bims-lymeca 2022-12-11 papers

bims-lymeca

Biomed News

on Lysosome metabolism in cancer

Issue of 2022–12–11
eleven papers selected by
Harilaos Filippakis, University of New England

Catalase-deficient mice induce aging faster through lysosomal dysfunction.
Ginsenoside Rb1 induces autophagic lipid degradation via miR-128 targeting TFEB.
Fatty acid transport proteins (FATPs) in cancer.
USP32-regulated LAMTOR1 ubiquitination impacts mTORC1 activation and autophagy induction.
Leucine ingestion promotes mTOR translocation to the periphery and enhances total and peripheral RPS6 phosphorylation in human skeletal muscle.
Autophagy Inhibition Signals through Senescence to Promote Tumor Suppression.
Silica Nanoparticles Trigger Chaperone HSPB8-Assisted Selective Autophagy via TFEB Activation in Hepatocytes.
Phosphorylation of PBX2, a novel downstream target of mTORC1, is determined by GSK3 and PP1.
Cancer Cells Rely on Pain-Sensing Nerves in Nutrient-Scarce Conditions.
Apilimod enhances specific productivity in recombinant CHO cells through cell cycle arrest and mediation of autophagy.
Phosphatidylinositol (3,5)-bisphosphate machinery regulates neurite thickness through neuron-specific endosomal protein NSG1/NEEP21.

Cell Commun Signal. 2022 Dec 06. 20(1): 192

Catalase-deficient mice induce aging faster through lysosomal dysfunction.

Raghbendra Kumar Dutta, Joon No Lee, Yunash Maharjan, Channy Park, Seong-Kyu Choe, Ye-Shih Ho, Hyug Moo Kwon, Raekil Park.

   BACKGROUND: Lysosomes are a central hub for cellular metabolism and are involved in the regulation of cell homeostasis through the degradation or recycling of unwanted or dysfunctional organelles through the autophagy pathway. Catalase, a peroxisomal enzyme, plays an important role in cellular antioxidant defense by decomposing hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. In accordance with pleiotropic significance, both impaired lysosomes and catalase have been linked to many age-related pathologies with a decline in lifespan. Aging is characterized by progressive accumulation of macromolecular damage and the production of high levels of reactive oxygen species. Although lysosomes degrade the most long-lived proteins and organelles via the autophagic pathway, the role of lysosomes and their effect on catalase during aging is not known. The present study investigated the role of catalase and lysosomal function in catalase-knockout (KO) mice.
METHODS: We performed experiments on WT and catalase KO younger (9 weeks) and mature adult (53 weeks) male mice and Mouse embryonic fibroblasts isolated from WT and KO mice from E13.5 embryos as in vivo and in ex-vivo respectively. Mouse phenotyping studies were performed with controls, and a minimum of two independent experiments were performed with more than five mice in each group.
RESULTS: We found that at the age of 53 weeks (mature adult), catalase-KO mice exhibited an aging phenotype faster than wild-type (WT) mice. We also found that mature adult catalase-KO mice induced leaky lysosome by progressive accumulation of lysosomal content, such as cathespin D, into the cytosol. Leaky lysosomes inhibited autophagosome formation and triggered impaired autophagy. The dysregulation of autophagy triggered mTORC1 (mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1) activation. However, the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine and mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin rescued leaky lysosomes and aging phenotypes in catalase-deficient mature adult mice.
CONCLUSIONS: This study unveils the new role of catalase and its role in lysosomal function during aging. Video abstract.

Keywords:  Aging; Catalase; Lysosome; ROS; mTORC1

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1186/s12964-022-00969-2
Food Funct. 2022 Dec 09.

Ginsenoside Rb1 induces autophagic lipid degradation via miR-128 targeting TFEB.

Zhuoqun Meng, Jianing Lu, Guangcai Ge, Guang Wang, Ran Zhang, Yuhan Li, Shuang Guan, Jing Lu.

In recent years, the effect of lipid metabolism on health has attracted more and more attention. Ginseng is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine in China and is widely used as food in Asia. Ginsenoside Rb1 (Gs-Rb1) is the most abundant ingredient in ginsenoside, which has a variety of biological activities. In this study, we found that Gs-Rb1 can reduce lipid accumulation in mice and HepG2 cells induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) and palmitic acid (PA). At the same time, we also found that Gs-Rb1 could stimulate the autophagic flux of HFD-fed mice and PA-treated HepG2 cells, and it is further verified by adding the autophagy activator rapamycin (Rapa) and autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ). Furthermore, we found that Gs-Rb1 promoted the nucleus translocation of the transcription factor EB (TFEB) and the target role of miR-128, thus stimulating autophagic flux. Therefore, our results showed that Gs-Rb1 enhanced the transcription of TFEB and its downstream lysosome-related genes by inhibiting miR-128, improved the degradation ability of lysosomes to autophagosomes, and then promoted autophagic lipid degradation.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/d2fo02719d
Chem Phys Lipids. 2022 Nov 30. pii: S0009-3084(22)00097-4. [Epub ahead of print]250 105269

Fatty acid transport proteins (FATPs) in cancer.

Ranjitha Acharya, Shilpa S Shetty, Suchetha Kumari N.

  Lipids play pivotal roles in cancer biology. Lipids have a wide range of biological roles, especially in cell membrane synthesis, serve as energetic molecules in regulating energy-demanding processes; and they play a significant role as signalling molecules and modulators of numerous cellular functions. Lipids may participate in the development of cancer through the fatty acid signalling pathway. Lipids consumed in the diet act as a key source of extracellular pools of fatty acids transported into the cellular system. Increased availability of lipids to cancer cells is due to increased uptake of fatty acids from adipose tissues. Lipids serve as a source of energy for rapidly dividing cancerous cells. Surviving requires the swift synthesis of biomass and membrane matrix to perform exclusive functions such as cell proliferation, growth, invasion, and angiogenesis. FATPs (fatty acid transport proteins) are a group of proteins involved in fatty acid uptake, mainly localized within cells and the cellular membrane, and have a key role in long-chain fatty acid transport. FATPs are composed of six isoforms that are tissue-specific and encoded by a specific gene. Previous studies have reported that FATPs can alter fatty acid metabolism, cell growth, and cell proliferation and are involved in the development of various cancers. They have shown increased expression in most cancers, such as melanoma, breast cancer, prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, bladder cancer, and lung cancer. This review introduces a variety of FATP isoforms and summarises their functions and their possible roles in the development of cancer.

Keywords:  Cancer; Fatty acid; Fatty acid transport proteins; Long-chain fatty acid; Solute carrier family 27 members (SLC27A)

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2022.105269
Cell Rep. 2022 Dec 06. pii: S2211-1247(22)01524-8. [Epub ahead of print]41(10): 111653

USP32-regulated LAMTOR1 ubiquitination impacts mTORC1 activation and autophagy induction.

Alexandra Hertel, Ludovico Martins Alves, Henrik Dutz, Georg Tascher, Florian Bonn, Manuel Kaulich, Ivan Dikic, Stefan Eimer, Florian Steinberg, Anja Bremm.

  The endosomal-lysosomal system is a series of organelles in the endocytic pathway that executes trafficking and degradation of proteins and lipids and mediates the internalization of nutrients and growth factors to ensure cell survival, growth, and differentiation. Here, we reveal regulatory, non-proteolytic ubiquitin signals in this complex system that are controlled by the enigmatic deubiquitinase USP32. Knockout (KO) of USP32 in primary hTERT-RPE1 cells results among others in hyperubiquitination of the Ragulator complex subunit LAMTOR1. Accumulation of LAMTOR1 ubiquitination impairs its interaction with the vacuolar H+-ATPase, reduces Ragulator function, and ultimately limits mTORC1 recruitment. Consistently, in USP32 KO cells, less mTOR kinase localizes to lysosomes, mTORC1 activity is decreased, and autophagy is induced. Furthermore, we demonstrate that depletion of USP32 homolog CYK-3 in Caenorhabditis elegans results in mTOR inhibition and autophagy induction. In summary, we identify a control mechanism of the mTORC1 activation cascade at lysosomes via USP32-regulated LAMTOR1 ubiquitination.

Keywords:  CP: Cell biology; LAMTOR1; Rab7; Ragulator complex; USP32; autophagy; deubiquitinase (DUB); mTORC1; ubiquitin; v-ATPase

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111653
Amino Acids. 2022 Dec 06.

Leucine ingestion promotes mTOR translocation to the periphery and enhances total and peripheral RPS6 phosphorylation in human skeletal muscle.

Maksym N H Holowaty, Matthew J Lees, Sidney Abou Sawan, Kevin J M Paulussen, Ralf Jäger, Martin Purpura, Scott A Paluska, Nicholas A Burd, Nathan Hodson, Daniel R Moore.

  The activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), a master regulator of protein synthesis, by anabolic stimuli (such as muscle contraction or essential amino acids) involves its translocation to the cell periphery. Leucine is generally considered the most anabolic of amino acids for its ability to independently modulate muscle protein synthesis. However, it is currently unknown if free leucine impacts region-specific mTORC1-mediated phosphorylation events and protein-protein interactions. In this clinical trial (NCT03952884; registered May 16, 2019), we used immunofluorescence methods to investigate the role of dietary leucine on the postprandial regulation of mTORC1 and ribosomal protein S6 (RPS6), an important downstream readout of mTORC1 activity. Eight young, healthy, recreationally active males (n = 8; 23 ± 3 yrs) ingested 2 g of leucine with vastus lateralis biopsies collected at baseline, 30, 60, and 180 min postprandial. Leucine promoted mTOR translocation to the periphery (~ 18-29%; p ≤ 0.012) and enhanced mTOR localization with the lysosome (~ 16%; both p = 0.049) at 30 and 60 min post-feeding. p-RPS6Ser240/244 staining intensity, a readout of mTORC1 activity, was significantly elevated at all postprandial timepoints in both the total fiber (~ 14-30%; p ≤ 0.032) and peripheral regions (~ 16-33%; p ≤ 0.014). Additionally, total and peripheral p-RPS6Ser240/244 staining intensity at 60 min was positively correlated (r = 0.74, p = 0.036; r = 0.80, p = 0.016, respectively) with rates of myofibrillar protein synthesis over 180 min. The ability of leucine to activate mTORC1 in peripheral regions favors an enhanced rate of MPS, as this is the intracellular space thought to be replete with the cellular machinery that facilitates this anabolic process.

Keywords:  Amino acids; Anabolism; Immunofluorescence; Muscle protein synthesis; Protein trafficking; mRNA translation

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-022-03221-w
Autophagy. 2022 Dec 06.

Autophagy Inhibition Signals through Senescence to Promote Tumor Suppression.

Nanfang Peng, Helen H Kang, Yan Feng, Alexander M Minikes, Xuejun Jiang.

  Macroautophagy/autophagy, a stress-responsive cellular survival mechanism, plays important and context-dependent roles in cancer, and its inhibition has been implicated as a promising cancer therapeutic approach. The detailed mechanisms underlying the function of autophagy in cancer have not been fully understood. In this study, we show that autophagy inhibition promotes both the efficacy of chemotherapy for the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM) and therapy-induced senescence of GBM cells. As a specific cell fate characterized by permanent cell cycle arrest, senescence is also associated with the expression of a panel of specific secreted protein factors known as senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Intriguingly, we found that autophagy inhibition not only quantitatively enhanced GBM cell senescence but also qualitatively altered the spectrum of SASP. The altered SASP had increased potent activity to induce paracrine senescence of neighboring GBM cells, to skew macrophage polarization toward the anti-tumor M1 state, and to block the recruitment of pro-tumor neutrophils to GBM tumor tissues. Taken together, this study reveals novel functional communication between autophagy and senescence and suggests cancer therapeutic approaches harnessing autophagy blockage in inducing senescence-mediated antitumor immunity.

Keywords:  SASP; antitumor immunity; autophagy; glioblastoma multiform; senescence

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1080/15548627.2022.2155794
Small. 2022 Dec 04. e2204310

Silica Nanoparticles Trigger Chaperone HSPB8-Assisted Selective Autophagy via TFEB Activation in Hepatocytes.

Ye Zhu, Yukang Zhang, Zhuying Fan, Yuting Fang, Yucao Zheng, Yang Li, Man Yang, Caixia Guo, Yanbo Li, Xianqing Zhou, Zhiwei Sun, Ji Wang.

  Silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) are one of the most common inorganic nanomaterials. Autophagy is the predominant biological response to nanoparticles and transcription factor EB (TFEB) is a master regulator of the autophagy-lysosome pathway. Previous studies show that SiNPs induce autophagosome accumulation, yet the precise underlying mechanisms remain uncertain. The present study investigates the role of TFEB during SiNP-induced autophagy. SiNP-induced TFEB nuclear translocation is verified using immunofluorescence and western blot assay. The regulation of TFEB is proved to be via EIF2AK3 pathway. A TFEB knockout (KO) cell line is constructed to validate the TFEB involvement in SiNP-induced autophagy. The transcriptomes of wild-type and TFEB KO cells are compared using RNA-sequencing to identify genes of the TFEB-mediated autophagy and lysosome pathways affected by SiNPs. Based on these data and the Human Autophagy Database, four candidate autophagic genes are identified, including HSPB8, ATG4D, CTSB and CTSD. Specifically, that the chaperone HSPB8 is upregulated through SiNP-mediated TFEB activation and forms a chaperone-assisted selective autophagy (CASA) complex with BAG3 and HSC70, triggering HSPB8-assisted selective autophagy, is found. Thus, this study characterizes a novel mechanism underlying SiNP-induced autophagy that helps pave the way for further research on the toxicity and risk assessment of SiNPs.

Keywords:  EIF2AK3; HSPB8; autophagy; silica nanoparticles; transcription factor EB

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.202204310
J Biochem. 2022 Dec 07. pii: mvac094. [Epub ahead of print]

Phosphorylation of PBX2, a novel downstream target of mTORC1, is determined by GSK3 and PP1.

Reona Wada, Shun Fujinuma, Hirokazu Nakatsumi, Masaki Matsumoto, Keiichi I Nakayama.

  Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a serine-threonine kinase that is activated by extracellular signals such as nutrients and growth factors. It plays a key role in the control of various biological processes such as protein synthesis and energy metabolism by mediating or regulating the phosphorylation of multiple target molecules, some of which remain to be identified. We have here reanalyzed a large-scale phosphoproteomics data set for mTORC1 target molecules and identified pre-B cell leukemia transcription factor 2 (PBX2) as such a novel target that is dephosphorylated downstream of mTORC1. We confirmed that PBX2, but not other members of the PBX family, is dephosphorylated in an mTORC1 activity-dependent manner. Furthermore, pharmacological and gene knockdown experiments revealed that glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) and protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) are responsible for the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of PBX2, respectively. Our results thus suggest that the balance between the antagonistic actions of GSK3 and PP1 determines the phosphorylation status of PBX2 and its regulation by mTORC1.

Keywords:  glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3); mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1); phosphorylation; pre–B cell leukemia transcription factor 2 (PBX2); protein phosphatase 1 (PP1)

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1093/jb/mvac094
Cancer Discov. 2022 Dec 09. OF1

Cancer Cells Rely on Pain-Sensing Nerves in Nutrient-Scarce Conditions.

Cross-talk between cancer cells and nociceptive nerves aids tumor growth in nutrient-poor conditions.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-RW2022-214
Biotechnol J. 2022 Dec 07. e2200147

Apilimod enhances specific productivity in recombinant CHO cells through cell cycle arrest and mediation of autophagy.

Jiang-Tao Lu, Meng-Ke Xiao, Ying-Ying Feng, Xiao-Yin Wang, Le-Le Qiu, Yu-Rong Chai, Tian-Yun Wang, Yan-Long Jia.

  Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are expected to acquire the ability to produce higher recombinant therapeutic protein levels using various strategies. Genetic engineering targeting the cell cycle and autophagy pathways in the regulation of cell death in CHO cell cultures has received attention for enhancing the production of therapeutic proteins. In this study, we examined the small-molecule compound apilimod, which was found to have a positive influence on recombinant protein expression in CHO cells. This was confirmed by selective blocking of the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase. Apilimod treatment resulted in decreased expression of Cyclin-dependent kinase 3 (CDK3) and Cyclin C and increased expression of Cyclin-dependent kinase suppressor p27Kip1, which are critical regulators of G1 cell cycle progression and important targets controlling cell proliferation. Furthermore, total transcription factor EB (TFEB) was lower in apilimod-treated CHO cells than in control cells, resulting in decreased lysosome biogenesis and autophagy with apilimod treatment. These multiple effects demonstrate the potential of apilimod for development as a novel enhancer for the production of recombinant proteins in CHO cell engineering. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Keywords:  Apilimod; Autophagy; Cell Cycle; Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells; Therapeutic protein expression

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1002/biot.202200147
J Biol Chem. 2022 Dec 06. pii: S0021-9258(22)01218-2. [Epub ahead of print] 102775

Phosphatidylinositol (3,5)-bisphosphate machinery regulates neurite thickness through neuron-specific endosomal protein NSG1/NEEP21.

Lijuan Qi, Chen Sun, Shenqing Sun, Aiqing Li, Qiuming Hu, Yaobo Liu, Yanling Zhang.

  Phosphatidylinositol (3,5)-bisphosphate [PtdIns(3,5)P2] is a critical signaling phospholipid involved in endo-lysosome homeostasis. It is synthesized by a protein complex composed of PIKfyve, Vac14, and Fig4. Defects in PtdIns(3,5)P2 synthesis underlie a number of human neurological disorders, including Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, child onset progressive dystonia, and others. However, neuron-specific functions of PtdIns(3,5)P2 remain less understood. Here we show that PtdIns(3,5)P2 pathway is required to maintain neurite thickness. Suppression of PIKfyve activities using either pharmacological inhibitors or RNA silencing resulted in decreased neurite thickness. We further find that the regulation of neurite thickness by PtdIns(3,5)P2 is mediated by NSG1/NEEP21, a neuron-specific endosomal protein. Knockdown of NSG1 expression also led to thinner neurites. mCherry tagged NSG1 co-localized and interacted with proteins in the PtdIns(3,5)P2 machinery. Perturbation of PtdIns(3,5)P2 dynamics by overexpressing Fig4 or a PtdIns(3,5)P2 binding domain resulted in mis-localization of NSG1 to non-endosomal locations, and suppressing PtdIns(3,5)P2 synthesis resulted in an accumulation of NSG1 in EEA1-positive early endosomes. Importantly, overexpression of NSG1 rescued neurite thinning in PtdIns(3,5)P2 deficient CAD neurons and primary cortical neurons. Our study uncovered the role of PtdIns(3,5)P2 in the morphogenesis of neurons, which revealed a novel aspect of the pathogenesis of PtdIns(3,5)P2 related neuropathies. We also identified NSG1 as an important downstream protein of PtdIns(3,5)P2, which may provide a novel therapeutic target in neurological diseases.

Keywords:  NSG1; PIKfyve; PtdIns(3,5)P(2); neurite outgrowth; neurite thickness

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102775