axis. Moreover, the protein expression of cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), the main enzyme for H2S production in the cardiovascular system, was significantly increased after dietary supplementation with choline, but the plasma H2S levels were significantly decreased. To observe the effect of endogenous H2S, CSE knockout (KO) mice were used, and we found that the EF, FS, and plasma H2S levels in WT mice were significantly decreased after dietary supplementation with choline, while there was no difference between CSE KO + control and CSE KO + choline group. To observe the effect of exogenous H2S, mice were intraperitoneally injected with sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS, a H2S donor) for 4 months, and we found that NaHS improved the cardiac function and reduced the protein levels of cGAS, STING, NLRP3, caspase-1, and IL-1β in mice receiving dietary choline. In conclusion, our studies revealed that high choline diet decreased plasma H2S levels and induced cardiac dysfunction via cGAS-STING-NLRP3 inflammasome axis while H2S treatment could restore the cardiac function by inhibiting cGAS-STING-NLRP3 inflammasome axis.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1392896
Free Radic Biol Med. 2022 Jul 30. pii: S0891-5849(22)00496-8. [Epub ahead of print]

Nrf2 as a regulator of mitochondrial function: Energy metabolism and beyond.

Noemí Esteras, Andrey Y Abramov.

  Mitochondria are unique and essential organelles that mediate many vital cellular processes including energy metabolism and cell death. The transcription factor Nrf2 (NF-E2 p45-related factor 2) has emerged in the last few years as an important modulator of multiple aspects of mitochondrial function. Well-known for controlling cellular redox homeostasis, the cytoprotective effects of Nrf2 extend beyond its ability to regulate a diverse network of antioxidant and detoxification enzymes. Here, we review the role of Nrf2 in the regulation of mitochondrial function and structure. We focus on Nrf2 involvement in promoting mitochondrial quality control and regulation of basic aspects of mitochondrial function, including energy production, reactive oxygen species generation, calcium signalling, and cell death induction. Given the importance of mitochondria in the development of multiple diseases, these findings reinforce the pharmacological activation of Nrf2 as an attractive strategy to counteract mitochondrial dysfunction.

Keywords:  Calcium; Dynamics; Energy; Fission; Fusion; Mitochondria; Mitochondrial biogenesis; Mitophagy; Nrf2; ROS; mPTP

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.07.013
Metab Eng. 2022 Jul 31. pii: S1096-7176(22)00095-7. [Epub ahead of print]

13C metabolic flux analysis clarifies distinct metabolic phenotypes of cancer cell spheroid mimicking tumor hypoxia.

Shingo Noguchi, Kenichi Wakita, Fumio Matsuda, Hiroshi Shimizu.

  Cancer cells adapt their intracellular energy metabolism to the oxygen-deprived tumor microenvironment (TME) to ensure tumor progression. This adaptive mechanism has focused attention on the metabolic phenotypes of tumor cells under hypoxic TME for developing novel cancer therapies. Although widely used monolayer (2D) culture does not fully reflect in vivo hypoxic TME, spheroid (3D) culture can produce a milieu similar to the TME in vivo. However, how different metabolic phenotypes are expressed in 3D cultures mimicking tumor hypoxia compared with 2D cultures under hypoxia remains unclear. To address this issue, we investigated the metabolic phenotypes of 2D- and 3D-cultured cancer cells by 13C-metabolic flux analysis (13C-MFA). Principal component analysis of 13C mass isotopomer distributions clearly demonstrated distinct metabolic phenotypes of 3D-cultured cells. 13C-MFA clarified that 3D culture significantly upregulated pyruvate carboxylase flux in line with the pyruvate carboxylase protein expression level. On the other hand, 3D culture downregulated glutaminolytic flux. Consistent with our findings, 3D-cultured cells are more resistant to a glutaminase inhibitor than 2D-cultured cells. This study suggests the importance of considering the metabolic characteristics of the particular in vitro model used for research on cancer metabolism.

Keywords:  (13)C-metabolic flux analysis; 3D culture; Cancer metabolism; Hypoxic tumor microenvironment; Spheroid

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2022.07.008
Cell Rep. 2022 Aug 02. pii: S2211-1247(22)00965-2. [Epub ahead of print]40(5): 111156

METTL14-dependent m6A modification controls iNKT cell development and function.

Liang Cao, Eva Morgun, Samantha Genardi, Lavanya Visvabharathy, Yongyong Cui, Haochu Huang, Chyung-Ru Wang.

  N6-methyladenosine (m6A), the most common form of RNA modification, controls CD4+ T cell homeostasis by targeting the IL-7/STAT5/SOCS signaling pathways. The role of m6A modification in unconventional T cell development remains unknown. Using mice with T cell-specific deletion of RNA methyltransferase METTL14 (T-Mettl14-/-), we demonstrate that m6A modification is indispensable for iNKT cell homeostasis. Loss of METTL14-dependent m6A modification leads to the upregulation of apoptosis in double-positive thymocytes, which in turn decreases Vα14-Jα18 gene rearrangements, resulting in drastic reduction of iNKT numbers in the thymus and periphery. Residual T-Mettl14-/- iNKT cells exhibit increased apoptosis, impaired maturation, and decreased responsiveness to IL-2/IL-15 and TCR stimulation. Furthermore, METTL14 knockdown in mature iNKT cells diminishes their cytokine production, correlating with increased Cish expression and decreased TCR signaling. Collectively, our study highlights a critical role for METTL14-dependent-m6A modification in iNKT cell development and function.

Keywords:  CD1; CP: Immunology; CP: Molecular biology; NKT cells; T cell development; knockout mice; m(6)A

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111156
Nature. 2022 Aug 03.

A non-canonical vitamin K cycle is a potent ferroptosis suppressor.

Eikan Mishima, Junya Ito, Zijun Wu, Toshitaka Nakamura, Adam Wahida, Sebastian Doll, Wulf Tonnus, Palina Nepachalovich, Elke Eggenhofer, Maceler Aldrovandi, Bernhard Henkelmann, Ken-Ichi Yamada, Jonas Wanninger, Omkar Zilka, Emiko Sato, Regina Feederle, Daniela Hass, Adriano Maida, André Santos Dias Mourão, Andreas Linkermann, Edward K Geissler, Kiyotaka Nakagawa, Takaaki Abe, Maria Fedorova, Bettina Proneth, Derek A Pratt, Marcus Conrad.

Ferroptosis, a non-apoptotic form of cell death marked by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation1, has a key role in organ injury, degenerative disease and vulnerability of therapy-resistant cancers2. Although substantial progress has been made in understanding the molecular processes relevant to ferroptosis, additional cell-extrinsic and cell-intrinsic processes that determine cell sensitivity toward ferroptosis remain unknown. Here we show that the fully reduced forms of vitamin K-a group of naphthoquinones that includes menaquinone and phylloquinone3-confer a strong anti-ferroptotic function, in addition to the conventional function linked to blood clotting by acting as a cofactor for γ-glutamyl carboxylase. Ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 (FSP1), a NAD(P)H-ubiquinone reductase and the second mainstay of ferroptosis control after glutathione peroxidase-44,5, was found to efficiently reduce vitamin K to its hydroquinone, a potent radical-trapping antioxidant and inhibitor of (phospho)lipid peroxidation. The FSP1-mediated reduction of vitamin K was also responsible for the antidotal effect of vitamin K against warfarin poisoning. It follows that FSP1 is the enzyme mediating warfarin-resistant vitamin K reduction in the canonical vitamin K cycle6. The FSP1-dependent non-canonical vitamin K cycle can act to protect cells against detrimental lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05022-3
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022 Aug 09. 119(32): e2205360119

Microenvironmental sensing by fibroblasts controls macrophage population size.

Xu Zhou, Ruth A Franklin, Miri Adler, Trevor S Carter, Emily Condiff, Taylor S Adams, Scott D Pope, Naomi H Philip, Matthew L Meizlish, Naftali Kaminski, Ruslan Medzhitov.

  Animal tissues comprise diverse cell types. However, the mechanisms controlling the number of each cell type within tissue compartments remain poorly understood. Here, we report that different cell types utilize distinct strategies to control population numbers. Proliferation of fibroblasts, stromal cells important for tissue integrity, is limited by space availability. In contrast, proliferation of macrophages, innate immune cells involved in defense, repair, and homeostasis, is constrained by growth factor availability. Examination of density-dependent gene expression in fibroblasts revealed that Hippo and TGF-β target genes are both regulated by cell density. We found YAP1, the transcriptional coactivator of the Hippo signaling pathway, directly regulates expression of Csf1, the lineage-specific growth factor for macrophages, through an enhancer of Csf1 that is specifically active in fibroblasts. Activation of YAP1 in fibroblasts elevates Csf1 expression and is sufficient to increase the number of macrophages at steady state. Our data also suggest that expression programs in fibroblasts that change with density may result from sensing of mechanical force through actin-dependent mechanisms. Altogether, we demonstrate that two different modes of population control are connected and coordinated to regulate cell numbers of distinct cell types. Sensing of the tissue environment may serve as a general strategy to control tissue composition.

Keywords:  fibroblast; growth factor; macrophage

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2205360119
Adipocyte. 2022 Dec;11(1): 379-388

PARP12 is required for mitochondrial function maintenance in thermogenic adipocytes.

Fan Hu, Chang Li, Yafen Ye, Xuhong Lu, Miriayi Alimujiang, Ningning Bai, Jingjing Sun, Xiaojing Ma, Xiaohua Li, Ying Yang.

  PARP12 is a member of poly-ADP-ribosyl polymerase (PARPs), which has been characterized for its antiviral function. Yet its physiological implication in adipocytes remains unknown. Here, we report a central function of PARP12 in thermogenic adipocytes. We show that PARP12 is highly expressed in brown adipose tissue and is mainly localized to the mitochondria. Knockdown of PARP12 in vitro reduced UCP1 expression. In parallel, the deficiency of PARP12 reduced mitochondrial respiration in adipocytes, while overexpression of PARP12 reversed these effects.

Keywords:  Adipocytes; mitochondria; poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases; thermogenesis

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1080/21623945.2022.2091206
Nano Res. 2022 Jul 23. 1-12

Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles drive the potency of Toll-like receptor 9 agonist for amplified innate and adaptive immune response.

Qin Zeng, Ruiqi Wang, Yuchen Hua, Hongfeng Wu, Xuening Chen, You-Cai Xiao, Qiang Ao, Xiangdong Zhu, Xingdong Zhang.

  The potency of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist to drive innate immune response was limited due to immune suppression or tolerance during TLR9 signaling activation in immune cells. Herein we addressed this problem by introducing hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HANPs) to CpG ODN (CpG), a TLR9 agonist. The study revealed that HANPs concentration and duration-dependently reprogramed the immune response by enhancing the secretion of immunostimulatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) or IL-6) while reducing the production of immunosuppressive cytokine (IL-10) in macrophages in response to CpG. Next, the enhanced immune response benefited from increased intracellular Ca2+ in macrophage by the addition of HANPs. Further, we found exposure to HANPs impacted the mitochondrial function of macrophages in support of the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the production of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the presence or absence of CpG. In vaccinated mice model, only one vaccination with a mixture of CpG, HANPs, and OVA, a model antigen, allowed the development of a long-lasting balanced humoral immunity in mice without any histopathological change in the local injection site. Therefore, this study revealed that HANPs could modulate the intracellular calcium level, mitochondrial function, and immune response in immune cells, and suggested a potential combination adjuvant of HANPs and TLR9 agonist for vaccine development.
Electronic Supplementary Material: Supplementary material (TEM image, LDH activity, the Ca2+ release in PBS, qRT-PCR analysis, H&E staining, and IL-6 level in the injection site and serum) is available in the online version of this article at 10.1007/s12274-022-4683-x.

Keywords:  Toll-like receptor 9; adaptive immune response; hydroxyapatite nanoparticles; intracellular calcium; mitochondrial function

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-022-4683-x
Immunity. 2022 Aug 04. pii: S1074-7613(22)00295-3. [Epub ahead of print]

DNA methyltransferase 3 alpha and TET methylcytosine dioxygenase 2 restrain mitochondrial DNA-mediated interferon signaling in macrophages.

Isidoro Cobo, Tiffany N Tanaka, Kailash Chandra Mangalhara, Addison Lana, Calvin Yeang, Claudia Han, Johannes Schlachetzki, Jean Challcombe, Bethany R Fixsen, Mashito Sakai, Rick Z Li, Hannah Fields, Michal Mokry, Randy G Tsai, Rafael Bejar, Koen Prange, Menno de Winther, Gerald S Shadel, Christopher K Glass.

  Deleterious somatic mutations in DNA methyltransferase 3 alpha (DNMT3A) and TET mehtylcytosine dioxygenase 2 (TET2) are associated with clonal expansion of hematopoietic cells and higher risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Here, we investigated roles of DNMT3A and TET2 in normal human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM), in MDM isolated from individuals with DNMT3A or TET2 mutations, and in macrophages isolated from human atherosclerotic plaques. We found that loss of function of DNMT3A or TET2 resulted in a type I interferon response due to impaired mitochondrial DNA integrity and activation of cGAS signaling. DNMT3A and TET2 normally maintained mitochondrial DNA integrity by regulating the expression of transcription factor A mitochondria (TFAM) dependent on their interactions with RBPJ and ZNF143 at regulatory regions of the TFAM gene. These findings suggest that targeting the cGAS-type I IFN pathway may have therapeutic value in reducing risk of CVD in patients with DNMT3A or TET2 mutations.

Keywords:  DNMT3A; TET2; TFAM; atherosclerosis; clonal hematopoiesis; interferon; mitochondria DNA; transcriptional regulation

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2022.06.022
Front Immunol. 2022 ;13 889439

RNA-seq Based Transcriptome Analysis Reveals The Cross-Talk of Macrophage and Adipocyte of Chicken Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue during The Embryonic and Post-Hatch Period.

Haidong Zhao, Mingli Wu, Xiaoqin Tang, Qi Li, Xiaohua Yi, Wanxia Zhao, Xiuzhu Sun.

  With high fecundity and short production cycle, poultry is one of the important sources of meat. During the embryonic and post-hatch period, the higher death rate caused huge economic losses in poultry production. Our previous study showed that chick subcutaneous adipose tissue is an important energy supply tissue besides yolk. Therefore, the metabolic mechanism of subcutaneous adipose tissue in chicks could provide a new perspective of brooding. The objectives of the current study were to evaluate the differences between chick subcutaneous adipose tissue and abdominal adipose tissue before and after hatching and reveal the cross-talk of different cells within the chick subcutaneous adipose tissue. The results of RNA-seq and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) of chick subcutaneous and abdominal adipose tissues showed that the function of chick subcutaneous tissue was related to immunoreaction, and macrophage could be the major immune infiltration cell type in chicken subcutaneous adipose tissue, which were also verified by qPCR, HE stain, and IHC. The results of free fatty acids (FFAs)-induced the cross-talk between macrophages and adipocytes showed that FFAs-Ccl2 (chicken CCL26) axis could have an important role in lipid transportation in adipose tissue. The results of Oil Red O and Nile red stain demonstrated that macrophages have the ability to absorb FFAs quickly. Interestingly, according to the genomic organization of CCL family with representative vertebrate species, we found that chicken CCL26 could be the major chemokine in chicken adipocyte as the status of CCL2 in mammal adipocyte. In conclusion, we demonstrate that FFA-induced Ccl2 (chicken CCL26) secretion is crucial in determining fat depot-selective adipose tissue macrophage (ATM) infiltration, which could be an important medium of lipid transportation in chicken subcutaneous adipose tissue. These findings may have multiple important implications for understanding macrophage biology with chick subcutaneous adipose tissue and provide theoretical basis for lipid metabolism in poultry brooding.

Keywords:  FFAs; abdominal adipose tissue; adipocyte; chick; macrophage; subcutaneous adipose tissue

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.889439
EMBO J. 2022 Aug 01. e110476

Regulation of mitochondrial proteostasis by the proton gradient.

Maria Patron, Daryna Tarasenko, Hendrik Nolte, Lara Kroczek, Mausumi Ghosh, Yohsuke Ohba, Yvonne Lasarzewski, Zeinab Alsadat Ahmadi, Alfredo Cabrera-Orefice, Akinori Eyiama, Tim Kellermann, Elena I Rugarli, Ulrich Brandt, Michael Meinecke, Thomas Langer.

  Mitochondria adapt to different energetic demands reshaping their proteome. Mitochondrial proteases are emerging as key regulators of these adaptive processes. Here, we use a multiproteomic approach to demonstrate the regulation of the m-AAA protease AFG3L2 by the mitochondrial proton gradient, coupling mitochondrial protein turnover to the energetic status of mitochondria. We identify TMBIM5 (previously also known as GHITM or MICS1) as a Ca2+ /H+ exchanger in the mitochondrial inner membrane, which binds to and inhibits the m-AAA protease. TMBIM5 ensures cell survival and respiration, allowing Ca2+ efflux from mitochondria and limiting mitochondrial hyperpolarization. Persistent hyperpolarization, however, triggers degradation of TMBIM5 and activation of the m-AAA protease. The m-AAA protease broadly remodels the mitochondrial proteome and mediates the proteolytic breakdown of respiratory complex I to confine ROS production and oxidative damage in hyperpolarized mitochondria. TMBIM5 thus integrates mitochondrial Ca2+ signaling and the energetic status of mitochondria with protein turnover rates to reshape the mitochondrial proteome and adjust the cellular metabolism.

Keywords:  AFG3L2; TMBIM5; mitochondrial calcium; proton gradient; respiratory chain

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.15252/embj.2021110476
EMBO J. 2022 Aug 01. e111834

The mystery of mitochondrial plasticity: TMBIM5 integrates metabolic state and proteostasis.

Mindong Ren, Michael Schlame.

Recent work identifies TMBIM5 as inner mitochondrial membrane Ca2+ /H+ exchanger, linking hyperpolarisation regulation to proteome control and energy metabolism.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.15252/embj.2022111834
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022 Aug 09. 119(32): e2208855119

Unexpected role for IGF-1 in starvation: Maintenance of blood glucose.

Fei Fang, Joseph L Goldstein, Xuanming Shi, Guosheng Liang, Michael S Brown.

  Wild-type (WT) mice maintain viable levels of blood glucose even when adipose stores are depleted by 6 d of 60% calorie restriction followed by a 23-h fast (hereafter designated as "starved" mice). Survival depends on ghrelin, an octanoylated peptide hormone. Mice that lack ghrelin suffer lethal hypoglycemia when subjected to the same starvation regimen. Ghrelin is known to stimulate secretion of growth hormone (GH), which in turn stimulates secretion of IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor-1). In the current study, we found that starved ghrelin-deficient mice had a 90% reduction in plasma IGF-1 when compared with starved WT mice. Injection of IGF-1 in starved ghrelin-deficient mice caused a twofold increase in glucose production and raised blood glucose to levels seen in starved WT mice. Increased glucose production was accompanied by increases in plasma glycerol, fatty acids and ketone bodies, and hepatic triglycerides. All of these increases were abolished when the mice were treated with atglistatin, an inhibitor of adipose tissue triglyceride lipase. We conclude that IGF-1 stimulates adipose tissue lipolysis in starved mice and that this lipolysis supplies energy and substrates that restore hepatic gluconeogenesis. This action of IGF-1 in starved mice is in contrast to its known action in inhibiting adipose tissue lipase in fed mice. Surprisingly, the ghrelin-dependent maintenance of plasma IGF-1 in starved mice was not mediated by GH. Direct injection of GH into starved ghrelin-deficient mice failed to increase plasma IGF-1. These data call attention to an unsuspected role of IGF-1 in the adaptation to starvation.

Keywords:  IGF-1; adipose tissue lipolysis; ghrelin-deficient mice; growth hormone-releasing hormone; hypoglycemia

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2208855119
J Clin Invest. 2022 Aug 04. pii: e157248. [Epub ahead of print]

Breast cancer cell-derived microRNA-155 suppresses tumor progression via enhancing immune cell recruitment and anti-tumor function.

Junfeng Wang, Quanyi Wang, Yinan Guan, Yulu Sun, Xiaozhi Wang, Kaylie Lively, Yuzhen Wang, Ming Luo, Julian A Kim, E Angela Murphy, Yongzhong Yao, Guoshuai Cai, Daping Fan.

  Evidence suggests that increased microRNA-155 (miR-155) expression in immune cells enhances anti-tumor immune responses. However, given the reported association of miR-155 to tumorigenesis in various cancers, a debate is provoked on whether miR-155 is oncogenic or tumor suppressive. We aimed to interrogate the impact of tumor miR-155 expression, particularly cancer cell-derived miR-155, on anti-tumor immunity in breast cancer. We performed bioinformatic analysis of human breast cancer databases, murine experiments, and human specimen examination. We revealed that higher tumor miR-155 levels correlate with a favorable anti-tumor immune profile and better patient outcomes. Murine experiments demonstrated that miR-155 overexpression in breast cancer cells enhanced T cell influx, delayed tumor growth, and sensitized the tumors to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. Mechanistically, miR-155 overexpression in breast cancer cells upregulated their CXCL9/10/11 production, which was mediated by SOCS1 inhibition and increased pSTAT1/pSTAT3 ratio. We further found that serum miR-155 levels in breast cancer patients correlate with tumor miR-155 levels and tumor immune status. Our findings suggest that high serum and tumor miR-155 levels may be a favorable prognostic marker for breast cancer patients, and therapeutic elevation of miR-155 in breast tumors may improve the efficacy of ICB therapy via remodeling the anti-tumor immune landscape.

Keywords:  Breast cancer; Immunology; Immunotherapy

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI157248