bims-librar Biomed News
on Biomedical librarianship
Issue of 2022–05–22
fiveteen papers selected by
Thomas Krichel, Open Library Society
  1. Making the most of public policy in health libraries and information services: Example of the Health and Care Bill 2022.
  2. Search where you will find most: Comparing the disciplinary coverage of 56 bibliographic databases.
  3. Professional Social Work and Public Libraries in the United States: A Scoping Review.
  4. Evaluation of publication type tagging as a strategy to screen randomized controlled trial articles in preparing systematic reviews.
  5. [The librarian at the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social].
  6. Past and future uses of text mining in ecology and evolution.
  7. What Hundreds of Millions of Patients With Dry Eye Will Find on YouTube: A Quality and Reliability Research of the YouTube Videos.
  8. Readability, Quality, and Comprehensiveness of Patient Online Health Resources for Hand Dermatitis.
  9. The quality and accuracy of direct-to-consumer biologic marketing for shoulder pathology are poor.
  10. Is YouTube a reliable source of health-related information? A systematic review.
  11. Misinformation About the Human Gut Microbiome in YouTube Videos: Cross-sectional Study.
  12. YouTube and the Achilles Tendon: An Analysis of Internet Information Reliability and Content Quality.
  13. Australian women's information-seeking preferences and needs in preparation for pregnancy.
  14. Searching for Answers: Information-Seeking by Young People At-Risk for Huntington's Disease.
  15. Temporal search persistence, certainty, and source preference in dentistry: Results from the National Dental PBRN.
  1. Health Info Libr J. 2022 Jun;39(2): 99-101
    Making the most of public policy in health libraries and information services: Example of the Health and Care Bill 2022.
    Ruth Carlyle.
      Public policy changes, such as new legislation, can seem distant from health knowledge and libraries services. The changes can provide, however, opportunities for health libraries and information services across sectors to demonstrate their value, supporting their ongoing funding and integration. The Health and Care Bill 2022 is an example of a public policy change that has specific implications in England, but also demonstrates the elements to look out for in new legislation as opportunities for health libraries and information services.
    Keywords:  United Kingdom (UK); governance; health care; health policy; leadership; libraries
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1111/hir.12432
  2. Scientometrics. 2022 ;127(5): 2683-2745
    Search where you will find most: Comparing the disciplinary coverage of 56 bibliographic databases.
    Michael Gusenbauer.
      This paper introduces a novel scientometrics method and applies it to estimate the subject coverages of many of the popular English-focused bibliographic databases in academia. The method uses query results as a common denominator to compare a wide variety of search engines, repositories, digital libraries, and other bibliographic databases. The method extends existing sampling-based approaches that analyze smaller sets of database coverages. The findings show the relative and absolute subject coverages of 56 databases-information that has often not been available before. Knowing the databases' absolute subject coverage allows the selection of the most comprehensive databases for searches requiring high recall/sensitivity, particularly relevant in lookup or exploratory searches. Knowing the databases' relative subject coverage allows the selection of specialized databases for searches requiring high precision/specificity, particularly relevant in systematic searches. The findings illustrate not only differences in the disciplinary coverage of Google Scholar, Scopus, or Web of Science, but also of less frequently analyzed databases. For example, researchers might be surprised how Meta (discontinued), Embase, or Europe PMC are found to cover more records than PubMed in Medicine and other health subjects. These findings should encourage researchers to re-evaluate their go-to databases, also against newly introduced options. Searching with more comprehensive databases can improve finding, particularly when selecting the most fitting databases needs particular thought, such as in systematic reviews and meta-analyses. This comparison can also help librarians and other information experts re-evaluate expensive database procurement strategies. Researchers without institutional access learn which open databases are likely most comprehensive in their disciplines.
    Keywords:  Basket of keywords; Bibliographic database; Comparison; Query hit counts; Search system; Subject coverage
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-022-04289-7
  3. Soc Work. 2022 May 19. pii: swac025. [Epub ahead of print]
    Professional Social Work and Public Libraries in the United States: A Scoping Review.
    Sunwoo Lee, Junghee Bae, Caroline N Sharkey, Olaoluwa H Bakare, Jenna Embrey, Mary Ager.
      This study aims to investigate how professional social work is practiced in U.S. public libraries using a scoping review method. Following Arksey and O'Malley's framework for conducting a scoping review, the research team undertook a scoping review of academic literature, such as peer-reviewed studies, academic conference presentations, and dissertations/theses, as well as so-called gray literature, including news articles and web search results. After every author's review, a total of 53 materials were included in the review. The findings from this study provide evidence that collaborations between social work and libraries are documented in the academic and gray literatures, and the collaborations have been rapidly increasing since 2015. The findings also show that these collaborations tend to operate in three main ways: (1) professional social workers and social work interns directly working with library patrons, (2) professional social workers providing consultation with or training to library staff, and (3) social workers providing linkages between library staff and community-based social services agencies.
    Keywords:  professional social work; public libraries; scoping reviews
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/swac025
  4. JAMIA Open. 2022 Apr;5(1): ooac015
    Evaluation of publication type tagging as a strategy to screen randomized controlled trial articles in preparing systematic reviews.
    Jodi Schneider, Linh Hoang, Yogeshwar Kansara, Aaron M Cohen, Neil R Smalheiser.
       Objectives: To produce a systematic review (SR), reviewers typically screen thousands of titles and abstracts of articles manually to find a small number which are read in full text to find relevant articles included in the final SR. Here, we evaluate a proposed automated probabilistic publication type screening strategy applied to the randomized controlled trial (RCT) articles (i.e., those which present clinical outcome results of RCT studies) included in a corpus of previously published Cochrane reviews.
    Materials and Methods: We selected a random subset of 558 published Cochrane reviews that specified RCT study only inclusion criteria, containing 7113 included articles which could be matched to PubMed identifiers. These were processed by our automated RCT Tagger tool to estimate the probability that each article reports clinical outcomes of a RCT.
    Results: Removing articles with low predictive scores P < 0.01 eliminated 288 included articles, of which only 22 were actually typical RCT articles, and only 18 were actually typical RCT articles that MEDLINE indexed as such. Based on our sample set, this screening strategy led to fewer than 0.05 relevant RCT articles being missed on average per Cochrane SR.
    Discussion: This scenario, based on real SRs, demonstrates that automated tagging can identify RCT articles accurately while maintaining very high recall. However, we also found that even SRs whose inclusion criteria are restricted to RCT studies include not only clinical outcome articles per se, but a variety of ancillary article types as well.
    Conclusions: This encourages further studies learning how best to incorporate automated tagging of additional publication types into SR triage workflows.
    Keywords:  RCT Tagger; information retrieval; randomized controlled trials; systematic review automation
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1093/jamiaopen/ooac015
  5. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc. 2022 May 20. 60(3): 242-245
    [The librarian at the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social].
    José Antonio Franco-Rico, Alfredo Jaramillo-García, Uriel Alberto Enriquez-Benitez, Rosa Isela Avila-Malpica, Omar Chávez-Martínez, Rachel Karem Chávez-Ballesteros.
      In the information units that make up the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) Library System, the task of guiding and training users on the use of information is a complex process, due to the specificity of the users' information needs. The information systems that are used in the Institute require the personal librarian to have specific information skills for access, evaluation, organization and use of information through information technologies. However, there are important challenges, such as the lack of definition of the professional profile of the medical librarian, because it is essential for the staff to efficiently satisfy the demands and needs of users according to their various profiles.
    Keywords:  Health Facilities; Information Services; Librarians; Libraries, Medical; Library Science
  6. Proc Biol Sci. 2022 May 25. 289(1975): 20212721
    Past and future uses of text mining in ecology and evolution.
    Maxwell J Farrell, Liam Brierley, Anna Willoughby, Andrew Yates, Nicole Mideo.
      Ecology and evolutionary biology, like other scientific fields, are experiencing an exponential growth of academic manuscripts. As domain knowledge accumulates, scientists will need new computational approaches for identifying relevant literature to read and include in formal literature reviews and meta-analyses. Importantly, these approaches can also facilitate automated, large-scale data synthesis tasks and build structured databases from the information in the texts of primary journal articles, books, grey literature, and websites. The increasing availability of digital text, computational resources, and machine-learning based language models have led to a revolution in text analysis and natural language processing (NLP) in recent years. NLP has been widely adopted across the biomedical sciences but is rarely used in ecology and evolutionary biology. Applying computational tools from text mining and NLP will increase the efficiency of data synthesis, improve the reproducibility of literature reviews, formalize analyses of research biases and knowledge gaps, and promote data-driven discovery of patterns across ecology and evolutionary biology. Here we present recent use cases from ecology and evolution, and discuss future applications, limitations and ethical issues.
    Keywords:  computational linguistics; database construction; information extraction; literature synthesis; natural language processing
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.2721
  7. Cornea. 2022 May 13.
    What Hundreds of Millions of Patients With Dry Eye Will Find on YouTube: A Quality and Reliability Research of the YouTube Videos.
    Ahmet Kürşad Sakallioğlu, Rüveyde Garip.
       PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the demographic features, quality, and reliability of YouTube videos addressing dry eye disease (DED).
    METHODS: The term "dry eye disease" has been searched on YouTube. The first 500 videos that emerged using the defined search term were evaluated. Duplicated-split videos, videos shorter than 60 seconds, videos with a language other than English or videos with an unintelligible English accent, and videos unrelated to DED were excluded. Video uploaders, types, origins, durations, and viewer interactions of the videos were noted. DISCERN, the Global Quality Score, and the Video Quality Score (created by the authors) were used to evaluate the video quality.
    RESULTS: Of the 500 videos, 262 videos were excluded, and the remaining 238 videos were evaluated. Videos were of moderate quality on all 3 scoring systems. The medical institute and academic society videos had the highest quality (P < 0.05). The quality of videos uploaded by physicians was significantly lower than medical institute and academic society videos and was higher than the others (P < 0.05). User interactions and video duration were weakly positively correlated with the video quality (P < 0.05).
    CONCLUSIONS: Among YouTube videos on DED, only a minority are of good or excellent quality. Videos uploaded by medical institutes or academic societies scored higher in quality than those uploaded by physicians, which, in turn, scored higher than those uploaded by all others. User interactions were weakly correlated with quality values, suggesting user interactions are not good indicators of the quality of YouTube videos on DED.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1097/ICO.0000000000003064
  8. Dermatitis. 2022 May-Jun 01;33(3):33(3): e31-e33
    Readability, Quality, and Comprehensiveness of Patient Online Health Resources for Hand Dermatitis.
    Devea R De, Terri Shih, Jennifer L Hsiao, Vivian Y Shi.
      
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1097/DER.0000000000000896
  9. JSES Int. 2022 May;6(3): 518-522
    The quality and accuracy of direct-to-consumer biologic marketing for shoulder pathology are poor.
    Mathangi Sridharan, Marisa Ulrich, Ryan Thacher, Steven Swinehart, Michael R Baria, Grant L Jones, Julie Y Bishop, Gregory L Cvetanovich, Ryan C Rauck.
       Background: The growing role of biologic therapies as adjunct or standalone procedures in orthopedic practice has led to greater levels of direct-to-consumer biologic marketing. The present study aims to assess the quality, accuracy, and readability of online educational resources available to patients regarding biologic therapies for shoulder pathology.
    Methods: Eight search terms relevant to shoulder biologic therapies (shoulder + BMAC, Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate, PRP, Platelet Rich Plasma, Lipogems, Adipose Tissue, Biologic therapy, and Stem cell therapy) were searched across three separate search engines. The first 25 websites of each search were recorded. Duplicate websites and those not specific to shoulder pathology were excluded. Three evaluators independently assessed quality using an author-derived scoring rubric for a total of 25 possible points and accuracy for a total of 12 possible points. The Flesch-Kincaid readability test was used to quantify reading levels. Websites were further characterized by authorship and the presence of commercial bias.
    Results: Of the 600 results from the initial search, 59 met inclusion criteria. The mean quality of the websites was poor, with 7.97 ± 2.3 of 25 points (32%). The mean accuracy was low, with 8.47 ± 1.52 of 12 points (71%). The average reading level was 11.2 ± 1.93, with 32% of websites' reading at greater than 12th grade reading level. The search terms of "shoulder PRP" and "shoulder Platelet Rich Plasma" yielded the highest quality results (mean = 8.14 ± 2.63). "shoulder Lipogems" and "shoulder Adipose tissue" yielded the most accurate results (mean = 9.25 ± 0.96). "shoulder BMAC" and "shoulder bone marrow aspirate concentrate" were most difficult to read (mean = 12.54 ± 3.73). Sixty-four percent of websites were authored by physicians, hospitals, or medical groups. The accuracy of websites authored by health care professionals was significantly higher than the accuracy of those authored by other industry sources (P = .01). Fifteen percent of websites demonstrated commercial bias.
    Discussion: The online resources available to patients seeking information about biologic therapies for the treatment of shoulder pathologies are of very poor quality, moderately poor accuracy, and advanced readability. Providers should caution patients about the reliability of direct-to-consumer biologic marketing for shoulder pathology.
    Conclusion: The information available to patients online regarding the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of shoulder pathology with biologic therapies is of poor quality and accuracy and difficult readability.
    Keywords:  Adipose tissue; Biologic therapy; Bone marrow aspirate concentrate; Lipogems; Platelet-rich plasma; Shoulder; Stem cell therapy
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseint.2021.12.013
  10. BMC Med Educ. 2022 May 19. 22(1): 382
    Is YouTube a reliable source of health-related information? A systematic review.
    Wael Osman, Fatma Mohamed, Mohamed Elhassan, Abdulhadi Shoufan.
       BACKGROUND: YouTube is a valuable source of health-related educational material which can have a profound impact on people's behaviors and decisions. However, YouTube contains a wide variety of unverified content that may promote unhealthy behaviors and activities. We aim in this systematic review to provide insight into the published literature concerning the quality of health information and educational videos found on YouTube.
    METHODS: We searched Google Scholar, Medline (through PubMed), EMBASE, Scopus, Direct Science, Web of Science, and ProQuest databases to find all papers on the analysis of medical and health-related content published in English up to August 2020. Based on eligibility criteria, 202 papers were included in our study. We reviewed every article and extracted relevant data such as the number of videos and assessors, the number and type of quality categories, and the recommendations made by the authors. The extracted data from the papers were aggregated using different methods to compile the results.
    RESULTS: The total number of videos assessed in the selected articles is 22,300 (median = 94, interquartile range = 50.5-133). The videos were evaluated by one or multiple assessors (median = 2, interquartile range = 1-3). The video quality was assessed by scoring, categorization, or based on creators' bias. Researchers commonly employed scoring systems that are either standardized (e.g., GQS, DISCERN, and JAMA) or based upon the guidelines and recommendations of professional associations. Results from the aggregation of scoring or categorization data indicate that health-related content on YouTube is of average to below-average quality. The compiled results from bias-based classification show that only 32% of the videos appear neutral toward the health content. Furthermore, the majority of the studies confirmed either negative or no correlation between the quality and popularity of the assessed videos.
    CONCLUSIONS: YouTube is not a reliable source of medical and health-related information. YouTube's popularity-driven metrics such as the number of views and likes should not be considered quality indicators. YouTube should improve its ranking and recommender system to promote higher-quality content. One way is to consider expert reviews of medical and health-related videos and to include their assessment data in the ranking algorithm.
    Keywords:  Bias; Health information; Medical videos; Quality assessment; YouTube
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-022-03446-z
  11. JMIR Form Res. 2022 May 16. 6(5): e37546
    Misinformation About the Human Gut Microbiome in YouTube Videos: Cross-sectional Study.
    Swathikan Chidambaram, Yathukulan Maheswaran, Calvin Chan, Lydia Hanna, Hutan Ashrafian, Sheraz R Markar, Viknesh Sounderajah, John C Alverdy, Ara Darzi.
       BACKGROUND: Social media platforms such as YouTube are integral tools for disseminating information about health and wellness to the public. However, anecdotal reports have cited that the human gut microbiome has been a particular focus of dubious, misleading, and, on occasion, harmful media content. Despite these claims, there have been no published studies investigating this phenomenon within popular social media platforms.
    OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to (1) evaluate the accuracy and reliability of the content in YouTube videos related to the human gut microbiome and (2) investigate the correlation between content engagement metrics and video quality, as defined by validated criteria.
    METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, videos about the human gut microbiome were searched for on the United Kingdom version of YouTube on September 20, 2021. The 600 most-viewed videos were extracted and screened for relevance. The contents and characteristics of the videos were extracted and independently rated using the DISCERN quality criteria by 2 researchers.
    RESULTS: Overall, 319 videos accounting for 62,354,628 views were included. Of the 319 videos, 73.4% (n=234) were produced in North America and 78.7% (n=251) were uploaded between 2019 and 2021. A total of 41.1% (131/319) of videos were produced by nonprofit organizations. Of the videos, 16.3% (52/319) included an advertisement for a product or promoted a health-related intervention for financial purposes. Videos by nonmedical education creators had the highest total and preferred viewership. Daily viewership was the highest for videos by internet media sources. The average DISCERN and Health on the Net Foundation Code of Conduct scores were 49.5 (SE 0.68) out of 80 and 5.05 (SE 2.52) out of 8, respectively. DISCERN scores for videos by medical professionals (mean 53.2, SE 0.17) were significantly higher than for videos by independent content creators (mean 39.1, SE 5.58; P<.001). Videos including promotional materials had significantly lower DISCERN scores than videos without any advertisements or product promotion (P<.001). There was no correlation between DISCERN scores and total viewership, daily viewership, or preferred viewership (number of likes).
    CONCLUSIONS: The overall quality and reliability of information about the human gut microbiome on YouTube is generally poor. Moreover, there was no correlation between the quality of a video and the level of public engagement. The significant disconnect between reliable sources of information and the public suggests that there is an immediate need for cross-sector initiatives to safeguard vulnerable viewers from the potentially harmful effects of misinformation.
    Keywords:  YouTube; content analysis; gut health; microbiome; misinformation; public; social media
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.2196/37546
  12. Cureus. 2022 Apr;14(4): e23984
    YouTube and the Achilles Tendon: An Analysis of Internet Information Reliability and Content Quality.
    Kevin M McMahon, Justin Schwartz, Thomas Nilles-Melchert, Kelley Ray, Vincent Eaton, Dennis Chakkalakal.
       PURPOSE: To evaluate the educational content, quality, and reliability of YouTube videos regarding the Achilles tendon and Achilles tendon injuries.
    METHODS: The first 50 videos found on YouTube after searching "Achilles tendon" were evaluated and classified by content type and uploader source. Reliability and accuracy were assessed using the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) benchmark criteria, nonspecific educational content was assessed via the Global Quality Score (GQS), and specific educational content was assessed using the Achilles Tendon Specific Score (ATSS). ANOVA was performed to determine differences in video reliability and educational content quality by video content type and source. Multivariate stepwise regressions were used to evaluate the effects of specific video characteristics on JAMA benchmark criteria, GQS, and ATSS.
    RESULTS: The 50 videos evaluated had a cumulative view total of 53,323,307, a mean of 1,066,466, and a range of 1,009 to 42,663,665 views per video. Most videos focused on disease-specific information (38%) and exercise training (22%). Most videos were uploaded by non-physicians (34%) or medical sources (health websites) (32%). A higher view ratio was an independent predictor of lower JAMA scores (lower reliability and accuracy) (standardized beta = -0.281, P = 0.048) and increased video duration was an independent predictor of greater GQS (standardized beta = 0.380, P = 0.007) and ATSS scores (standardized beta = 0.364, P = 0.009) (increased quality of nonspecific and specific educational content).
    CONCLUSION: Videos on YouTube regarding the Achilles tendon were viewed numerous times, but their educational content and reliability were poor. Providers treating patients for Achilles tendon-related pathologies should initiate a dialogue with patients about their use of internet sources and should educate them on their optimal usage. They should warn them of the low quality of YouTube-derived information and provide them with reliable sources that may better give them control over their own care.
    Keywords:  achilles tendon; electronic medical resources; gqs; jama; tendon rupture; tendonitis; youtube
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.23984
  13. Health Promot J Austr. 2022 May 21.
    Australian women's information-seeking preferences and needs in preparation for pregnancy.
    Adina Y Lang, Cheryce L Harrison, Jacqueline A Boyle.
       ISSUE ADDRESSED: The preconception period provides opportunities for health behaviour optimisation for improved maternal and child wellbeing. However, preconception information sources women engage with are not well-known.
    METHODS: To address this gap, the current cross-sectional study retrospectively explored (1) preconception information or advice accessed on recommended preconception health topics and (2) preferred sources of preconception information among pregnant women receiving care through Australian public and private maternity settings.
    RESULTS: Overall, 78% of women reported accessing any preconception health information, predominantly concerning achieving/maintaining a healthy weight, diet, folic-acid and multivitamin supplementation. Preferred information sources included health professionals e.g. general practitioner (74%) and the internet (66%), although source engagement varied.
    CONCLUSIONS: Whilst women predominantly prefer seeking preconception health information from health professionals and the internet, multi-modal resources are needed to reach women and enhance engagement with evidence-based information and healthcare in preparation for pregnancy. So what? Evaluation of preconception health resources for women and health professionals is warranted, appraising their adequacy in supporting engagement with key preconception health messages. In particular, assessment of the quality, readability and evidence-base of online resources is needed. Our findings highlight the need for public health experts to take actions to raise awareness among women of the importance of preconception health, encourage health professional engagement for preconception care and direct women to more appropriate evidence-based online resources.
    Keywords:  health education; maternal health; pregnancy; women's health
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1002/hpja.619
  14. J Huntingtons Dis. 2022 May 07.
    Searching for Answers: Information-Seeking by Young People At-Risk for Huntington's Disease.
    Colby L Chase, Beverly M Yashar, Chandler Swope, Roger L Albin, Wendy R Uhlmann.
       BACKGROUND: Health information-seeking is a coping strategy used globally by individuals with a personal or family history of a medical condition, including Huntington's disease (HD).
    OBJECTIVE: We sought to ascertain information-seeking practices of young people who grew up at-risk for HD.
    METHODS: Participants ages 18-25 were recruited from HD support organizations. An online 96-item survey assessed information-seeking motivations and timing as well as information topics accessed, sources, and needs.
    RESULTS: Fifty young adults (mean age 22.2 years) who grew up at-risk for HD responded. HD had been generally kept a secret (35.4%) or talked about but difficult to bring up (43.8%) in many families. Most (78.0%) became aware of HD in their family before age 15. Few (7.1%) received information resources at the time of disclosure. Most (68.1%) first sought information independently online, half within a week of disclosure. Respondents were motivated to understand the potential impact of HD on their personal lives and family members, obtain general information about the condition, and learn about treatments and research. Most sought information on clinical features and inheritance with > 80% interested in information on symptoms and personal risk and > 70% about having children.
    CONCLUSION: Limited information is provided to young people when first informed about HD in their families leading to independent, mostly online information-seeking. Information is used to build knowledge about HD to facilitate coping and life planning. Healthcare providers can direct young people to reliable resources and guide parents in talking with children to ensure that information needs are met.
    Keywords:  Adolescents; Huntington’s disease (HD); disclosure of results; information seeking; predictive genetic testing; risk communication; young adults
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3233/JHD-210523
  15. PLoS One. 2022 ;17(5): e0264913
    Temporal search persistence, certainty, and source preference in dentistry: Results from the National Dental PBRN.
    National Dental PBRN Collaborative Group
       OBJECTIVES: The primary goal of this paper was to investigate an old question in a new way: what are the search patterns that professionals demonstrate when faced with a specific knowledge gap?
    METHODS: We examine data from a cascading survey question design that captures details about searching for information to answer a self-nominated clinical question from 1027 dental professionals enrolled in the National Dental Practice Based Research Network. Descriptive and conditional logistical regression analysis techniques were used.
    RESULTS: 61% of professionals in our sample choose informal sources of information, with only about 11% looking to formal peer reviewed evidence. The numbers of professionals turning to general internet searches is more than twice as high as any other information source other than professional colleagues. Dentists with advanced training and specialists are significantly more likely to consult peer-reviewed sources, and women in the sample were more likely than men to continue searching past a first source.
    CONCLUSIONS: Speed/availability of information may be just as, or in some cases, more important than credibility for professionals' search behavior. Additionally, our findings suggest that more insights are needed into how various categories of professionals within a profession seek information differently.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264913
This page is being maintained by Thomas Krichel. It was last updated on 2024‒11‒22 at 4:18.