bims-glumda Biomed News
on CGM data in management of diabetes
Issue of 2025–10–05
sixteen papers selected by
Mott Given
  1. Contributions of intermittently scanned continuous glucose monitoring frequency and bolus insulin dosing on time in range: Analysis of data from CGM and connected insulin pens.
  2. Continuous glucose monitoring in Korean pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes: current landscape and clinical implications.
  3. Lack of Association Between Hemoglobin A1c and Continuous Glucose Monitor Metrics Among Individuals with Prediabetes and Normoglycemia.
  4. Glucodensity functional profiles outperform traditional continuous glucose monitoring metrics.
  5. Continuous glucose monitoring in pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis: promising technology, unproven accuracy, and safety.
  6. Experiences of healthcare providers and patients with diabetes mellitus regarding continuous glucose monitoring use in South Korea: a multicenter, cross-sectional survey study.
  7. Experiences of Women With Diabetes Using Wearable Continuous Glucose Monitors During Pregnancy: A Qualitative Descriptive Study.
  8. Continuous glucose monitoring systems for adolescents and adults living with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  9. Comment on "Feasibility of continuous glucose monitoring in children with diabetic ketoacidosis: an exploratory observational study".
  10. Postprandial Glucose: A Variable in Continuum.
  11. Developing and Evaluating a Natural Language Processing Algorithm to Detect Insulin Pump and Continuous Glucose Monitor Use in Electronic Health Records of Patients with Type 1 Diabetes.
  12. Corrigendum to "Effectiveness of continuous glucose monitoring systems on glycemic control in adults with type 1 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis" [Metabol. Open 27 (2025) 100382].
  13. Experience of Using Wearable Devices for Dietary Management for Chinese Americans With Type 2 Diabetes: One-Group Prospective Cohort Study.
  14. Technology-Enhanced KaiāwhiNa-Based support to Optimise type 2 diabetes management in primary care (TEKNO), a randomised controlled trial study protocol.
  15. An Evaluation of the Quality and Reliability of YouTube Videos on CGM System Installation and Replacement.
  16. Public Health System Funding for isCGM Reduces Socioeconomic Disparities in Type 2 Diabetes Control: A Cohort Study.
  1. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2025 Oct 03.
    Contributions of intermittently scanned continuous glucose monitoring frequency and bolus insulin dosing on time in range: Analysis of data from CGM and connected insulin pens.
    Pratik Choudhary, Kalvin Kao, Farhan Quadri, Elemer Balogh, Jody Foster.
       BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Integration of data from continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and connected insulin pens allows us to investigate their use to optimise glucose control. This study examines how insulin bolus frequency reported by connected pens and frequency of glucose scans by an intermittently-scanned continuous glucose monitoring (isCGM) system relate to glycaemic control in a population of real-world European users.
    METHODS: Data from glucose sensors and connected insulin pens were aggregated for LibreView users who integrated their connected pen by January 1, 2024. The most recent 90-day window with ≥30 days' glucose data and ≥15 days of insulin bolus doses following their integration date was analysed. We stratified users by categories of average isCGM scan frequency: low (<6.1 scans/day), medium (6.1-14.0 scans/day) or high (>14.0 scans/day), and average bolus frequency: low (<3.1 boluses/day), medium (3.1-6.7 boluses/day) or high (>6.7 boluses/day).
    RESULTS: Data from 10,993 users was available over 80.6 days/user. Median scans/day were 9.3 [6.1-14.0] and median bolus/day was 4.5 [3.1-6.7]. Increased daily scans were associated with greater time in range (TIR) 70-180 mg/dL (3.9-10.0 mmol/L) within each of the low, medium, and high bolus frequency groups. Increased bolus frequency was associated with increased TIR in the lowest scanning frequency group. Similar outcomes were observed for time above range (TAR) and glycaemic variability.
    CONCLUSIONS: While glucose monitoring frequency and insulin bolus dosing are both indicators of engagement with diabetes self-management, higher TIR has a closer association with increased rates of user engagement with isCGM than with increased rates of bolus dosing.
    Keywords:  CGM; connected insulin pen; glycaemic variability. Interconnected devices; time above range; time in range
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.70165
  2. Clin Exp Pediatr. 2025 Oct 02.
    Continuous glucose monitoring in Korean pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes: current landscape and clinical implications.
    Hwa Young Kim, Jaehyun Kim.
      Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has become a key component in the management of pediatric type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) since it offers real-time glucose data that facilitate tighter glycemic control and reduce acute complications. Accumulating evidence and international guidelines highlight the clinical efficacy, safety, and feasibility of CGM use in children, particularly those with high adherence. Regular CGM use is associated with significant reductions in glycated hemoglobin, fewer hypo- and hyperglycemia episodes, and improved quality of life for both patients and their caregivers. Recent advances in CGM technology-including improved accuracy, extended sensor wear, factory calibration, and customizable alerts-have enhanced their usability in pediatric populations. In addition to established CGM metrics such as time in range, time below range, and glycemic variability, a novel parameter-time in tight range (also referred as time in normoglycemia), defined as the percentage of time with blood glucose readings within 70-140 mg/dL-has emerged as a potentially more sensitive marker of optimal glycemic control in children. This review provides a comprehensive overview of CGM technologies, including device types, performance metrics, and clinical evidence supporting their use for pediatric T1DM. It also examines recent advancements in Korea such as expanded insurance reimbursement and clinical integration. As CGM becomes more accessible and technologically advanced, it is expected to play an increasingly central role in optimizing long-term outcomes for children and adolescents with T1DM.
    Keywords:  Adolescent; Child; Continuous glucose monitoring; Korea; Type 1 diabetes mellitus
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2025.01522
  3. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2025 Oct 01.
    Lack of Association Between Hemoglobin A1c and Continuous Glucose Monitor Metrics Among Individuals with Prediabetes and Normoglycemia.
    Jorge A Rodriguez, Nadine E Palermo, Wenyu Song, Stuart Lipsitz, A Enrique Caballero, Lipika Samal, Nicole L Spartano.
      Continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) are becoming increasingly available, yet the relationship between CGM metrics and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) among individuals with prediabetes and normoglycemia remains unclear. We examined associations between HbA1c and eight CGM metrics across glycemic status. Our cohort included 972 individuals: 421 (43.3%) with type 2 diabetes, 319 (32.8%) with prediabetes, and 232 (23.9%) with normoglycemia. Associations were strongest in type 2 diabetes, with mean glucose showing the strongest relationships (standardized β = 0.79, P < 0.001). In prediabetes, associations were substantially attenuated, with mean glucose showing moderate association (standardized β = 0.22, P < 0.001). Among individuals with normoglycemia, CGM metrics showed minimal associations with HbA1c, with mean glucose demonstrating a weak association (standardized β = 0.10, P = 0.022) and time in range showing no significant relationship. All interaction terms were statistically significant (P < 0.001). These findings suggest that standard CGM metrics should not be interpreted to reflect HbA1c for individuals with prediabetes and normoglycemia.
    Keywords:  continuous glucose monitoring; glycemic variability; hemoglobin A1c; normoglycemia; prediabetes
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1177/15209156251379506
  4. Sci Rep. 2025 Sep 29. 15(1): 33662
    Glucodensity functional profiles outperform traditional continuous glucose monitoring metrics.
    Marcos Matabuena, Rahul Ghosal, Javier Enrique Aguilar, Ayya Keshet, Robert Wagner, Carmen Fernández Merino, Juan Sánchez Castro, Vadim Zipunnikov, Jukka-Pekka Onnela, Francisco Gude.
      Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) data have revolutionized the management of type 1 diabetes, particularly when integrated with insulin pumps to mitigate clinical events such as hypoglycemia. Recently, there has been growing interest in utilizing CGM devices in clinical studies involving healthy and diabetic populations. However, efficiently exploiting the high temporal resolution of CGM profiles remains a significant challenge. Numerous indices-such as time-in-range metrics and glucose variability measures-have been proposed, but evidence suggests these metrics overlook critical aspects of dynamic glucose homeostasis. As an alternative method, this paper explores the clinical value of glucodensity metrics in capturing glucose dynamics-specifically the speed and acceleration of CGM time series-as new biomarkers for predicting long-term glucose outcomes. Our results demonstrate significant information gains, exceeding 20 % in terms of adjusted r-square, in forecasting glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) at five and eight years from baseline AEGIS data, compared to traditional non-CGM and CGM glucose biomarkers. These findings underscore the importance of incorporating more complex CGM functional metrics, such as the glucodensity approach, to fully capture continuous glucose fluctuations across different time-scales.
    Keywords:  Continuos glucose monitoring; Digital health; Functional data analysis; Glucose dynamic; Glucose matabolism
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-18119-2
  5. Eur J Pediatr. 2025 Sep 30. 184(10): 651
    Continuous glucose monitoring in pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis: promising technology, unproven accuracy, and safety.
    Noor-Ul-Eman Haider, Aashir Bin Asad, Mehwish Amjad.
      
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-025-06506-w
  6. J Yeungnam Med Sci. 2025 ;42 60
    Experiences of healthcare providers and patients with diabetes mellitus regarding continuous glucose monitoring use in South Korea: a multicenter, cross-sectional survey study.
    Young-Jin Choi, Jung-Hwa Lee, Kyu-Jeung Ahn, Ho-Yeon Chung, Ji Eun Jun, You-Cheol Hwang, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Young Na, Jae-Hyeon Kim, Kang-Hee Sim, Kun-Ho Yoon, Bok-Rye Song, In-Kyung Jeong.
       BACKGROUND: Despite the increasing use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems, limited data exist on their perceived benefits and challenges among patients and healthcare providers. This study explored CGM-related experiences in South Korea.
    METHODS: An anonymous online survey was conducted between January and December 2021 at four university hospitals. Respondents included patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), physicians, and DM education nurses. The survey assessed the use of CGM, its benefits, and barriers. Most devices were first-generation CGMs: FreeStyle Libre 1 (Abbott Diabetes Care), Dexcom G6 (Dexcom Inc.), and Medtronic Guardian 3 (Medtronic MiniMed).
    RESULTS: Among 1,010 patients (33.4% with type 1 DM [T1DM], 63.6% with type 2 DM [T2DM], and 3.1% others; mean age, 51.4±14.6 years), 92.7% found CGM helpful. Although 59.6% reported discomfort, 81.9% intended to continue using CGM, indicating that perceived benefits outweighed barriers. The key advantages were glucose monitoring without finger pricks (T1DM, 57.9%; T2DM, 56.2%) and maintenance of target glucose levels. Discomfort was related to discomfort during activities (53.8%), skin problems (45.0%), and pain (43.0%). Healthcare provider recommendations were associated with reduced discomfort (adjusted odds ratio, 0.36; 95% confidence interval, 0.21-0.60). Physicians (n=29) cited high costs as the main barrier (T1DM, 58.9%; T2DM, 64.8%); only 51.9% and 14.5% prescribed CGM for T1DM and T2DM, respectively. Insulin adjustment and glucose control were the main reasons for prescription, while cost (89.3%) and limited consultation time (67.9%) were barriers. DM educators (n=9) reported heavy workloads, with training and follow-up times averaging 31.7±7.5 minutes and 21.7±9.7 minutes, respectively; 77.8% of DM educators identified frequent patient inquiries as their greatest burden.
    CONCLUSION: CGM provides significant clinical benefits but is limited by discomfort, costs, and educational burden. Sustained adoption requires device improvements, insurance support, and workforce expansion.
    Keywords:  Blood glucose self-monitoring; Continuous glucose monitoring; Diabetes mellitus
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.12701/jyms.2025.42.60
  7. Sci Diabetes Self Manag Care. 2025 Oct 04. 26350106251378719
    Experiences of Women With Diabetes Using Wearable Continuous Glucose Monitors During Pregnancy: A Qualitative Descriptive Study.
    Hee Sun Kang, Hyang Rang Park, Jangmi Kang, Chun-Ja Kim.
      PurposeThe purpose of this study was to describe the experiences of women with diabetes using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) during pregnancy.MethodsA qualitative descriptive design was used. Fourteen perinatal women participated in this study, and data were collected through in-depth interviews conducted between November 2024 and May 2025. Qualitative content analysis was performed using NVivo software.ResultsThe participants were ages 31 to 42 years. One participant had pregestational diabetes, and the remaining 13 had gestational diabetes. Five participants received insulin therapy, and others were managed without insulin. Three key themes emerged: (a) navigating self-care for glucose management by integrating wearable CGM, (b) guidance of health care providers for glucose management and fetal well-being, and (c) expected improvements in affordability and usability. The participants appreciated the convenience and real-time feedback provided by CGM. They actively engaged in self-care by utilizing CGM data along with health care provider guidance to maintain target glucose levels. However, concerns regarding costs and utility were commonly expressed.ConclusionsThis study highlights that integrating CGM into self-care, with guidance from health care providers, can positively influence glucose management during pregnancy. Enhancing access to CGM through supportive health care policies may improve maternal outcomes and reduce health disparities, thus aligning with sustainable development goals.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1177/26350106251378719
  8. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2025 Oct 03. 10 CD016111
    Continuous glucose monitoring systems for adolescents and adults living with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
    Sachiko Y Kataoka, Takahiro Tsuge, Yuki Kataoka, Maria-Inti Metzendorf, Juan Va Franco, Norio Watanabe.
       OBJECTIVES: This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention). The objectives are as follows: To evaluate the benefits (contributions to blood glucose control and prevention of various complications) and harms (skin-related problems and other adverse effects) of CGM compared to the standard of care, which includes measuring HbA1c, fructosamine, or glycated albumin, as well as conducting SMBG, in adolescents and adults living with type 2 diabetes. We will include real-time CGM, intermittently scanned CGM, and professional CGM. To evaluate health equity by assessing the effects across different generations, regions, and educational backgrounds.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD016111
  9. Eur J Pediatr. 2025 Oct 03. 184(11): 657
    Comment on "Feasibility of continuous glucose monitoring in children with diabetic ketoacidosis: an exploratory observational study".
    Mohsin Ali, Rahman Syed, Ameer Afzal Khan, Manahil Noor, Shiraz Khan.
      
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-025-06508-8
  10. Clin Med Insights Endocrinol Diabetes. 2025 ;18 11795514251370507
    Postprandial Glucose: A Variable in Continuum.
    Shashank Joshi, Jothydev Kesavadev, Prasanna Kumar K M, Banshi Saboo, Adi Mehta, Arpandev Bhattacharyya, Aravind Sosale, Puthiyaveettil Khadar Jabbar, R Santosh, Vaishali Deshmukh, Nilakshi Deka, Shambo Samrat Samajdar.
      The global rise in diabetes mellitus presents a major healthcare challenge due to its associated complications. Effective glycemic control, crucial for reducing diabetes-related morbidity and mortality, encompasses 3 key components: fasting plasma glucose (FPG), postprandial plasma glucose (PPG), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). While FPG and HbA1c are commonly used for evaluating glycemic control, PPG also significantly influences overall glucose management. Postprandial hyperglycemia, the early deviation in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), plays a dominant role in individuals with near-target HbA1c levels. Advances in continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) provide a more comprehensive understanding of PPG fluctuations, offering real-time data and reducing the limitations of traditional monitoring methods. CGM technology revolutionizes glycemic monitoring, enhancing the management of PPG and supporting better diabetes care. This review emphasizes the importance of monitoring and managing PPG throughout the postprandial state in individuals with diabetes. It further consolidates evidence highlighting the importance of viewing PPG as a continuum and the potential of CGM in improving PPG management.
    Keywords:  CGM; PPG; continuous glucose monitoring; continuum; glycated hemoglobin; postprandial plasma glucose; postprandial state
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1177/11795514251370507
  11. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2025 Sep 29.
    Developing and Evaluating a Natural Language Processing Algorithm to Detect Insulin Pump and Continuous Glucose Monitor Use in Electronic Health Records of Patients with Type 1 Diabetes.
    Estelle Everett, Ryan A Tiu, Bing Zhu, Jeffrey Feng, Nicholas Jackson, Joyce Graham, Eli Ipp, Nestoras Mathioudakis, Alex A T Bui, Tannaz Moin.
      Objective: We aimed to develop and validate natural language processing (NLP) algorithms to identify insulin pump and continuous glucose monitor (CGM) users using unstructured clinical note data from the electronic health record (EHR). Methods: We reviewed a random sample of outpatient clinical notes from endocrinologists to catalog how insulin pump and CGM use was documented. We translated these patterns into regular expressions and used them to build rule-based NLP algorithms, which we iteratively refined. We evaluated the final algorithms in a University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) holdout dataset that included the most recent note from 667 unique patients. We then externally validated the algorithms in a second health system with a different EHR and patient population. Manual chart review served as the gold standard. We assessed performance with measures including sensitivity and specificity. To contextualize algorithm performance, we evaluated the accuracy of billing codes for insulin pump and CGM use within the same UCLA holdout dataset. Results: In the UCLA holdout dataset, our insulin pump algorithm achieved a sensitivity of 0.90 and specificity of 0.89. The CGM algorithm achieved a sensitivity of 0.85 and specificity of 0.84. The combined algorithm identifying both insulin pump and CGM use showed a sensitivity of 0.76 and specificity of 0.92. In comparison, billing codes underperformed: International Classification of Diseases/Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes identified insulin pump use with a sensitivity of 0.09 and specificity of 1.00, whereas CPT codes identified CGM use with a sensitivity of 0.68 and specificity of 0.86. For combined device use, billing codes had a sensitivity of 0.06 and specificity of 1.00. External validation demonstrated similarly strong algorithm performance in the second health system. Conclusions: We showed that NLP can accurately identify insulin pump and CGM users from unstructured EHR notes, substantially outperforming billing code-based methods. This scalable approach can support system- and population-level evaluations of diabetes technologies.
    Keywords:  CGM; NLP; continuous glucose monitoring; electronic medical record; insulin pump; natural language processing
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1177/15209156251383828
  12. Metabol Open. 2025 Sep;27 100383
    Corrigendum to "Effectiveness of continuous glucose monitoring systems on glycemic control in adults with type 1 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis" [Metabol. Open 27 (2025) 100382].
    Salya F Alfadli, Yazeed S Alotaibi, Maha J Aqdi, Latifah A Almozan, Zahra B Alzubaidi, Hammad A Altemani, Lama S Alrashidi, Shaden D Almutairi, Hussain A Alabdullah, Alaa A Almehmadi, Abdulrahman L Alanzi, Ahmed Y Azzam.
      [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2025.100382.].
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metop.2025.100383
  13. JMIR Diabetes. 2025 Oct 02. 10 e73381
    Experience of Using Wearable Devices for Dietary Management for Chinese Americans With Type 2 Diabetes: One-Group Prospective Cohort Study.
    Michaela Greenlee, Bei Wu, Mingui Sun, Keer Chen, Wenyan Jia, Susan Zweig, Gail Melkus, Niyati Parekh, Yaguang Zheng.
       Background: Chinese Americans with type 2 diabetes (T2D) face significant challenges in dietary management, which is crucial for glycemic control. Wearable sensors, such as the electronic button (eButton) and continuous glucose monitor (CGM), offer a promising solution.
    Objective: We aimed to explore the experience of using the eButton and CGM for dietary management among Chinese Americans with T2D.
    Methods: Chinese Americans with T2D (N=11) participated in a one-group prospective cohort study, recruited via convenience sampling from the electronic medical records of NYU Langone Health. Participants wore an eButton on their chest to record their 10-day meals and a CGM for the 2 weeks and kept a diary to track food intake, medication, and physical activity. Individual interviews were conducted after 2 weeks to discuss their experience, barriers, and facilitators of use. Interview transcripts were thematically analyzed using ATLAS.ti (Scientific Software Development GmbH) software.
    Results: Facilitators of using an eButton included the device's ease of use, ability to make participants more mindful, and influence on increased sense of control. Greater awareness of food intake enabled participants to eat smaller portions. Reported barriers included privacy concerns, difficulty positioning the camera for pictures, and the lack of a meal photo record to track glucose trends. For the CGM, facilitators included its comfort and ease of use, its ability to increase mindfulness of meal choices, and its motivating changes in eating behaviors. The most common barriers included the sensor falling off, getting trapped in clothes, and causing skin sensitivity.
    Conclusions: Our findings suggest that it is feasible for Chinese Americans with T2D to use eButton and CGM for dietary management. When paired, these tools offer a promising method to help patients visualize the relationship between food intake and glycemic response. For clinical implementation, structured support from health care providers-such as dietitians or diabetes educators-is essential to help patients interpret the data meaningfully. Clinicians should also consider cultural factors, privacy concerns, and individual preferences when introducing wearable technologies, ensuring a personalized and patient-centered approach to diabetes care. Future studies should apply these devices to a larger sample over a longer duration to better inform effective diabetes management strategies.
    Keywords:  Chinese Americans; continuous glucose monitor; dietary management; eButton; electronic button; type 2 diabetes; wearable devices
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.2196/73381
  14. BMC Health Serv Res. 2025 Sep 30. 25(1): 1247
    Technology-Enhanced KaiāwhiNa-Based support to Optimise type 2 diabetes management in primary care (TEKNO), a randomised controlled trial study protocol.
    Lynne Chepulis, Noleen van Zyl, Suzanne Moorhouse, Stanely Koshy, Rawiri Keenan, Chunhuan Lao, Hilde Mullins, Tim Kenealy, Ryan Paul, Hamish Crocket.
      
    Keywords:  Continuous glucose monitoring; Freestyle libre 2; Health economics; Optimised prescribing; Randomised controlled trial; Type 2 diabetes
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-025-13277-5
  15. Sci Diabetes Self Manag Care. 2025 Sep 28. 26350106251371082
    An Evaluation of the Quality and Reliability of YouTube Videos on CGM System Installation and Replacement.
    Merve Dervişoğlu, Merve Günbaş, Dilek Büyükkaya Besen.
      PurposeThe purpose of the study was to evaluate the quality, reliability, and informational adequacy of YouTube videos related to the installation and replacement of continuous glucose monitor (CGM) systems.MethodsThis descriptive and correlational study evaluated 460 videos retrieved using the keywords "CGM installation" and "CGM replacement" and analyzed 35 videos that met the inclusion criteria. Videos were assessed using 3 tools: the DISCERN instrument, the Global Quality Scale (GQS), and the 24-item CGM Informational Survey (CIS) developed by the researchers.ResultsThe majority of videos (80%) were user-generated, and only 2.9% were uploaded by health care professionals. The average GQS score was 2.80, DISCERN 34.57, and CIS 11.86, indicating moderate to low quality and informativeness. Video duration showed strong positive correlations with CIS (r = .80), DISCERN (r = .64), and GQS (r = .71) scores (P < .001). Videos with high information scores were significantly longer and more comprehensive than low-scoring ones. No significant correlation was found between follower count and content quality. The most frequently shared YouTube videos were related to the Dexcom CGM System (34.3%) and the FreeStyle Libre CGM System (25.7%).ConclusionsYouTube videos related to CGM installation and replacement are largely insufficient in terms of medical accuracy and completeness. Given the growing reliance on digital health information, it is essential for health care professionals to produce accurate, standardized, and accessible video content to support safe diabetes self-management and improve public health literacy.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1177/26350106251371082
  16. J Diabetes Res. 2025 ;2025 5588397
    Public Health System Funding for isCGM Reduces Socioeconomic Disparities in Type 2 Diabetes Control: A Cohort Study.
    Fernando Sebastian-Valles, Jessica Jimenez-Diaz, Carolina Sager-La Ganga, Jon Garai-Hierro, Alicia Justel Enriquez, Alejandra Santamaría Barrena, Jon Portu Gamazo, Luis Eduardo Lander-Lobariñas, María Sara Tapia-Sanchiz, María Ausín Carrera, Julia Martínez-Alfonso, Jose Alfonso Arranz-Martín, Miguel Antonio Sampedro-Núñez, Victor Navas-Moreno, Purificación Martinez-Icaya, Mónica Marazuela, Iñigo Hernando-Alday.
      Objective: The objective of this study is to assess whether the provision of free intermittently scanned continuous glucose monitoring (isCGM) systems can reduce socioeconomic disparities in glycemic control among individuals with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) treated with multiple daily insulin injections. Methods: This is a cohort study involving 402 T2D patients from three hospitals, all of whom initiated isCGM use as part of routine clinical practice. The isCGM systems were provided free of charge through public healthcare funding, with no out-of-pocket cost to the patients. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were recorded before and after at least 3 months of sensor use. Socioeconomic status (SES) was determined based on the average annual net income per person within the census tract for each patient. Results: Prior to the sensor placement, the mean HbA1c was 8.9% for patients in the lowest SES quartile and 8.2% for those in the highest quartile (p = 0.009). Following isCGM implementation, significant HbA1c reductions were observed across all SES groups, with decreases of 1.0% in the lowest quartile and 0.6% in the highest (p < 0.001). Postintervention differences in HbA1c between SES quartiles were not statistically significant (p = 0.509). Conclusion: Public funding of isCGM systems is associated with a significant improvement in glycemic control and contributes to the reduction of pre-existing socioeconomic disparities in healthcare among T2D patients treated with insulin.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/5588397
This page is being maintained by Thomas Krichel. It was last updated on 2025‒10‒05 at 0:10.