bims-inflin 2024-02-11 papers

Nat Commun. 2024 Feb 07. 15(1): 1164

Structural basis for the oligomerization-facilitated NLRP3 activation.

Xiaodi Yu, Rosalie E Matico, Robyn Miller, Dhruv Chauhan, Bertrand Van Schoubroeck, Karolien Grauwen, Javier Suarez, Beth Pietrak, Nandan Haloi, Yanting Yin, Gary John Tresadern, Laura Perez-Benito, Erik Lindahl, Astrid Bottelbergs, Daniel Oehlrich, Nina Van Opdenbosch, Sujata Sharma.

The NACHT-, leucine-rich-repeat-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) is a critical intracellular inflammasome sensor and an important clinical target against inflammation-driven human diseases. Recent studies have elucidated its transition from a closed cage to an activated disk-like inflammasome, but the intermediate activation mechanism remains elusive. Here we report the cryo-electron microscopy structure of NLRP3, which forms an open octamer and undergoes a ~ 90° hinge rotation at the NACHT domain. Mutations on open octamer's interfaces reduce IL-1β signaling, highlighting its essential role in NLRP3 activation/inflammasome assembly. The centrosomal NIMA-related kinase 7 (NEK7) disrupts large NLRP3 oligomers and forms NEK7/NLRP3 monomers/dimers which is a critical step preceding the assembly of the disk-like inflammasome. These data demonstrate an oligomeric cooperative activation of NLRP3 and provide insight into its inflammasome assembly mechanism.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-45396-8

Nat Commun. 2024 Feb 06. 15(1): 1096

Pathogenic NLRP3 mutants form constitutively active inflammasomes resulting in immune-metabolic limitation of IL-1β production.

Cristina Molina-López, Laura Hurtado-Navarro, Carlos J García, Diego Angosto-Bazarra, Fernando Vallejo, Ana Tapia-Abellán, Joana R Marques-Soares, Carmen Vargas, Segundo Bujan-Rivas, Francisco A Tomás-Barberán, Juan I Arostegui, Pablo Pelegrin.

Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS) is an autoinflammatory condition resulting from monoallelic NLRP3 variants that facilitate IL-1β production. Although these are gain-of-function variants characterized by hypersensitivity to cell priming, patients with CAPS and animal models of the disease may present inflammatory flares without identifiable external triggers. Here we find that CAPS-associated NLRP3 variants are forming constitutively active inflammasome, which induce increased basal cleavage of gasdermin D, IL-18 release and pyroptosis, with a concurrent basal pro-inflammatory gene expression signature, including the induction of nuclear receptors 4 A. The constitutively active NLRP3-inflammasome of CAPS is responsive to the selective NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950 and its activation is regulated by deubiquitination. Despite their preactivated state, the CAPS inflammasomes are responsive to activation of the NF-κB pathway. NLRP3-inflammasomes with CAPS-associated variants affect the immunometabolism of the myeloid compartment, leading to disruptions in lipids and amino acid pathways and impaired glycolysis, limiting IL-1β production. In summary, NLRP3 variants causing CAPS form a constitutively active inflammasome inducing pyroptosis and IL-18 release without cell priming, which enables the host's innate defence against pathogens while also limiting IL-1β-dependent inflammatory episodes through immunometabolism modulation.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-44990-0

J Virol. 2024 Feb 06. e0175123

PKM2 induces mitophagy through the AMPK-mTOR pathway promoting CSFV proliferation.

Xiaodi Liu, Quanhui Yan, Xueyi Liu, Wenkang Wei, Linke Zou, Feifan Zhao, Sen Zeng, Lin Yi, Hongxing Ding, Mingqiu Zhao, Jinding Chen, Shuangqi Fan.

Viruses exploit the host cell's energy metabolism system to support their replication. Mitochondria, known as the powerhouse of the cell, play a critical role in regulating cell survival and virus replication. Our prior research indicated that the classical swine fever virus (CSFV) alters mitochondrial dynamics and triggers glycolytic metabolic reprogramming. However, the role and mechanism of PKM2, a key regulatory enzyme of glycolytic metabolism, in CSFV replication remain unclear. In this study, we discovered that CSFV enhances PKM2 expression and utilizes PKM2 to inhibit pyruvate production. Using an affinity purification coupled mass spectrometry system, we successfully identified PKM as a novel interaction partner of the CSFV non-structural protein NS4A. Furthermore, we validated the interaction between PKM2 and both CSFV NS4A and NS5A through co-immunoprecipitation and confocal analysis. PKM2 was found to promote the expression of both NS4A and NS5A. Moreover, we observed that PKM2 induces mitophagy by activating the AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway, thereby facilitating CSFV proliferation. In summary, our data reveal a novel mechanism whereby PKM2, a metabolic enzyme, promotes CSFV proliferation by inducing mitophagy. These findings offer a new avenue for developing antiviral strategies.IMPORTANCEViruses rely on the host cell's material-energy metabolic system for replication, inducing host metabolic disorders and subsequent immunosuppression-a major contributor to persistent viral infections. Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is no exception. Classical swine fever is a severe acute infectious disease caused by CSFV, resulting in significant economic losses to the global pig industry. While the role of the metabolic enzyme PKM2 (pyruvate dehydrogenase) in the glycolytic pathway of tumor cells has been extensively studied, its involvement in viral infection remains relatively unknown. Our data unveil a new mechanism by which the metabolic enzyme PKM2 mediates CSFV infection, offering novel avenues for the development of antiviral strategies.

Keywords: AMPK-mTOR; cellular metabolism; classical swine fever virus; mitophagy; pyruvate kinase M2; viral infection

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01751-23