bims-glumda Biomed News
on CGM data in management of diabetes
Issue of 2026–04–12
seventeen papers selected by
Mott Given
  1. Association Between Real-Time Continuous Glucose Monitoring Sensor Active Time and Glycemic Metrics in Patients With Diabetes: A Real-World Setting Analysis.
  2. Summarizing data from continuous glucose monitors using the cgmstats package.
  3. Impact of Real Time, Flash and Retrospective Continuous Glucose Monitoring on Feto-Maternal Outcomes in Women With Gestational Diabetes and Pre-Gestational Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis With Trial Sequential Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
  4. The effect of continuous glucose monitoring on neonatal outcomes in pregnant women with diabetes.
  5. Efficacy of continuous glucose monitoring in comparison to self-blood glucose monitoring in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus under insulin treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
  6. Continuous glucose monitoring reveals distinct clinical implications of glucose levels at the start and end of hemodialysis in people with type 2 diabetes.
  7. Long-term impact of continuous glucose monitoring on glycemic and metabolic control in type 1 diabetes: A three-year real-world evaluation.
  8. A consensus statement on a National Competency Framework for training and assessment of knowledge and skills in diabetes technologies, including hybrid closed loop (HCL), insulin pump systems, and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices.
  9. Flash glucose monitoring addition to self-monitoring of blood glucose and perinatal outcomes in gestational diabetes: a randomized controlled trial.
  10. Green Diabetes: Already a Decisive Factor for or Against Technology for People Living With Diabetes?
  11. Acute kidney injury in hospitalised patients with type 2 diabetes: Associations with continuous glucose monitoring-based glucose levels, mortality, and ICU admission.
  12. Continuous glucose monitoring-based evaluation of percentage coefficient of variation (%CV) as a metric of intraday glycemic variability in South India.
  13. Blood glucose testing modalities utilized by people with type 2 diabetes in a secondary care setting.
  14. Continuous glucose monitoring-derived glycemic variability and low skeletal muscle mass in middle-aged and older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: an analysis using AWGS 2025 criteria.
  15. Technology-driven diabetes care: innovation without equity?
  16. First in Human Feasibility Study of an Insulin Patch Pump Combined With CGM-Insulin Delivery Cannula.
  17. Patch Testing in Individuals With Diabetes Using Medical Devices. Part 2-Contact Allergy to Medical Device Allergens and New Patch Test Recommendations.
  1. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2026 Apr 09. 19322968261427798
    Association Between Real-Time Continuous Glucose Monitoring Sensor Active Time and Glycemic Metrics in Patients With Diabetes: A Real-World Setting Analysis.
    Lamya Alzubaidi, Faisal Alenezi, Abdullah Alsoheimi, Abdullah Arabe, Amera Alrshood, Muna Hassanein, Abdulmohsen Bakhsh.
       BACKGROUND: Consistent use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems improves glycemic control compared with occasional use. We aimed to assess the association between the percent time sensor was active and glycemic metrics, among patients with diabetes using the FreeStyle Libre 2 Plus CGM System.
    METHODS: De-identified CGM data from 12 162 readers of patients with diabetes in Saudi Arabia, between January 2023 and September 2024, were analyzed. Readings were grouped into five sensor usage quintiles. For each quintile, average glycemic metrics were summarized, including mean glucose, glucose management indicator (GMI), time in range (TIR), time below range (TBR), time above range (TAR), and glycemia risk index (GRI). The Jonckheere-Terpstra trend test was used to assess monotonic trends between sensor usage time and glycemic metrics.
    RESULTS: As sensor use increased, there were significant decreases in GRI (Std. J-T = -29.672), average blood glucose (Std. J-T = -23.985), GMI (Std. J-T = -23.949), and TAR (Std. J-T = -21.964). Time below range showed a different pattern, with an initial increase followed by a decline from the third quantile as sensor usage increased (Std. J-T = -4.903). Time in range increased significantly with greater sensor usage (Std. J-T = 25.428; all P-values <.001).
    CONCLUSION: In real-world settings, higher CGM use was associated with better glycemic outcomes, including lower GRI, lower average blood glucose, lower GMI, lower TAR, lower TBR, and higher TIR. Future studies should examine factors influencing sensor use to inform strategies that promote effective CGM adoption.
    Keywords:  continuous glucose monitoring; diabetes mellitus; glycemic metrics; real-time glucose monitoring
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1177/19322968261427798
  2. medRxiv. 2026 Mar 31. pii: 2026.03.30.26349753. [Epub ahead of print]
    Summarizing data from continuous glucose monitors using the cgmstats package.
    Natalie Daya Malek, Dan Wang, Sui Zhang, Michael Fang, Amelia Wallace, Scott Zeger, Elizabeth Selvin.
      In this article, we present the cgmstats package for the analysis of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) data. The use of wearable CGMs is growing rapidly. The latest generation of CGM systems do not require fingerstick calibration, are minimally invasive, and are frequently used in research studies. CGM sensors are typically worn for up to 2 weeks and record interstitial glucose measurements every minute to every 15 minutes, depending on the sensor used. CGM systems generate hundreds of measurements per day and thousands of measurements in one person over a single wear. There is a need for tools that allow researchers to efficiently organize and summarize the wealth of data on glucose patterns produced by CGM systems. The cgmstats package generates CGM summary measures for data from a variety of CGM systems and allows the user to flexibly define ranges and generate data visualizations. In this article, we provide an overview of the cgmstats package and examples of its use. The cgmstats package supports rigorous and reproducible analyses of CGM data.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.64898/2026.03.30.26349753
  3. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2026 Apr 07.
    Impact of Real Time, Flash and Retrospective Continuous Glucose Monitoring on Feto-Maternal Outcomes in Women With Gestational Diabetes and Pre-Gestational Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis With Trial Sequential Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
    Deep Dutta, Sweekruti Jena, Kunal Mahajan, A B M Kamrul Hasan, Ritin Mohindra, Rajiv Singla.
       AIMS: Prior systematic reviews and meta-analyses (SRMs) evaluating continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in pregnancy have yielded heterogeneous results due to pooling gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) with pregestational diabetes, combining different CGM technologies (real-time, flash and retrospective) and mixing randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with observational designs. Several large RCTs have recently been published, necessitating an updated, design-restricted evaluation.
    METHODS: Electronic databases were systematically searched for RCTs assessing CGM versus self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) in pregnant women with GDM or pregestational diabetes. CGM modalities (real-time, flash and retrospective) and diabetes subtypes were analysed separately. Primary outcomes were neonatal intensive-care unit (NICU) admission and large-for-gestational-age (LGA) infants; secondary outcomes included other neonatal outcomes, maternal complications and CGM-derived glycaemic metrics.
    RESULTS: Seventeen RCTs were included (13 GDM, 4 pregestational-diabetes). Real-time CGM significantly reduced NICU admissions in GDM compared to SMBG (OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.34-0.90; p = 0.02; I2 = 0%). However trial sequential analysis showed that the current evidence has lack of power but not lack of effect with regards to reduction in NICU admission. Retrospective CGM in GDM was associated with lower risk of LGA (OR 0.46, 95% CI 0.22-0.98; p = 0.048; I2 = 0%). Other feto-maternal outcomes like birthweight, macrosomia, Caesarean delivery, hypertensive disorders, neonatal hypoglycaemia and preterm-birth showed no significant difference between CGM and SMBG. No CGM modality conferred measurable benefit on feto-maternal outcomes in pregestational diabetes.
    CONCLUSION: RT-CGM probably reduces NICU admission (moderate-certainty), but TSA indicates that current evidence is still information-size limited, so further large RCTs are warranted. Use of other CGM models in GDM and pregestational diabetes was largely neutral with regard to feto-maternal outcomes.
    Keywords:  continuous glucose monitoring; gestational diabetes; pregestational diabetes; pregnancy; self‐monitoring of blood glucose; type 1 diabetes; type 2 diabetes
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.70743
  4. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2026 ;17 1815133
    The effect of continuous glucose monitoring on neonatal outcomes in pregnant women with diabetes.
    Xiaojun Lai, Jiayi Yu, Shutao Zhu, Kai Zhang, Xiabin Ye.
       Objective: To evaluate the effects of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) compared with standard self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) on neonatal perinatal outcomes among pregnant women with diabetes.
    Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane library was conducted from database inception through February 5th, 2026. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) enrolling pregnant women with confirmed diabetes that compared CGM with conventional SMBG were included. Primary outcomes included large for gestational age (LGA), small for gestational age (SGA), neonatal hypoglycemia, neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, and admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Random-effects meta-analyses were performed to calculate pooled risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
    Results: Seventeen RCTs comprising 2,349 women with diabetes were included, with 1,234 participants allocated to CGM and 1,115 to SMBG. CGM use was associated with a significantly lower risk of NICU admission compared with SMBG (RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.59 to 0.97, P = 0.03, I2 = 0%). CGM demonstrated a nonsignificant trend toward reduced incidence of LGA (RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.65 to 1.01, P = 0.06, I2 = 31%) and neonatal hypoglycemia (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.70 to 1.03, P = 0.10, I2 = 0%). However, CGM was associated with an increased risk of SGA (RR 1.44, 95% CI 1.01 to 2.04, P = 0.04, I2 = 0%). No significant difference was observed in the risk of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia between groups (RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.65 to 1.01, P = 0.64, I2 = 0%). Between-study heterogeneity was low to moderate across outcomes.
    Conclusion: Among women with diabetes, CGM is associated with a significant reduction in NICU admissions. CGM may reduce the risk of LGA and neonatal hypoglycemia, although the beneficial effects did not reach statistical significance. The observed increase in SGA highlights the need for careful glycemic target optimization when using CGM in GDM. Further large, high-quality RCTs are warranted to define optimal CGM-guided glucose targets that balance fetal overgrowth and growth restriction.
    Keywords:  continuous glucose monitoring; gestational diabetes mellitus; meta−analysis; neonatal outcomes; systematic review
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2026.1815133
  5. BMC Endocr Disord. 2026 Apr 06.
    Efficacy of continuous glucose monitoring in comparison to self-blood glucose monitoring in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus under insulin treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
    Jingjing Zhu, Lu Zhang.
      
    Keywords:  CGM; Glycemic indices; SMBG; Type 2 diabetes mellitus
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-026-02167-4
  6. BMC Endocr Disord. 2026 Apr 06.
    Continuous glucose monitoring reveals distinct clinical implications of glucose levels at the start and end of hemodialysis in people with type 2 diabetes.
    Akinori Hayashi, Rihito Takaesu, Haruna Sogabe, Yuiko Tani, Nagisa Aoki, Yoshiki Ko, Satoshi Tsuji, Ibuki Moriguchi, Naoyuki Kobayashi, Takeshi Miyatsuka.
       BACKGROUND: The clinical significance of glucose levels at the start and end of hemodialysis (HD) sessions in people with type 2 diabetes remains insufficiently explored.
    METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 116 individuals with type 2 diabetes undergoing HD (age 61 ± 12 years; 69% male; HbA1c 6.5 ± 1.3%; glycated albumin 21.1 ± 6.9%). Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) data were collected from two dialysis institutions to evaluate sensor glucose levels at the start and end of HD sessions and their associations with CGM metrics and hypoglycemia.
    RESULTS: Glucose levels were significantly higher at the start than at the end-of-HD (175.6 ± 55.4 mg/dL vs. 118.7 ± 43.3 mg/dL, P < 0.0001), with no correlation (r = 0.095, P = 0.31). Start-of-HD glucose was independently associated with dialysis duration (β = -0.184, P = 0.015) and time above range > 180 mg/dL (TAR180; β = 0.576, P < 0.0001), whereas end-of-HD glucose was associated with glycemic variability (%CV; β = -0.412, P < 0.0001) and TAR180 (β = 0.360, P < 0.0001). HD-induced hypoglycemia occurred in 25 participants (21.6%), including 14 (12.1%) during HD and 22 (19.0%) after HD. Lower end-of-HD glucose was significantly associated with all-cause hypoglycemia (OR 0.97; 0.95-0.98), HD-induced hypoglycemia (OR 0.96; 0.94-0.98), hypoglycemia during HD (OR 0.93; 0.90-0.97), and post-dialysis hypoglycemia (OR 0.95; 0.93-0.98; all P < 0.0001). An end-of-HD glucose level < 90 mg/dL was linked to increased all-cause (76.9% vs. 17.8%) and HD-induced (61.5% vs. 10.0%) hypoglycemia, demonstrating clinically meaningful discrimination for hypoglycemia risk stratification.
    CONCLUSION: Glucose levels at the start and end of HD sessions demonstrate distinct clinical relevance. End-of-HD glucose level serves as a useful marker for hypoglycemia risk, highlighting the potential importance of tailored monitoring strategies to support glycemic risk assessment in this high-risk population.
    Keywords:  Continuous glucose monitoring; Hemodialysis; Hypoglycemia; Type 2 diabetes
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-026-02261-7
  7. Prim Care Diabetes. 2026 Apr 06. pii: S1751-9918(26)00073-2. [Epub ahead of print]
    Long-term impact of continuous glucose monitoring on glycemic and metabolic control in type 1 diabetes: A three-year real-world evaluation.
    Ayman Al Hayek, Wael M Al Zahrani, Haifa F AlOtaibi, Jehad Y Saleh, Mohammed A Al Dawish.
       BACKGROUND: This study evaluates the long-term effectiveness, safety, and metabolic impact of sustained continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) use over 36 months in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) managed in routine clinical practice.
    METHODS: This retrospective real-world cohort study included 314 individuals with T1D who initiated CGM and maintained continuous use for three years. Clinical, laboratory, and CGM-derived data were collected at baseline and at approximately 12-, 24-, and 36-month intervals.
    RESULTS: Median HbA1c decreased from 8.5% at baseline to 7.8% at 12 months and remained stable at 7.7% at T24 and T36 (p < 0.001). The median time in range increased from 57% at T12 to 68% at T24 and then decreased to 63% at T36. Severe hypoglycemia exposure (%TBR<54) remained minimal. Median glycemia risk index improved from 53.4 at T12 to 38.2 at T24 and increased to 47.0 at T36. Median insulin dose declined from 1.3 IU/kg/day at baseline to 1.0 at T12-T24 and 1.1 at T36, while median body weight decreased from 69 to 67 kg at T12 and remained stable. Diabetes-related hospitalizations declined progressively over the follow-up period, with statistically significant reductions observed at T24 and T36 compared with baseline (6.1% to 1.9% at T36; p = 0.009). Median hypoglycemia events declined from 5 to 4 per 28 days.
    CONCLUSIONS: Sustained CGM use in real-world clinical practice was associated with durable changes in glycemic control, safety, and healthcare utilization over three years. These findings suggest the long-term clinical value of CGM when embedded within structured diabetes care programs.
    Keywords:  Continuous Glucose Monitoring; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Glycemic Control; Real-World Evidence
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcd.2026.04.002
  8. Diabet Med. 2026 Apr 06. e70253
    A consensus statement on a National Competency Framework for training and assessment of knowledge and skills in diabetes technologies, including hybrid closed loop (HCL), insulin pump systems, and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices.
    E Richardson, B Stribling, J Ridgeway, C Kitching-Davis, L Willcocks, L Heggs, H Wakefield, G Gallen, A Jolley, K Bareford, A Williams, D Farrow, T Fletcher-Salt, D Hicks, J Higgins, L Jordan, B Kelly, C Metcalf-O'Shea, M Turner, E Walden, A Walker, P Choudhary.
       AIMS: To design a national competency framework supporting the training of healthcare professionals (HCP) in the care and management of people with diabetes using diabetes technologies.
    METHODS: Following the release of the NICE [TA943] guidance1 and the NHS England 5-year implementation strategy2, a working group was formed to design a four-level training framework for HCPs, identifying specific knowledge and competencies required for different roles in supporting people living with diabetes using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) or hybrid closed-loop systems.
    RESULTS: We developed a four-level training and competency framework using the 'Novice to Expert' framework and identified skills and competencies for each of those levels. We then sought endorsement from leading national organisations to create this consensus document. This framework complements the delivery recommendations of the 5-year NHS implementation plan for HCL by helping HCPs develop competence and confidence to support HCL users.
    CONCLUSIONS: We anticipate that the national adoption of this training and competency framework will allow healthcare providers to assess and improve the care they provide. This in turn will improve access to therapies, care standards and improve clinical outcomes.
    Keywords:  continuous glucose monitoring (CGM); diabetes; hybrid closed loop (HCL); technologies
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.70253
  9. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2026 Apr 02. pii: S0002-9378(26)00180-8. [Epub ahead of print]
    Flash glucose monitoring addition to self-monitoring of blood glucose and perinatal outcomes in gestational diabetes: a randomized controlled trial.
    Klara Zorko, Ana Munda, Andrej Janež, Draženka Pongrac Barlovič.
       OBJECTIVE: Self-monitoring of blood glucose represents the standard for glycemic monitoring in gestational diabetes mellitus, while the role of continuous glucose monitoring remains uncertain.
    METHODS: We conducted an open-label, single-center, randomized controlled trial comparing adjunctive flash glucose monitoring plus self-monitoring of blood glucose with self-monitoring of blood glucose alone. The prespecified primary outcome was the percentage of self-monitored glucose measurements within the established target range. Secondary outcomes included maternal and neonatal outcomes. Analyses followed the intention-to-treat principle.
    RESULTS: A total of 205 women (median age 32 years; median pre-pregnancy body mass index 23.5 kg/m2; median gestational age 27 weeks) were randomized (102 to adjunctive flash glucose monitoring and 103 to self-monitoring alone). The percentage of self-monitored glucose measurements within target range was lower in the adjunctive flash monitoring group (89.5% vs 92.6%, p=0.04). Median fasting and 1-hour postprandial self-monitored glucose concentrations were comparable between groups and within recommended targets. The incidence of large-for-gestational-age infants was lower in the flash monitoring group (3% vs. 11%; p=0.05; OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.07-0.99).
    CONCLUSIONS: Adjunctive flash glucose monitoring did not improve glycemic outcome in this low-risk gestational diabetes population. However, it was associated with fewer large-for-gestational-age neonates, a secondary outcome that should be interpreted cautiously given the sample size and number of events.
    Keywords:  continuous glucose monitoring (CGM); flash glucose monitoring (FGM); gestational diabetes (GDM); large-for-gestational-age (LGA); perinatal outcomes; self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG); small-for-gestational-age (SGA)
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2026.03.030
  10. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2026 Apr 10. 19322968261436839
    Green Diabetes: Already a Decisive Factor for or Against Technology for People Living With Diabetes?
    Stefanie Hossmann, Aritz Lizoain, Timm Roos, Derek Brandt, Dominic Ehrmann, Bernhard Kulzer, Norbert Hermanns, Cordelia Trümpy, Michael Resl, Peter Diem, Javier Ampudia-Blasco, Julia K Mader, Lutz Heinemann.
       BACKGROUND: The rapid rise of diabetes technology has markedly improved glycemic outcomes, quality of life, and empowerment of people living with diabetes (PwD). However, the increased use of devices such as continuous glucose monitoring systems, insulin pumps, and smart pens has also introduced significant environmental concerns, contributing to waste from plastic, electronics (e-waste) and packaging, and greenhouse gas emissions.
    METHODS: In this paper, we describe results from an online survey conducted in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, between November and December 2024, focused on the level of concern PwD have, regarding the environmental impacts of single-use medical device, supplies and packaging, resulting from diabetes treatment, and whether these considerations influence technology choices.
    RESULTS: Among 1934 PwD surveyed, 1332 (69%) favored more reusable devices, and 865 (45%) expressed concern about packaging waste. However, environmental factors ranked far below safety, effectiveness, and usability when selecting diabetes technologies.
    CONCLUSIONS: Expecting PwD to drive substantial environmental improvements is therefore neither realistic nor fair given prevailing priorities on safety and outcomes. Meaningful progress toward greener diabetes care will depend on manufacturers, policymakers, and healthcare systems embracing eco-design, establishing recycling infrastructure, and integrating sustainability into regulatory and reimbursement frameworks. Only through coordinated efforts can optimal diabetes management be achieved alongside environmental stewardship.
    Keywords:  CGM systems; insulin pens; insulin pumps; plastic; waste
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1177/19322968261436839
  11. Diabet Med. 2026 Apr 10. e70321
    Acute kidney injury in hospitalised patients with type 2 diabetes: Associations with continuous glucose monitoring-based glucose levels, mortality, and ICU admission.
    Mikkel T Olsen, Kirsten Nørgaard, Signe H Jensen, Louise M Rasmussen, Carina K Klarskov, Birgitte Lindegaard, Jonas A Andersen, Hans Gottlieb, Suzanne Lunding, Ulrik Pedersen-Bjergaard, Katrine B Hansen, Peter L Kristensen, Julie M B Brøsen.
       AIMS: Acute kidney injury (AKI) may increase the risk of hypoglycaemia in patients with diabetes due to reduced insulin clearance and altered glucose metabolism. However, the impact of AKI on glycaemic status in non-critically ill hospitalised patients with diabetes is not well understood.
    METHODS: We included 166 hospitalised patients with type 2 diabetes on basal-bolus insulin monitored by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). Kidney function was measured daily via plasma creatinine levels, and AKI was staged per Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines. Multivariate models assessed associations between kidney function and CGM-based glycaemic outcomes.
    RESULTS: AKI correlated with a 7.3%-point (95% CI 0.3-14.2) reduction in time in range (TIR, 3.9-10.0 mmol/L), driven by increased time above range (TAR, >10.0 mmol/L), with no significant change in time below range (TBR, <3.9 mmol/L). AKI was also associated with approximately a tenfold increase in the risk of in-hospital mortality and intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and the risk of being readmitted within 30 days was twice as high. TIR decreased by 7.6%-point (95% CI 2.6-12.5) for each 100 μmol/L increase in plasma creatinine levels.
    CONCLUSION: AKI and high plasma creatinine are associated with hyperglycemia, in-hospital mortality, referral to ICU, and 30-day unscheduled readmissions in hospitalised patients with type 2 diabetes. These findings challenge the prevailing focus on hypoglycemia prevention during AKI, emphasising the importance of addressing hyperglycemia as well.
    Keywords:  acute kidney injury; continuous glucose monitoring; diabetes; hospital; inpatient
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.70321
  12. Sci Rep. 2026 Apr 09.
    Continuous glucose monitoring-based evaluation of percentage coefficient of variation (%CV) as a metric of intraday glycemic variability in South India.
    Mohammed Azhar Hussain, Anil Kumar H, Mahadevamma Lingaiah.
      
    Keywords:  Diabetes mellitus; Glycemic control; Glycemic variability; Percentage coefficient of variation
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-47067-8
  13. Ir J Med Sci. 2026 Apr 09.
    Blood glucose testing modalities utilized by people with type 2 diabetes in a secondary care setting.
    Ronan O'Farrell, Martin Gardner, Colin Davenport, Tommy Kyaw Tun, Najia Siddique, John H McDermott, Seamus Sreenan.
      
    Keywords:  Continuous glucose monitoring; Diabetes; Insulin
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-026-04347-6
  14. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2026 Apr 04.
    Continuous glucose monitoring-derived glycemic variability and low skeletal muscle mass in middle-aged and older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: an analysis using AWGS 2025 criteria.
    Yanling Yang, Hongrong Deng, Beisi Lin, Yintong Huang, Jinhua Yan, Xubin Yang, Cailian Cheng, Wen Xu.
      
    Keywords:  AWGS 2025; Continuous glucose monitoring; Glycemic variability; Insulin resistance; Low skeletal muscle mass; Type 2 diabetes mellitus
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-026-02112-4
  15. Front Digit Health. 2026 ;8 1783456
    Technology-driven diabetes care: innovation without equity?
    Izere Salomon, Shema Sam.
      
    Keywords:  artificial intelligence in healthcare; continuous glucose monitoring (CGM); diabetes care; digital divide; digital health (DH); health equity; low- and middle-income countries (LMICs); type 1 and type 2 diabetes
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2026.1783456
  16. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2026 Apr 09. 19322968261436412
    First in Human Feasibility Study of an Insulin Patch Pump Combined With CGM-Insulin Delivery Cannula.
    Hannah Cunningham, Hanna Jones, Steve Flint, Emma Netzer, Ralph Dutt-Ballerstadt, Peter Eckenberg, Varuni Obeyesekere, Katrin Ellen Brown, Catriona Sims, Solomon Reid, Huan-Ping Wu, Thomas Seidl, Marcel Both, Adrian Auderset, Daniel Eymann, Tamara Lodico, Michael Schoemaker, Yee Wen Kong, David Norman O'Neal.
       AIMS: Combining a patch pump (PP) with a single-insertion glucose-sensing cannula (continuous glucose monitor with an insulin set [CGM-IS]) may reduce user burden compared with tethered insulin pumps or multiple daily injections. We aimed to determine feasibility of a combined device.
    METHODS: This feasibility study evaluated a PP with a CGM-IS (PP-CGM-IS) with manual bolus insulin dosing in T1D adults with insulin pump and CGM experience. The pilot phase involved 3 participants undergoing a mixed meal test (MMT) for 12 hours. In the second phase, 15 participants were studied for 72 hours, including day 1 and day 3 MMTs and one supervised free-living day at a hotel. Primary outcome was accuracy of the CGM device, assessed by mean absolute relative difference (MARD). Secondary outcomes included number of insulin delivery failures and device survival duration.
    RESULTS: Twenty-six devices were inserted in 18 participants. Mean age was 51 years, 14 were female. Nine device (sensor) failures occurred immediately post-insertion requiring re-insertion. Mean absolute relative difference against Yellow Springs Instruments (YSI) in 17 devices was 11.6%. Consensus error grid analysis against YSI analyser showed 83.16% of readings fell within zone A and 100% within zones A and B. Mean glucose, time in range, and total daily insulin dose on day 2 of the main phase compared with baseline did not suggest compromise of insulin delivery. There were no serious adverse events.
    CONCLUSION: This first-in-human study confirms feasibility of integrating CGM-IS with PP. A PP-CGM-IS system warrants further research, including improved insertion process, greater sensor accuracy and ultimately real-time algorithm implementation.
    Keywords:  continuous glucose monitor infusion set; continuous glucose monitoring; feasibility study; patch pump
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1177/19322968261436412
  17. Contact Dermatitis. 2026 Apr 05.
    Patch Testing in Individuals With Diabetes Using Medical Devices. Part 2-Contact Allergy to Medical Device Allergens and New Patch Test Recommendations.
    Josefin Ulriksdotter, Martin Mowitz, Thanisorn Sukakul, Magnus Bruze, Nils Hamnerius, Cecilia Svedman.
       BACKGROUND: Previous studies on contact allergy to diabetes medical devices (MDs) are based on patients referred for patch testing due to suspected allergic contact dermatitis.
    OBJECTIVES: To present real-world data on contact allergy to MD allergens among diabetes MD users. To suggest a MD patch test series.
    METHODS: Adults with type 1 diabetes using diabetes MDs followed up at two endocrinology departments were invited to be patch tested with a novel MD patch test series.
    RESULTS: Of the 204 participants (114 with skin rash to diabetes MDs, 90 without), 16.2% were positive to allergens found in diabetes MDs. The prevalence was significantly higher in those with skin rash to diabetes MDs versus without (28.1% vs. 1.1%; adjusted p-value < 0.001). For allergens found in diabetes MDs, the highest contact allergy rates were seen to isobornyl acrylate (10.3%), N,N-dimethylacrylamide (4.9%), 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (3.4%), and dicyclohexylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate (2.9%).
    CONCLUSIONS: Among diabetes MD users, the prevalence of contact allergy to MD allergens was remarkably high. 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate has not previously been reported as a culprit allergen in diabetes MDs, which underlines the importance of repeated chemical analyses and continuous update of the MD series. A better prevention of MD-related contact allergies is called for.
    Keywords:  contact allergy; continuous glucose monitoring; insulin infusion systems; type 1 diabetes
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1111/cod.70149
This page is being maintained by Thomas Krichel. It was last updated on 2026‒04‒12 at 0:06.