bims-hivpec 2017-12-03 papers

PLoS One. 2017 ;12(5): e0178737

Impact of insurance coverage on utilization of pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention.

Rupa R Patel, Leandro Mena, Amy Nunn, Timothy McBride, Laura C Harrison, Catherine E Oldenburg, Jingxia Liu, Kenneth H Mayer, Philip A Chan.

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) can reduce U.S. HIV incidence. We assessed insurance coverage and its association with PrEP utilization. We reviewed patient data at three PrEP clinics (Jackson, Mississippi; St. Louis, Missouri; Providence, Rhode Island) from 2014-2015. The outcome, PrEP utilization, was defined as patient PrEP use at three months. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to determine the association between insurance coverage and PrEP utilization. Of 201 patients (Jackson: 34%; St. Louis: 28%; Providence: 28%), 91% were male, 51% were White, median age was 29 years, and 21% were uninsured; 82% of patients reported taking PrEP at three months. Insurance coverage was significantly associated with PrEP utilization. After adjusting for Medicaid-expansion and individual socio-demographics, insured patients were four times as likely to use PrEP services compared to the uninsured (OR: 4.49, 95% CI: 1.68-12.01; p = 0.003). Disparities in insurance coverage are important considerations in implementation programs and may impede PrEP utilization.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0178737

Trop Med Int Health. 2017 Jul;22(7): 908-916

The importance of assessing out-of-pocket payments when the financing of antiretroviral therapy is transitioned to domestic funding: findings from Vietnam.

Benjamin Johns, Le Bao Chau, Kieu Huu Hanh, Nguyen Thuy Huong, Hoa Mai Do, Anh Thuy Duong, Long Hoang Nguyen.

OBJECTIVE: To assess out-of-pocket payments and catastrophic health expenditures among antiretroviral therapy (ART) patients in Vietnam, and to model catastrophic payments under different copayment scenarios when the primary financing of ART changes to social health insurance.
METHODS: Cross-sectional facility-based survey of 843 patients at 42 health facilities representative of 87% of ART patients in 2015.
RESULTS: Because of donor and government funding, no payments were made for antiretroviral drugs. Other health expenditures were about $66 per person per year (95% CI: $30-$102), of which $15 ($7-$22) were directly for HIV-related health services, largely laboratory tests. These payments resulted in a 4.9% (95% CI: 3.1-6.8%) catastrophic payment rate and 2.5% (95% CI: 0.9-4.1%) catastrophic payment rate for HIV-related health services. About 32% of respondents reported, they were eligible for SHI without copayments. If patients had to pay 20% of costs of ART under social health insurance, the catastrophic payment rate would increase to 8% (95% CI: 5.5-10.0%), and if patients without health insurance had to pay the full costs of ART, the catastrophic payment rate among all patients would be 24% (95% CI: 21.1-27.4%).
CONCLUSIONS: Health and catastrophic expenditures were substantially lower than in previous studies, although different methods may explain some of the discrepancy. The 20% copayments required by social health insurance would present a financial burden to an additional 0.6% to 5.1% of ART patients. Ensuring access to health insurance for all ART patients will prevent an even higher level of financial hardship.

Keywords: HIV treatment; Viet Nam; Vietnam; catastrophic expenditure; dépenses catastrophiques; gastos catastróficos; gastos de bolsillo; out-of-pocket payments; paiements direct de la poche; traitement du VIH; tratamiento del VIH

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12897

PLoS One. 2017 ;12(5): e0177770

Projected savings through public health voluntary licences of HIV drugs negotiated by the Medicines Patent Pool (MPP).

Sandeep Juneja, Aastha Gupta, Suerie Moon, Stephen Resch.

The Medicines Patent Pool (MPP) was established in 2010 to ensure timely access to low-cost generic versions of patented antiretroviral (ARV) medicines in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) through the negotiation of voluntary licences with patent holders. While robust data on the savings generated by MPP and other major global public health initiatives is important, it is also difficult to quantify. In this study, we estimate the savings generated by licences negotiated by the MPP for ARV medicines to treat HIV/AIDS in LMICs for the period 2010-2028 and generate a cost-benefit ratio-based on people living with HIV (PLHIVs) in any new countries which gain access to an ARV due to MPP licences and the price differential between originator's tiered price and generics price, within the period where that ARV is patented. We found that the direct savings generated by the MPP are estimated to be USD 2.3 billion (net present value) by 2028, representing an estimated cost-benefit ratio of 1:43, which means for every USD 1 spent on MPP, the global public health community saves USD 43. The saving of USD 2.3 billion is equivalent to more than 24 million PLHIV receiving first-line ART in LMICs for 1 year at average prices today.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177770