bims-kimdis 2024-02-04 papers

Phys Act Nutr. 2023 Dec;27(4): 1-7

Impact of the ketogenic diet on body fat, muscle mass, and exercise performance: a review.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this review was to investigate the effects of the ketogenic diet (KD), on body fat, muscle mass, and exercise performance. As the KD is a subject of ongoing debate, we also present the existing evidence regarding its potential benefits in the aforementioned areas of body fat, muscle mass, and exercise performance.
METHODS: A literature search was conducted using the keywords "ketogenic diet, low-carbohydrate diet, high-fat diet, body fat, muscle mass, and exercise performance" in PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar.
RESULTS: The KD effectively reduced body fat in the short term and, preserved muscle mass during weight loss, however, its impact on exercise performance remains inconclusive owing to various factors.
CONCLUSION: While controversial, it is undeniable that the KD has the potential to affect body fat, muscle mass, and exercise performance. Consequently, additional research is required to elucidate the underlying mechanisms across various populations, optimize their implementation, and understand their long-term effects.

Keywords: body fat; exercise performance; ketogenic diet; low-carbohydrate high-fat diet; muscle mass

DOI: https://doi.org/10.20463/pan.2023.0031

J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2024 Dec;21(1): 2306308

The effect of the ketogenic diet on resistance training load management: a repeated-measures clinical trial in trained participants.

Salvador Vargas-Molina, Manuel García-Sillero, Diego A Bonilla, Jorge L Petro, Jerónimo García-Romero, Javier Benítez-Porres.

BACKGROUND: The effect of low-carbohydrate high-fat dietary manipulation, such as the ketogenic diet (KD), on muscle strength assessment in resistance-training (RT) participants has focused on the one-repetition maximum test (1-RM). However, a pre-specified 1-RM value during an exercise training program disregards several confounding factors (i.e. sleep, diet, and training-induced fatigue) that affect the exerciser's "true" load and daily preparedness. We aimed to evaluate the effect of a 6-week RT program on load control-related variables in trained subjects following a KD intervention.
METHODS: Fourteen resistance-trained individuals (3F, 11 M; 30.1 [6.2] years; 174.2 [7.6] cm; 75.7 [10.8] kg; BMI 24.8 [2.1] kg·m-2) completed this single-arm repeated-measures clinical trial. Load management variables included volume load, number of repetitions, perceived exertion (RPE), movement velocity loss, and exertion index. These primary outcomes were assessed weekly before, during, and at the end of a 6-week RT program that included traditional RT exercises (bench press, femoral lying down, lat pulldown, leg extension, and back squat).
RESULTS: There was a significant difference in RPE between weeks (p = 0.015, W = 0.19) with a slight trend in decreasing RPE. We found differences in the volume load per week (p < 0.001; W = 0.73 and p < 0.001, W = 0.81, respectively), with an increase in the last weeks. In the control of the load based on movement velocity, we did not find significant differences between weeks (p = 0.591, W = 0.06), although significant differences were found in the effort index (p = 0.026, W = 0.17).
CONCLUSIONS: A KD diet in recreational strength participants does not appear to lead to performance losses during a RT program aimed at improving body composition. However, the lack of adherence and familiarity with the ketogenic diet must be considered specially during first weeks.

Keywords: Ketosis; movement velocity; muscle strength; physical exertion; workload

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2024.2306308

ACS Sens. 2024 Feb 01.

Continuous Ketone Monitoring via Wearable Microneedle Patch Platform.

Chochanon Moonla, Maria Reynoso, Ana Casanova, An-Yi Chang, Omeed Djassemi, Aishwarya Balaje, Amal Abbas, Zhengxing Li, Kuldeep Mahato, Joseph Wang.

Ketone bodies (KBs), especially β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), have gained tremendous attention as potential biomarkers as their presence in bodily fluids is closely associated with health and wellness. While a variety of blood fingerstick test strips are available for self-testing of BHB, there are major needs for wearable devices capable of continuously tracking changing BHB concentrations. To address these needs, we present here the first demonstration of a wearable microneedle-based continuous ketone monitoring (CKM) in human interstitial fluid (ISF) and illustrate its ability to closely follow the intake of ketone drinks. To ensure highly stable and selective continuous detection of ISF BHB, the new enzymatic microneedle BHB sensor relies on a gold-coated platinum working electrode modified with a reagent layer containing toluidine blue O (TBO) redox mediator, β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBD) enzyme, a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) cofactor, along with carbon nanotubes (CNTs), chitosan (Chit), and a poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) outer protective layer. The skin-worn microneedle sensing device operates with a miniaturized electrochemical analyzer connected wirelessly to a mobile electronic device for capturing, processing, and displaying the data. Cytotoxicity and skin penetration studies indicate the absence of potential harmful effects. A pilot study involving multiple human subjects evaluated continuous BHB monitoring in human ISF, against gold standard BHB meter measurements, revealing the close correlation between the two methods. Such microneedle-based CKM offers considerable promise for dynamic BHB tracking toward the management of diabetic ketoacidosis and personal nutrition and wellness.

Keywords: continuous ketone monitoring; human interstitial fluid; ketone bodies; wearable microneedle patch; β-hydroxybutyrate

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.3c02677

Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2024 Jan 31. pii: S1043-2760(24)00020-1. [Epub ahead of print]

Ketogenesis favors oxidative phosphorylation to promote disease tolerance.

Kátia Jesus, Luís F Moita.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen of great medical relevance, although the mechanisms involved in chronic P. aeruginosa infection are unclear. Tomlinson et al. have now shown that systemic and local pathogen-induced ketone bodies (KBs) select strains that preserve respiratory integrity by failing to substantially increase glycolysis, which drives immunopathology resulting from resistance mechanisms.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2024.01.006

Crit Care. 2024 Feb 01. 28(1): 38

Combining proteins with n-3 PUFAs (EPA + DHA) and their inflammation pro-resolution mediators for preservation of skeletal muscle mass.

Renée Blaauw, Philip C Calder, Robert G Martindale, Mette M Berger.

The optimal feeding strategy for critically ill patients is still debated, but feeding must be adapted to individual patient needs. Critically ill patients are at risk of muscle catabolism, leading to loss of muscle mass and its consequent clinical impacts. Timing of introduction of feeding and protein targets have been explored in recent trials. These suggest that "moderate" protein provision (maximum 1.2 g/kg/day) is best during the initial stages of illness. Unresolved inflammation may be a key factor in driving muscle catabolism. The omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are substrates for synthesis of mediators termed specialized pro-resolving mediators or SPMs that actively resolve inflammation. There is evidence from other settings that high-dose oral EPA + DHA increases muscle protein synthesis, decreases muscle protein breakdown, and maintains muscle mass. SPMs may be responsible for some of these effects, especially upon muscle protein breakdown. Given these findings, provision of EPA and DHA as part of medical nutritional therapy in critically ill patients at risk of loss of muscle mass seems to be a strategy to prevent the persistence of inflammation and the related anabolic resistance and muscle loss.

Keywords: Critical illness; Inflammation; Lean body mass; Nutrition; Protein

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-024-04803-8

Genetics. 2024 Jan 30. pii: iyae014. [Epub ahead of print]

Maternal mitochondrial function affects paternal mitochondrial inheritance in Drosophila.

Jinguo Cao, Yuying Luo, Yonghe Chen, Zhaoqi Wu, Jiting Zhang, Yi Wu, Wen Hu.

The maternal inheritance of mitochondria is a widely accepted paradigm, and mechanisms that prevent paternal mitochondria transmission to offspring during spermatogenesis and post-fertilization have been described. Although certain species do retain paternal mitochondria, the factors affecting paternal mitochondria inheritance in these cases are unclear. More importantly, the evolutionary benefit of retaining paternal mitochondria and their ultimate fate are unknown. Here we show that transplanted exogenous paternal D. yakuba mitochondria can be transmitted to offspring when maternal mitochondria are dysfunctional in D. melanogaster. Furthermore, we show that the preserved paternal mitochondria are functional, and can be stably inherited, such that the proportion of paternal mitochondria increases gradually in subsequent generations. Our work has important implications that paternal mitochondria inheritance should not be overlooked as a genetic phenomenon in evolution, especially when paternal mitochondria are of significant differences from the maternal mitochondria or the maternal mitochondria are functionally abnormal. Our results improve the understanding of mitochondrial inheritance and provide a new model system for its study.

Keywords: Drosophila ; mt:CoⅠ ; mitochondria transmission; mtDNA; paternal mitochondria inheritance

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/iyae014