bims-librar Biomed News
on Biomedical librarianship
Issue of 2023–06–11
fiveteen papers selected by
Thomas Krichel, Open Library Society
  1. CORE: A Global Aggregation Service for Open Access Papers.
  2. ChatGPT in Medical Publications.
  3. Accuracy of sources and literature.
  4. Appropriateness and Readability of ChatGPT-4 generated Responses for Surgical Treatment of Retinal Diseases.
  5. Evaluating the role and impact of health literacy for patients undergoing knee surgery.
  6. Readability of patient education materials for bariatric surgery.
  7. Digital health information on surgical treatment options for overactive bladder is underrepresented.
  8. Comparative assessment of the information available on the treatment of depression over websites in English and Hindi language.
  9. Readability assessment of patient educational materials for pediatric spinal conditions from top academic orthopedic institutions.
  10. Letter to the editor regarding "Reliability of YouTube videos on robotic spine surgery for patient education".
  11. Cricothyrotomy Online: Quality Assessment of Educational Videos on YouTube.
  12. Quality and Reliability Analysis of YouTube Videos Related to Neonatal Sepsis.
  13. Assessment of the quality and reliability of the information on spasticity on youtube.
  14. Exploring the Use of Facet Joint Injections Through Instagram.
  15. Evaluating the Distribution, Quality, and Educational Value of Videos Related to Shoulder Instability Exercises on the Social Media Platform TikTok.
  1. Sci Data. 2023 Jun 07. 10(1): 366
    CORE: A Global Aggregation Service for Open Access Papers.
    Petr Knoth, Drahomira Herrmannova, Matteo Cancellieri, Lucas Anastasiou, Nancy Pontika, Samuel Pearce, Bikash Gyawali, David Pride.
      This paper introduces CORE, a widely used scholarly service, which provides access to the world's largest collection of open access research publications, acquired from a global network of repositories and journals. CORE was created with the goal of enabling text and data mining of scientific literature and thus supporting scientific discovery, but it is now used in a wide range of use cases within higher education, industry, not-for-profit organisations, as well as by the general public. Through the provided services, CORE powers innovative use cases, such as plagiarism detection, in market-leading third-party organisations. CORE has played a pivotal role in the global move towards universal open access by making scientific knowledge more easily and freely discoverable. In this paper, we describe CORE's continuously growing dataset and the motivation behind its creation, present the challenges associated with systematically gathering research papers from thousands of data providers worldwide at scale, and introduce the novel solutions that were developed to overcome these challenges. The paper then provides an in-depth discussion of the services and tools built on top of the aggregated data and finally examines several use cases that have leveraged the CORE dataset and services.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02208-w
  2. Radiology. 2023 Jun;307(5): e231188
    ChatGPT in Medical Publications.
    Erfan Darzidehkalani.
      
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.231188
  3. Vox Sang. 2023 Jun 05.
    Accuracy of sources and literature.
    Malcolm Needs.
      
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1111/vox.13477
  4. Ophthalmol Retina. 2023 Jun 03. pii: S2468-6530(23)00246-4. [Epub ahead of print]
    Appropriateness and Readability of ChatGPT-4 generated Responses for Surgical Treatment of Retinal Diseases.
    Bita Momenaei, Taku Wakabayashi, Abtin Shahlaee, Asad F Durrani, Saagar A Pandit, Kristine Wang, Hana A Mansour, Robert M Abishek, David Xu, Jayanth Sridhar, Yoshihiro Yonekawa, Ajay E Kuriyan.
       OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the appropriateness and readability of the medical knowledge provided by ChatGPT-4, an artificial-intelligence-powered conversational search engine regarding common vitreoretinal surgeries for retinal detachments, macular holes, and epiretinal membranes.
    DESIGN: Retrospective cross-sectional study.
    SUBJECTS: This study does not involve any human participants.
    METHODS: We created lists of common questions about the definition, prevalence, visual impact, diagnostic methods, surgical and non-surgical treatment options, postoperative information, surgery-related complications, and visual prognosis of retinal detachment, macular hole, and epiretinal membrane, and asked each question three times on the online ChatGPT-4 platform. The data for this cross-sectional study were recorded on April 25, 2023. Two independent retina specialists graded the appropriateness of the responses. Readability was assessed using Readable, an online readability tool.
    MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The "appropriateness" and "readability" of the answers generated by ChatGPT-4 bot.
    RESULTS: Responses were consistently appropriate in 84.6% (33/39), 92% (23/25), and 91.7% (22/24) of the questions related to retinal detachment, macular hole, and epiretinal membrane, respectively. Answers were inappropriate at least once in 5.1% (2/39), 8% (2/25), and 8.3% (2/24) of the respective questions. The average Flesch Kincaid Grade Level and Flesch Reading Ease Score were 14.1±2.6 and 32.3±10.8 for retinal detachment, 14±1.3 and 34.4±7.7 for macular hole, and 14.8±1.3 and 28.1±7.5 for epiretinal membrane. These scores indicate that the answers are difficult or very difficult to read for the average lay person and college graduation would be required to understand the material.
    CONCLUSIONS: Most of the answers provided by ChatGPT-4 were consistently appropriate. However, ChatGPT and other natural language models in their current form are not a source of factual information. Improving the credibility and readability of responses, especially in specialized fields such as medicine, is a critical focus of research. Patients, physicians, and laypersons should be advised of the limitations of these tools for eye- and health-related counseling.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oret.2023.05.022
  5. J Knee Surg. 2023 Jun 06.
    Evaluating the role and impact of health literacy for patients undergoing knee surgery.
    Samuel D Gieg, James P Stannard, James L Cook.
       BACKGROUND: Health literacy is defined as "the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic medical information and services and the competence to use such information and services to enhance health." Much of the research regarding health literacy in orthopaedic surgery has focused on readability of education materials. However, the role of health literacy in patient reported outcomes is somewhat unknown. The purpose of this review was to evaluate the body of literature pertaining to health literacy and knee surgery outcomes.
    METHODS: A literature search was performed using keywords and MeSH terms in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, and Cochrane. Papers written between 1990-2021 were evaluated for inclusion. The title and abstract of all studies returned in each database search were screened. In the case that these did not provide sufficient information, the full-text article was reviewed.
    RESULTS: The initial database search returned a total of 974 articles for review. Eight of these were duplicate results, and one article had been retracted after publication, leaving a total of 965 to be screened for inclusion. Ninety-six articles remained after screening titles and abstracts for relevance. After applying inclusion criteria, six articles remained and were included in this review.
    CONCLUSION: It is clear that health literacy impacts patient outcomes in health care and this review suggests that general and musculoskeletal health literacy affect patient expectations, outcomes, and satisfaction before and after knee surgery. However, the peer-reviewed literature on this topic is still deficient in terms of determining effective methods for addressing this barrier to optimal patient care. Research should focus on further elucidation of the relationships among health literacy, readability, and patient education for optimizing patient outcomes and satisfaction across orthopaedic subspecialties.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2106-3638
  6. Surg Endosc. 2023 Jun 05.
    Readability of patient education materials for bariatric surgery.
    Adam Timothy Lucy, Stephanie L Rakestraw, Courtney Stringer, Daniel Chu, Jayleen Grams, Richard Stahl, Margaux N Mustian.
       INTRODUCTION: Bariatric surgery is a successful treatment for obesity, but barriers to surgery exist, including low health literacy. National organizations recommend patient education materials (PEM) not exceed a sixth-grade reading level. Difficult to comprehend PEM can exacerbate barriers to bariatric surgery, especially in the Deep South where high obesity and low literacy rates exist. This study aimed to assess and compare the readability of webpages and electronic medical record (EMR) bariatric surgery PEM from one institution.
    METHODS: Readability of online bariatric surgery and standardized perioperative EMR PEM were analyzed and compared. Text readability was assessed by validated instruments: Flesch Reading Ease Formula (FRE), Flesch Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL), Gunning Fog (GF), Coleman-Liau Index (CL), Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG), Automated Readability Index (ARI), and Linsear Write Formula (LWF). Mean readability scores were calculated with standard deviations and compared using unpaired t-tests.
    RESULTS: 32 webpages and seven EMR education documents were analyzed. Webpages were overall "difficult to read" compared to "standard/average" readability EMR materials (mean FRE 50.5 ± 18.3 vs. 67.4 ± 4.2, p = 0.023). All webpages were at or above high school reading level: mean FKGL 11.8 ± 4.4, GF 14.0 ± 3.9, CL 9.5 ± 3.2, SMOG 11.0 ± 3.2, ARI 11.7 ± 5.1, and LWF 14.9 ± 6.6. Webpages with highest reading levels were nutrition information and lowest were patient testimonials. EMR materials were sixth to ninth grade reading level: FKGL 6.2 ± 0.8, GF 9.3 ± 1.4, CL 9.7 ± 0.9, SMOG 7.1 ± 0.8, ARI 6.1 ± 1.0, and LWF 5.9 ± 0.8.
    CONCLUSION: Surgeon curated bariatric surgery webpages have advanced reading levels above recommended thresholds compared to standardized PEM from an EMR. This readability gap may unintentionally contribute to barriers to surgery and affect postoperative outcomes. Streamlined efforts are needed to create materials that are easier to read and comply with recommendations.
    Keywords:  Bariatric surgery; Health literacy; Obesity; Readability
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-023-10153-3
  7. World J Urol. 2023 Jun 05.
    Digital health information on surgical treatment options for overactive bladder is underrepresented.
    Tanja Hüsch, Sita Ober, Axel Haferkamp, Laila Schneidewind, Matthias Saar, Jennifer Kranz.
       PURPOSE: Digital health information gains growing importance in the medical landscape. Despite its opportunities, there is a risk of patient misinformation which may adversely influence the patient-physician relationship. This investigation aimed to identify and compare differences in the content and quality of online health information on overactive bladder (OAB) between different digital platforms.
    METHODS: The platforms Google search, Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn, and YouTube were searched for the keyword OAB. The search result links were classified as useful or misleading, advertisement and personal experience. Information regarding the organization of the source and available content on treatment modalities was collected. Descriptive analysis was applied. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate heterogeneity regarding the distribution of information depending on the source. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
    RESULTS: The source with the highest quantity of useful content was YouTube (100%) and Google (100%), whereas LinkedIn included mostly misleading content (73%). YouTube and Google provided the greatest variety of health information and were dominated by professional associations. Surgical procedures for treating OAB were only described in 32% and 48% of Google and YouTube results, respectively. On Google, sacral neuromodulation and OnabotulinumtoxinA were described in 26% and bladder augmentation in only 16% of the search results. In contrast, alternative medicine was present in 76%.
    CONCLUSIONS: A large gap in the information on surgical treatments of OAB could be identified independently from the utilized source. In contrast, conservative treatments and alternative medicine dominate the current informational sources.
    Keywords:  Communications media; Overactive bladder; Search engine; Social media; Surgery
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-023-04447-3
  8. Ind Psychiatry J. 2023 Jan-Jun;32(1):32(1): 106-112
    Comparative assessment of the information available on the treatment of depression over websites in English and Hindi language.
    Swarndeep Singh, Rahul Mathur, Rajesh Sagar.
       Background: The study aimed to perform a cross-sectional comparative assessment of the content and quality of information available on the treatment of depression over websites in English and Hindi language.
    Materials and Methods: We screened the first 50 links obtained on searching for depression treatment on Google, and selected 72 (44 in English; 28 in Hindi) websites. They were evaluated for coverage of different aspects of depression, quality of treatments mentioned, esthetics, and interactivity.
    Results: A significantly lesser number of Hindi websites discussed the minimum duration of treatment needed for a depressive episode (36% vs. 79%), possible side effects of treatment (18% vs. 77%), discussed suicidality in depression explicitly (25% vs. 57%), or recommended consultation with a mental health professional (11% vs. 43%). English websites more commonly mentioned psychotherapy (86% vs. 64%), electroconvulsive therapy (64% vs. 21%), and social support measures (59% vs. 32%) for depression treatment. Whereas, Hindi websites more commonly mentioned Ayurvedic/herbal medicines (46% vs. 16%), and yoga (29% vs. 4%) for treatment. Lastly, the esthetics score for English websites was significantly higher than for Hindi websites. A significantly greater number of Hindi websites were owned by commercial entities.
    Conclusion: This is the first study to systematically compare online information on depression treatment in English and Hindi language websites, and identify areas for further improvement in the overall quality of online information in Hindi. There is a need for the creation of credible and accessible online resources in regional languages like Hindi for the promotion of depression literacy among the general public by government and non-profit professional organizations.
    Keywords:  Esthetics; depression; internet; online information; treatment
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.4103/ipj.ipj_67_22
  9. J Child Orthop. 2023 Jun;17(3): 284-290
    Readability assessment of patient educational materials for pediatric spinal conditions from top academic orthopedic institutions.
    Christopher Michel, Christopher Dijanic, George Abdelmalek, Suleiman Sudah, Daniel Kerrigan, George Gorgy, Praveen Yalamanchili.
       Background: The Internet has become a popular source of health information for patients and their families. Healthcare experts recommend that the readability of online education materials be at or below a sixth grade reading level. This translates to a standardized Flesch Reading Ease Score between 81 and 90, which is equivalent to conversational English. However, previous studies have demonstrated that the readability of online education materials of various orthopedic topics is too advanced for the average patient. To date, the readability of online education materials for pediatric spinal conditions has not been analyzed. The objective of this study was to assess the readability of online educational materials of top pediatric orthopedic hospital websites for pediatric spinal conditions.
    Methods: Online patient education materials from the top 25 pediatric orthopedic institutions, as ranked by the U.S. News and World Report hospitals for pediatric orthopedics, were assessed utilizing multiple readability assessment metrics including Flesch-Kincaid, Flesch Reading Ease, Gunning Fog Index, and others. Correlations between academic institutional ranking, geographic location, and the use of concomitant multimedia modalities with Flesch-Kincaid scores were evaluated using a Spearman regression.
    Results: Only 32% (8 of 25) of top pediatric orthopedic hospitals provided online health information at or below a sixth grade reading level. The mean Flesch-Kincaid score was 9.3 ± 2.5, Flesch Reading Ease 48.3 ± 16.2, Gunning Fog Score 10.7 ± 3.0, Coleman-Liau Index 12.1 ± 2.8, Simple Measure of the Gobbledygook Index 11.7 ± 2.1, Automated Readability Index 9.0 ± 2.7, FORCAST 11.3 ± 1.2, and Dale-Chall Readability Index 6.7 ± 1.4. There was no significant correlation between institutional ranking, geographic location, or use of video material with Flesch-Kincaid scores (p = 0.1042, p = 0.7776, p = 0.3275, respectively).
    Conclusion: Online educational material for pediatric spinal conditions from top pediatric orthopedic institutional websites is associated with excessively complex language which may limit comprehension for the majority of the US population.
    Type of study/Level of evidence: Economic and Decision Analysis/level III.
    Keywords:  Readability; educational; online; patient; pediatric; spine
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1177/18632521231156435
  10. J Clin Neurosci. 2023 Jun 02. pii: S0967-5868(23)00133-9. [Epub ahead of print]
    Letter to the editor regarding "Reliability of YouTube videos on robotic spine surgery for patient education".
    Run Lin, Xingrui Peng, Zhuhai Li, Jiancheng Zeng.
      
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2023.05.021
  11. Am Surg. 2023 Jun 07. 31348231183122
    Cricothyrotomy Online: Quality Assessment of Educational Videos on YouTube.
    Margot E Day, Catherine H Zwemer, Ayal Z Pierce, Karen Wanersdorfer, Susan Kartiko, Matthew LaPorta, Babak Sarani, Hope T Jackson, Jordan M Estroff.
       BACKGROUND: Medical learners may use YouTube® videos to prepare for procedures. Videos are convenient and readily available, but without any uploading standards, their accuracy and quality for education are uncertain. We assessed the quality of emergency cricothyrotomy videos on YouTube through an expert panel of surgeons with objective quality metrics.
    METHODS: A YouTube® search for "emergency cricothyrotomy" was performed and results were filtered to remove animations and lectures. The 4 most-viewed videos were sent to a panel of trauma surgeons for evaluation. An educational quality (EQ) score was generated for each video based on its ability to explain the procedure indications, orient the viewer to the patient, provide accurate narration, provide clear views of procedure, identify relevant instrumentation and anatomy, and explain critical maneuvers. Reviewers were also asked if safety concerns were present and encouraged to give feedback in a free-response field.
    RESULTS: Four surgical attendings completed the survey. The median EQ score was 6 on a 7-point scale (95% CI [6, 6]). All but one of the individual parameters had a median EQ score of 6 (95% CI: indications [3, 7], orientation [5, 7], narration [6, 7], clarity [6, 7], instruments [6, 7], anatomy [6, 6], critical maneuvers [5, 6]). Safety received a lower EQ score (5.5, 95% CI [2, 6]).
    CONCLUSIONS: The most-viewed cricothyrotomy videos were rated positively by surgical attendings. Still, it is necessary to know if medical learners can distinguish high from low quality videos. If not, this suggests a need for surgical societies to create high-quality videos that can be reliably and efficiently accessed on YouTube®.
    Keywords:  education; educational videos; emergency cricothyrotomy; online learning; surgery videos
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1177/00031348231183122
  12. Cureus. 2023 May;15(5): e38422
    Quality and Reliability Analysis of YouTube Videos Related to Neonatal Sepsis.
    Handan Hakyemez Toptan, Ali Kizildemir.
      Aim Neonatal sepsis is a clinical syndrome of illness accompanied by bacteremia that develops in the first month of life. The objective of this study was to evaluate the reliability and quality of YouTubeTM (www.youtube.com) videos pertaining neonatal sepsis. Methods The first 100 videos on YouTubeTM pertaining to neonatal sepsis were included in the analysis. Features like videos' image type, content and qualification of video creators were recorded. In addition, videos' length, upload date, time since upload, comment and like counts were also recorded. Quality of the videos was measured by the researchers using the Global Quality Scale (GQS) and reliability of the videos was evaluated through the DISCERN (Quality Criteria for Consumer Health Information on Treatment Choices) tool. Results The total length of the examined 100 videos was 35.84 hours and the total view count was 1,173,247. The most common video content was general information about neonatal sepsis, education and diagnosis. When qualification of the video creators was examined, the most common creators were physicians followed by other persons and health channels. The videos were divided into two groups according to the creators. Accordingly, 40 (40%) videos were uploaded by professionals and 60 by non-professionals. There was a statistically significant difference between physicians and non-physicians in terms of the mean DISCERN and GQS scores (both, p<0.01). Conclusion Both DISCERN and GQS scores were statistically significantly higher in the videos provided by physicians. Physicians should be encouraged to upload accurate informative videos about neonatal sepsis and direct parents to accurate sources of treatment.
    Keywords:  discern; gqs; neonatal sepsis; quality; reliability; youtube
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.38422
  13. J Clin Neurosci. 2023 Jun 01. pii: S0967-5868(23)00130-3. [Epub ahead of print]113 142-146
    Assessment of the quality and reliability of the information on spasticity on youtube.
    Cuma Uz, Ebru Umay, Fatma Ballı Uz, Damla Cankurtaran, Ibrahim Gundogdu.
       BACKGROUND: Youtube has become an influential source of health. This study aimed to evaluate the reliability and quality of YouTube videos on spasticity.
    METHODS: The keywords " spasticity, spasticity treatment, spasticity exercises" were used to search for videos. According to the search results, 180 videos were analyzed, videometric characteristics of the videos were recorded, and 2 groups were formed as health professionals and non-health professionals according to the video source. In addition, low, medium and high quality groups were formed using the global quality score (GQS). The reliability of the videos was evaluated using the modified DISCERN (mDISCERN) scale. Video popularity was assessed using the video power index (VPI).
    RESULTS: After excluding videos that met the exclusion criteria, the remaining 68 videos were analyzed. The videos were uploaded by healthcare professionals (n = 47, 69.1%) and non-healthcare professionals (n = 21, 30.9%). The popularity (VPI), reliability (mDISCERN) and quality (GQS) of videos uploaded by healthcare professionals were significantly higher (p = 0.002, p = 0.001, p = 0.021, respectively). Most of the videos were of high quality according to GQS (n = 40, 58.8%). All of the high quality videos were of healthcare professionals. The number of sources from healthcare professionals was significantly higher in high quality videos than in both low (p = 0.001) and medium (p = 0.001) quality videos.
    CONCLUSION: We can conclude that most of the YouTube videos on spasticity are reliable and of high quality. However, it should be kept in mind that patients may be exposed to low-quality and unreliable videos with misleading content.
    Keywords:  Social media; Spasticity; Video quality; YouTube
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2023.05.018
  14. Cureus. 2023 May;15(5): e38554
    Exploring the Use of Facet Joint Injections Through Instagram.
    Halil C Kose.
       PURPOSE:  Facet joint injection (FJI) is a minimally invasive procedure used to relieve pain and inflammation in the facet joints of the spine. In light of the growing presence of social media, it is essential to comprehend its effects on the healthcare industry. Little is known about how FJI is discussed on Instagram. The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics and production sources of FJI-related posts on Instagram.
    METHODS AND MATERIALS: This study provides a descriptive analysis of Instagram posts with the keywords #facetjointinjection, #facetjointinjections, #facetinjection, #facetinjections, #facetblock, and #facetblocks on March 1, 2023. The results were categorized by source into four groups; posts created by healthcare professionals (surgeon/non-surgeon), medical organizations, patients, or not otherwise specified. The content was categorized by type (educational and patient/physician experience) and user influence (number of followers and posts).
    RESULTS: The search resulted in 2718 posts. Most post uploaders were mainly physicians (43.1%, n = 275). The distribution of remaining Instagram users with FJIs posts was as follows: 27.1% (n=173) patients, 16.3% (n=104) medical organizations, and 13.4% (n=86) not otherwise specified. Among the posts, 1136 (41.7 %) were from accounts created by patients, 1015 (37.3%) by physicians, 441 (16.2%) by medical organizations, and 126 (4.6%) were unspecified. The analysis showed a significant difference in the distribution of posts among patients and physicians, as well as patients and other unspecified groups (p<0.05). The reported side effects were as follows: pain around the injection site (36%), swelling (17%), weight gain (15%), and anxiety (32%).
    CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that physicians are widely present on social media. However, when searching for posts about facet joint interventions, posts written by patients are more likely to be seen by the public. The results of this article emphasize the impact physicians have on online platforms and the need to raise FJI awareness on Instagram. Due to a lack of information and their anxiety about the unknown, patients have voiced hesitation about undergoing FJIs. To address this issue, it is the responsibility of physicians to enhance the accessibility of accurate information for patients in order to alleviate their anxiety. Additionally, reputable pain medicine societies and qualified specialists should upload credible posts on facet joint interventions that include accurate information, high-quality images and videos, and proper scientific commentary, with the aim of enhancing the quality of online health information.
    Keywords:  chronic pain management; content analysis; digital health awareness; facet joint injection; facet pain; health communications; instagram; internet; online platform; social media platform
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.38554
  15. J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev. 2023 06 01. 7(6):
    Evaluating the Distribution, Quality, and Educational Value of Videos Related to Shoulder Instability Exercises on the Social Media Platform TikTok.
    Mikhail A Bethell, Albert T Anastasio, Joshua R Taylor, Troy Q Tabarestani, Christopher S Klifto, Oke Anakwenze.
       BACKGROUND: Because of the lack of scientific oversight, the quality, applicability, and consistency of healthcare-related TikTok videos have become a focus of research exploration. The orthopaedic surgery literature lags behind other medical fields in analyzing the widespread utilization of TikTok videos for medical information delivery.
    METHODS: TikTok was queried using the hashtag #shoulderstabilityexercises, and 109 videos were included. The videos were collected by two authors and independently evaluated using DISCERN (a well-validated informational analysis tool) and shoulder stability exercise education score (a self-designed tool for the evaluation of shoulder instability-related exercises).
    RESULTS: DISCERN scores of videos uploaded by general users had significantly lower scores in all four categories than those uploaded by healthcare professionals (P < 0.001, P = 0.005, P = 0.002, and P < 0.001). For the shoulder stability exercise education score, general users had a significantly lower score than the healthcare professionals at 3.36 and 4.91 on a 25-point scale, respectively (P = 0.034). General users had more videos graded as very poor (84.2%) in comparison to the number of videos uploaded by healthcare professionals deemed very poor (51.5%). However, the remainder of healthcare professionals had their videos graded as poor (48.5%).
    CONCLUSION: Despite slightly improved video quality from healthcare professionals, the overall educational of the videos related to shoulder instability exercises was poor.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.5435/JAAOSGlobal-D-23-00034
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