bims-exocan Biomed News
on Exosomes roles in cancer
Issue of 2023–05–28
eight papers selected by
Muhammad Rizwan, COMSATS University
  1. Exosomes: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Implications in Cancer.
  2. Dynamic Role of Exosome microRNAs in Cancer Cell Signaling and Their Emerging Role as Noninvasive Biomarkers.
  3. Regulatory mechanisms and clinical applications of tumor-driven exosomal circRNAs in cancers.
  4. Cancer-associated fibroblasts and its derived exosomes: a new perspective for reshaping the tumor microenvironment.
  5. A Comprehensive Review on Exosome: Recent Progress and Outlook.
  6. Crosstalk between colorectal cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts in the tumor microenvironment mediated by exosomal noncoding RNAs.
  7. Therapeutic and Diagnostic Potential of Exosomes as Drug Delivery Systems in Brain Cancer.
  8. Role of Exosomes in the Invasion and Metastasis of Ovarian Cancer and Application Potential of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment.
  1. Pharmaceutics. 2023 May 11. pii: 1465. [Epub ahead of print]15(5):
    Exosomes: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Implications in Cancer.
    Hyein Jo, Kyeonghee Shim, Dooil Jeoung.
      Exosomes are a subset of extracellular vesicles produced by all cells, and they are present in various body fluids. Exosomes play crucial roles in tumor initiation/progression, immune suppression, immune surveillance, metabolic reprogramming, angiogenesis, and the polarization of macrophages. In this work, we summarize the mechanisms of exosome biogenesis and secretion. Since exosomes may be increased in the cancer cells and body fluids of cancer patients, exosomes and exosomal contents can be used as cancer diagnostic and prognostic markers. Exosomes contain proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. These exosomal contents can be transferred into recipient cells. Therefore, this work details the roles of exosomes and exosomal contents in intercellular communications. Since exosomes mediate cellular interactions, exosomes can be targeted for developing anticancer therapy. This review summarizes current studies on the effects of exosomal inhibitors on cancer initiation and progression. Since exosomal contents can be transferred, exosomes can be modified to deliver molecular cargo such as anticancer drugs, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and micro RNAs (miRNAs). Thus, we also summarize recent advances in developing exosomes as drug delivery platforms. Exosomes display low toxicity, biodegradability, and efficient tissue targeting, which make them reliable delivery vehicles. We discuss the applications and challenges of exosomes as delivery vehicles in tumors, along with the clinical values of exosomes. In this review, we aim to highlight the biogenesis, functions, and diagnostic and therapeutic implications of exosomes in cancer.
    Keywords:  cellular interactions; clinical trials; diagnostics; drug carriers; exosomes; miRNAs; prognostics; siRNAs; therapeutics
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15051465
  2. Biology (Basel). 2023 May 12. pii: 710. [Epub ahead of print]12(5):
    Dynamic Role of Exosome microRNAs in Cancer Cell Signaling and Their Emerging Role as Noninvasive Biomarkers.
    Jaya Aseervatham.
      Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that originate from endosomes and are released by all cells irrespective of their origin or type. They play an important role in cell communication and can act in an autocrine, endocrine, or paracrine fashion. They are 40-150 nm in diameter and have a similar composition to the cell of origin. An exosome released by a particular cell is unique since it carries information about the state of the cell in pathological conditions such as cancer. miRNAs carried by cancer-derived exosomes play a multifaceted role by taking part in cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, apoptosis, and immune evasion. Depending on the type of miRNA that it carries as its cargo, it can render cells chemo- or radiosensitive or resistant and can also act as a tumor suppressor. Since the composition of exosomes is affected by the cellular state, stress, and changes in the environment, they can be used as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers. Their unique ability to cross biological barriers makes them an excellent choice as vehicles for drug delivery. Because of their easy availability and stability, they can be used to replace cancer biopsies, which are invasive and expensive. Exosomes can also be used to follow the progression of diseases and monitor treatment strategies. A better understanding of the roles and functions of exosomal miRNA can be used to develop noninvasive, innovative, and novel treatments for cancer.
    Keywords:  ESCRT; Rab GTPases; breast cancer; colorectal cancer; exosomal miRNA; exosomes; extracellular vesicles; liver cancer; noninvasive biomarkers; prostate cancer
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12050710
  3. Int J Med Sci. 2023 ;20(6): 818-835
    Regulatory mechanisms and clinical applications of tumor-driven exosomal circRNAs in cancers.
    Xiangyu Meng, Dong Yang, Bao Zhang, Yan Zhao, Zhichao Zheng, Tao Zhang.
      Malignant tumors seriously affect people's survival and prognosis. Exosomes, as vesicle structures widely existing in human tissues and body fluids, are involved in cell-to-cell transmission. Tumor-derived exosomes were secreted from tumors and involved in the development of carcinogenesis. Circular RNA (circRNA), a novel member of endogenous noncoding RNAs, is widespread in human and play a vital role in many physiological or pathological processes. Tumor-driven exosomal circRNAs are often involved in tumorigenesis and development including the proliferation, invasion, migration and chemo-or-radiotherapy sensitivity of tumor cell by multiple regulatory mechanisms. In this review, we will elaborate the roles and functions of tumor-driven exosomal circRNAs in cancers which may be used as potential cancer biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets.
    Keywords:  cancer; clinical application; exosomal circRNAs; mechanisms; tumor-driven exosomes
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.7150/ijms.82419
  4. Mol Med. 2023 05 22. 29(1): 66
    Cancer-associated fibroblasts and its derived exosomes: a new perspective for reshaping the tumor microenvironment.
    Zhiwei Peng, Zhiwei Tong, Zihao Ren, Manping Ye, Kongwang Hu.
      Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the most abundant stromal cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME). They extensively communicate with the other cells. Exosome-packed bioactive molecules derived from CAFs can reshape the TME by interacting with other cells and the extracellular matrix, which adds a new perspective for their clinical application in tumor targeted therapy. An in-depth understanding of the biological characteristics of CAF-derived exosomes (CDEs) is critical for depicting the detailed landscape of the TME and developing tailored therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment. In this review, we have summarized the functional roles of CAFs in the TME, particularly focusing on the extensive communication mediated by CDEs that contain biological molecules such as miRNAs, proteins, metabolites, and other components. In addition, we have also highlighted the prospects for diagnostic and therapeutic applications based on CDEs, which could guide the future development of exosome-targeted anti-tumor drugs.
    Keywords:  Cancer-associated fibroblasts; Diagnosis; Exosomes; Therapy; Tumor microenvironment
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1186/s10020-023-00665-y
  5. Pharm Nanotechnol. 2023 May 23.
    A Comprehensive Review on Exosome: Recent Progress and Outlook.
    Paras Agarwal, Adiba Anees, Raval Kavit Harsiddharay, Pranesh Kumar, Pushpendra Kumar Tripathi.
      Exosomes are intrinsic membrane-based vesicles that play a key role in both normal and pathological processes. Since their discovery, exosomes have been investigated as viable drug delivery systems and clinical indicators because of their magnitude and effectiveness in delivering biological components to targeted cells. Exosome characteristics are biocompatible, prefer tumor recruitment, have tunable targeting efficiency, and are stable, making them outstanding and eye-catching medication delivery systems for cancer and other disorders. There is great interest in using cell-released tiny vesicles that activate the immune system in the age of the fast development of cancer immunotherapy. Exosomes, which are cell-derived nanovesicles, have a lot of potential for application in cancer immunotherapy due to their immunogenicity and molecular transfer function. More significantly, exosomes can transfer their cargo to specified cells and so affect the phenotypic and immune-regulation capabilities of those cells. In this article, we summarize exosomes' biogenesis, isolation techniques, drug delivery, applications, and recent clinical updates. The use of exosomes as drug-delivery systems for small compounds, macromolecules, and nucleotides has recently advanced. We have tried to give holistic and exhaustive pieces of information showcasing current progress and clinical updates of exosomes.
    Keywords:  Anticancer therapeutics; Biogenesis; Drug delivery; Exosomes; Isolation; Targeting methodology
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.2174/2211738511666230523114311
  6. Front Immunol. 2023 ;14 1161628
    Crosstalk between colorectal cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts in the tumor microenvironment mediated by exosomal noncoding RNAs.
    Shichen Sun, Yanyu Zhang, Yubing Li, Linlin Wei.
      Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignant tumor of the digestive system, and its morbidity rates are increasing worldwide. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), as part of the tumor microenvironment (TME), are not only closely linked to normal fibroblasts, but also can secrete a variety of substances (including exosomes) to participate in the regulation of the TME. Exosomes can play a key role in intercellular communication by delivering intracellular signaling substances (e.g., proteins, nucleic acids, non-coding RNAs), and an increasing number of studies have shown that non-coding RNAs of exosomal origin from CAFs are not only closely associated with the formation of the CRC microenvironment, but also increase the ability of CRC to grow in metastasis, mediate tumor immunosuppression, and are involved in the mechanism of drug resistance in CRC patients receiving. It is also involved in the mechanism of drug resistance after radiotherapy in CRC patients. In this paper, we review the current status and progress of research on CAFs-derived exosomal non-coding RNAs in CRC.
    Keywords:  cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs); colorectal cancer (CRC); exosomal noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs); exosomes; tumor microenvironment (TME)
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1161628
  7. Pharmaceutics. 2023 May 08. pii: 1439. [Epub ahead of print]15(5):
    Therapeutic and Diagnostic Potential of Exosomes as Drug Delivery Systems in Brain Cancer.
    Dimitrios I Avgoulas, Konstantinos S Tasioulis, Rigini M Papi, Anastasia A Pantazaki.
      Cancer is designated as one of the principal causes of mortality universally. Among different types of cancer, brain cancer remains the most challenging one due to its aggressiveness, the ineffective permeation ability of drugs through the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and drug resistance. To overcome the aforementioned issues in fighting brain cancer, there is an imperative need for designing novel therapeutic approaches. Exosomes have been proposed as prospective "Trojan horse" nanocarriers of anticancer theranostics owing to their biocompatibility, increased stability, permeability, negligible immunogenicity, prolonged circulation time, and high loading capacity. This review provides a comprehensive discussion on the biological properties, physicochemical characteristics, isolation methods, biogenesis and internalization of exosomes, while it emphasizes their therapeutic and diagnostic potential as drug vehicle systems in brain cancer, highlighting recent advances in the research field. A comparison of the biological activity and therapeutic effectiveness of several exosome-encapsulated cargo including drugs and biomacromolecules underlines their great supremacy over the non-exosomal encapsulated cargo in the delivery, accumulation, and biological potency. Various studies on cell lines and animals give prominence to exosome-based nanoparticles (NPs) as a promising and alternative approach in the management of brain cancer.
    Keywords:  brain cancer; diagnosis; drug delivery; exosomes; glioblastoma; natural nanocarriers; personalized medicine; theranostics; treatment
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15051439
  8. J Cancer. 2023 ;14(7): 1141-1150
    Role of Exosomes in the Invasion and Metastasis of Ovarian Cancer and Application Potential of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment.
    Yifei Zhu, Cheng Wang, Ziyu Ma, Feifei Li, Chunwei Xu, Weiwei Pan, Aijun Liu.
      Ovarian cancer is a highly lethal form of cancer in females, largely due to extensive metastases that often accompany the initial diagnosis. Exosomes are microvesicles size from 30 to 100nm, which can be secreted by most cells. These special extracellular vesicles play a vital role in the metastasis of ovarian cancer. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive review of current research pertaining to the role of exosomes in ovarian cancer, utilizing the PubMed® and Web of Science databases. Our review highlights the progress in elucidating the mechanisms by which exosomes facilitate ovarian cancer progression. Additionally, we discuss the potential of exosomes as a novel therapeutic target for ovarian cancer treatment. Overall, our review provides valuable insights into the current state of research on exosomes in ovarian cancer therapy.
    Keywords:  Ovarian cancer; cancer therapy; drug carrier; exosome; metastasis
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.7150/jca.83663
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