bims-lypmec Biomed News
on Lysosomal positioning and metabolism in cardiomyocytes
Issue of 2024–02–18
seven papers selected by
Satoru Kobayashi, New York Institute of Technology
  1. Annexin A7 mediates lysosome repair independently of ESCRT-III.
  2. Impaired lysosomal acidity maintenance in acid lipase-deficient cells leads to defective autophagy.
  3. A mechanism of lysosomal calcium entry.
  4. NPFs-mediated actin cytoskeleton: a new viewpoint on autophagy regulation.
  5. Crosstalk between protein post-translational modifications and phase separation.
  6. Double diabetes-when type 1 diabetes meets type 2 diabetes: definition, pathogenesis and recognition.
  7. Targeting Lysosomes: A Strategy Against Chemoresistance in Cancer.
  1. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2023 ;11 1211498
    Annexin A7 mediates lysosome repair independently of ESCRT-III.
    Malene Laage Ebstrup, Stine Lauritzen Sønder, Ditte Louise Fogde, Anne Sofie Busk Heitmann, Tiina Naumanen Dietrich, Catarina Dias, Marja Jäättelä, Kenji Maeda, Jesper Nylandsted.
      Lysosomes are crucial organelles essential for various cellular processes, and any damage to them can severely compromise cell viability. This study uncovers a previously unrecognized function of the calcium- and phospholipid-binding protein Annexin A7 in lysosome repair, which operates independently of the Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport (ESCRT) machinery. Our research reveals that Annexin A7 plays a role in repairing damaged lysosomes, different from its role in repairing the plasma membrane, where it facilitates repair through the recruitment of ESCRT-III components. Notably, our findings strongly suggest that Annexin A7, like the ESCRT machinery, is dispensable for membrane contact site formation within the newly discovered phosphoinositide-initiated membrane tethering and lipid transport (PITT) pathway. Instead, we speculate that Annexin A7 is recruited to damaged lysosomes and promotes repair through its membrane curvature and cross-linking capabilities. Our findings provide new insights into the diverse mechanisms underlying lysosomal membrane repair and highlight the multifunctional role of Annexin A7 in membrane repair.
    Keywords:  Annexin A7; ER-lysosome membrane contact sites (MCSs); L-Leucyl-L-Leucine O-methyl ester (LLOMe); endosomal sorting complexes required for transport III (ESCRT-III); lysosomal integrity; lysosomal membrane permeabilization; lysosome membrane repair; organelle repair
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2023.1211498
  2. J Biol Chem. 2024 Feb 12. pii: S0021-9258(24)00119-4. [Epub ahead of print] 105743
    Impaired lysosomal acidity maintenance in acid lipase-deficient cells leads to defective autophagy.
    Takahito Moriwaki, Seigo Terawaki, Takanobu Otomo.
      The lysosome is an acid organelle that contains a variety of hydrolytic enzymes and plays a significant role in intracellular degradation to maintain cellular homeostasis. Genetic variants in lysosome-related genes can lead to severe congenital diseases, such as lysosomal storage diseases. In the present study, we investigated the impact of depleting lysosomal acid lipase A (LIPA), a lysosomal esterase that metabolizes esterified cholesterol or triglyceride, on lysosomal function. Under nutrient-rich conditions, LIPA gene knockout (LIPAKO) cells exhibited impaired autophagy, whereas, under starved conditions, they showed normal autophagy. The cause underlying the differential autophagic activity was increased sensitivity of LIPAKO cells to ammonia which was produced from L-glutamine in the medium. Further investigation revealed that ammonia did not affect upstream signals involved in autophagy induction, autophagosome-lysosome fusion, and hydrolytic enzyme activities in LIPAKO cells. On the other hand, LIPAKO cells showed defective lysosomal acidity upon ammonia loading. Microscopic analyses revealed that lysosomes of LIPAKO cells enlarged, whereas the amount of lysosomal proton pump V-ATPase did not proportionally increase. Since the enlargement of lysosomes in LIPAKO cells was not normalized under starved conditions, this is the primary change that occurred in the LIPAKO cells, and autophagy was affected by impaired lysosomal function under the specific conditions. These findings expand our comprehension of the pathogenesis of Wolman's disease, which is caused by a defect in the LIPA gene, and suggest that conditions, such as hyperlipidemia, may easily disrupt lysosomal functions.
    Keywords:  LIPA; V-ATPase; ammonia; autophagy; lysosomal acidity
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105743
  3. Sci Adv. 2024 Feb 16. 10(7): eadk2317
    A mechanism of lysosomal calcium entry.
    Matthew Zajac, Sourajit Mukherjee, Palapuravan Anees, Daphne Oettinger, Katharine Henn, Jainaha Srikumar, Junyi Zou, Anand Saminathan, Yamuna Krishnan.
      Lysosomal calcium (Ca2+) release is critical to cell signaling and is mediated by well-known lysosomal Ca2+ channels. Yet, how lysosomes refill their Ca2+ remains hitherto undescribed. Here, from an RNA interference screen in Caenorhabditis elegans, we identify an evolutionarily conserved gene, lci-1, that facilitates lysosomal Ca2+ entry in C. elegans and mammalian cells. We found that its human homolog TMEM165, previously designated as a Ca2+/H+ exchanger, imports Ca2+ pH dependently into lysosomes. Using two-ion mapping and electrophysiology, we show that TMEM165, hereafter referred to as human LCI, acts as a proton-activated, lysosomal Ca2+ importer. Defects in lysosomal Ca2+ channels cause several neurodegenerative diseases, and knowledge of lysosomal Ca2+ importers may provide previously unidentified avenues to explore the physiology of Ca2+ channels.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adk2317
  4. Cell Commun Signal. 2024 Feb 12. 22(1): 111
    NPFs-mediated actin cytoskeleton: a new viewpoint on autophagy regulation.
    Yuan Dong, Chengshi Quan.
      Macroautophagy/autophagy is a lysosome-dependent catabolic process induced by various cellular stress conditions, maintaining the homeostasis of cells, tissues and organs. Autophagy is a series of membrane-related events involving multiple autophagy-related (ATG) proteins. Most studies to date have focused on various signaling pathways affecting ATG proteins to control autophagy. However, mounting evidence reveals that the actin cytoskeleton acts on autophagy-associated membranes to regulate different events of autophagy. The actin cytoskeleton assists in vesicle formation and provides the mechanical forces for cellular activities that involve membrane deformation. Although the interaction between the actin cytoskeleton and membrane makes the role of actin in autophagy recognized, how the actin cytoskeleton is recruited and assembles on membranes during autophagy needs to be detailed. Nucleation-promoting factors (NPFs) activate the Arp2/3 complex to produce actin cytoskeleton. In this review, we summarize the important roles of the actin cytoskeleton in autophagy regulation and focus on the effect of NPFs on actin cytoskeleton assembly during autophagy, providing new insights into the occurrence and regulatory mechanisms of autophagy. Video Abstract.
    Keywords:  Actin cytoskeleton; Autophagic lysosome reformation; Autophagosome formation; Autophagy; Nucleation-promoting factors
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1186/s12964-023-01444-2
  5. Cell Commun Signal. 2024 Feb 12. 22(1): 110
    Crosstalk between protein post-translational modifications and phase separation.
    Yang Liu, Wenjuan Feng, Yunshan Wang, Bin Wu.
      The phenomenon of phase separation is quite common in cells, and it is involved in multiple processes of life activities. However, the current research on the correlation between protein modifications and phase separation and the interference with the tendency of phase separation has some limitations. Here we focus on several post-translational modifications of proteins, including protein phosphorylation modification at multiple sites, methylation modification, acetylation modification, ubiquitination modification, SUMOylation modification, etc., which regulate the formation of phase separation and the stability of phase separation structure through multivalent interactions. This regulatory role is closely related to the development of neurodegenerative diseases, tumors, viral infections, and other diseases, and also plays essential functions in environmental stress, DNA damage repair, transcriptional regulation, signal transduction, and cell homeostasis of living organisms, which provides an idea to explore the interaction between novel protein post-translational modifications and phase separation. Video Abstract.
    Keywords:  Biomolecular condensates; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Phase separation; Post-translational modifications; Tumors; Viral Infections
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1186/s12964-023-01380-1
  6. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2024 Feb 10. 23(1): 62
    Double diabetes-when type 1 diabetes meets type 2 diabetes: definition, pathogenesis and recognition.
    Weronika Bielka, Agnieszka Przezak, Piotr Molęda, Ewa Pius-Sadowska, Bogusław Machaliński.
      Currently, the differentiation between type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is not straightforward, and the features of both types of diabetes coexist in one subject. This situation triggered the need to discriminate so-called double diabetes (DD), hybrid diabetes or type 1.5 diabetes, which is generally described as the presence of the insulin resistance characteristic of metabolic syndrome in individuals diagnosed with T1D. DD not only raises the question of proper classification of diabetes but is also associated with a significantly greater risk of developing micro- and macroangiopathic complications, which was independent of glycaemic control. When considering the global obesity pandemic and increasing incidence of T1D, the prevalence of DD may also presumably increase. Therefore, it is of the highest priority to discover the mechanisms underlying the development of DD and to identify appropriate methods to prevent or treat DD. In this article, we describe how the definition of double diabetes has changed over the years and how it is currently defined. We discuss the accuracy of including metabolic syndrome in the DD definition. We also present possible hypotheses connecting insulin resistance with T1D and propose possible methods to identify individuals with double diabetes based on indirect insulin resistance markers, which are easily assessed in everyday clinical practice. Moreover, we discuss adjuvant therapy which may be considered in double diabetic patients.
    Keywords:  Diabetes; Double diabetes; Indirect insulin resistance markers; Insulin resistance; Metabolic syndrome; Type 1 diabetes; Type 2 diabetes
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-024-02145-x
  7. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2024 Feb 09.
    Targeting Lysosomes: A Strategy Against Chemoresistance in Cancer.
    Ekta Shirbhate, Vaibhav Singh, Aditya Mishra, Varsha Jahoriya, Ravichandran Veerasamy, Amit K Tiwari, Harish Rajak.
      Chemotherapy is still the major method of treatment for many types of cancer. Curative cancer therapy is hampered significantly by medication resistance. Acidic organelles like lysosomes serve as protagonists in cellular digestion. Lysosomes, however, are gaining popularity due to their speeding involvement in cancer progression and resistance. For instance, weak chemotherapeutic drugs of basic nature permeate through the lysosomal membrane and are retained in lysosomes in their cationic state, while extracellular release of lysosomal enzymes induces cancer, cytosolic escape of lysosomal hydrolases causes apoptosis, and so on. Drug availability at the sites of action is decreased due to lysosomal drug sequestration, which also enhances cancer resistance. This review looks at lysosomal drug sequestration mechanisms and how they affect cancer treatment resistance. Using lysosomes as subcellular targets to combat drug resistance and reverse drug sequestration is another method for overcoming drug resistance that is covered in this article. The present review has identified lysosomal drug sequestration as one of the reasons behind chemoresistance. The article delves deeper into specific aspects of lysosomal sequestration, providing nuanced insights, critical evaluations, or novel interpretations of different approaches that target lysosomes to defect cancer.
    Keywords:  Chemotherapeutics; exocytosis; lysosomal sequestration; lysosome; lysosomotropic agents.; multidrug resistance
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.2174/0113895575287242240129120002
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