bims-empneu Biomed News
on Exercise and Molecular Pathways Involved in Neuroprotection
Issue of 2021‒06‒27
ten papers selected by
Navabeh Zare-Kookandeh
Victoria University
  1. High intensity interval training induces dysregulation of mitochondrial respiratory complex and mitophagy in the hippocampus of middle-aged mice.
  2. Hippocampal Functional Connectivity and Memory Performance After Exercise Intervention in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment.
  3. Chronic AdipoRon Treatment Mimics the Effects of Physical Exercise on Restoring Hippocampal Neuroplasticity in Diabetic Mice.
  4. Be Fit, Be Sharp, Be Well: The Case for Exercise as a Treatment for Cognitive Impairment in Late-life Depression.
  5. Long-term high-intensity interval training increases serum neurotrophic factors in elderly overweight and obese Chinese adults.
  6. The effect of acute exercise for reducing cognitive alterations associated with individuals high in anxiety.
  7. Effects of High-Intensity Interval Exercise and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Exercise on Executive Function of Healthy Young Males.
  8. Exercise in the cold causes greater irisin release but may not be enough for adropin.
  9. Examining the Relationship Between Exercise-Related Cognitive Errors, Exercise Schema, and Implicit Associations.
  10. Physical exercise is effective for neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review.
  1. Behav Brain Res. 2021 Jun 17. pii: S0166-4328(21)00272-2. [Epub ahead of print] 113384
    High intensity interval training induces dysregulation of mitochondrial respiratory complex and mitophagy in the hippocampus of middle-aged mice.
    Yu Zhang, Bo Liao, Shuai Hu, Shan-Yao Pan, Gui-Ping Wang, Yu-Long Wang, Zheng-Hong Qin, Li Luo.
      Autophagy is involved in aging-related cognitive impairment. Aerobic exercise training can improve cognitive function in the elderly and this effect may be associated with autophagic mechanisms and mitochondrial respiratory function. High intensity interval training (HIIT) has beneficial effects on heart and skeletal muscles by activating autophagy and/or mitophagy, but the effects of HIIT on autophagy/mitophagy in the aging brain are unknown. This study investigated the effects of HIIT on the mitochondrial respiratory complex and autophagy/mitophagy, and its relation to brain function. Thirteen middle-aged male ICR mice underwent HIIT for 7 weeks. The exercise program reduced the spontaneous behavior and exploration activities of the mice. The phosphorylation level of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and the protein expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) decreased after the 7-week HIIT. Exercise downregulated the protein expression of Complex Ⅰ and upregulated the protein expression of Complex Ⅲ, Complex Ⅳ and Complex Ⅴ. HIIT also decreased the expression of mitophagy-related proteins in the mitochondrial fractions of the hippocampus. However, HIIT did not change the expression of autophagy-related proteins LC3, P62, Atg5, Atg7, Beclin-1 and Lamp2 in the total lysate of the hippocampus. These data indicated that HIIT might have negative effects on the plasticity of the hippocampus in middle-aged mice. The effects may be related to the dysregulation of CREB-BDNF signaling, mitochondrial respiratory complex and mitophagy induced by HIIT.
    Keywords:  Autophagy; High intensity interval training; Hippocampus; Mitochondrial respiratory complex; Mitophagy
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113384
  2. J Alzheimers Dis. 2021 Jun 11.
    Hippocampal Functional Connectivity and Memory Performance After Exercise Intervention in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment.
    Junyeon Won, Daniel D Callow, Gabriel S Pena, Leslie S Jordan, Naomi A Arnold-Nedimala, Kristy A Nielson, J Carson Smith.
      BACKGROUND: Exercise training (ET) has neuroprotective effects in the hippocampus, a key brain region for memory that is vulnerable to age-related dysfunction.OBJECTIVE: We investigated the effects of ET on functional connectivity (FC) of the hippocampus in older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and a cognitively normal (CN) control group. We also assessed whether the ET-induced changes in hippocampal FC (Δhippocampal-FC) are associated with changes in memory task performance (Δmemory performance).
    METHODS: 32 older adults (77.0±7.6 years; 16 MCI and 16 CN) participated in the present study. Cardiorespiratory fitness tests, memory tasks (Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) and Logical Memory Test (LM)), and resting-state fMRI were administered before and after a 12-week walking ET intervention. We utilized a seed-based correlation analysis using the bilateral anterior and posterior hippocampi as priori seed regions of interest. The associations of residualized ET-induced Δhippocampal-FC and Δmemory performance were assessed using linear regression.
    RESULTS: There were significant improvements in RAVLT Trial 1 and LM test performance after ET across participants. At baseline, MCI, compared to CN, demonstrated significantly lower posterior hippocampal FC. ET was associated with increased hippocampal FC across groups. Greater ET-related anterior and posterior hippocampal FC with right posterior cingulate were associated with improved LM recognition performance in MCI participants.
    CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that hippocampal FC is significantly increased following 12-weeks of ET in older adults and, moreover, suggest that increased hippocampal FC may reflect neural network plasticity associated with ET-related improvements in memory performance in individuals diagnosed with MCI.
    Keywords:  Exercise training; functional connectivity; hippocampus; memory; mild cognitive impairment; older adults
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-210051
  3. Mol Neurobiol. 2021 Jun 23.
    Chronic AdipoRon Treatment Mimics the Effects of Physical Exercise on Restoring Hippocampal Neuroplasticity in Diabetic Mice.
    Thomas H Lee, Ahadullah, Brian R Christie, Kangguang Lin, Parco Ming-Fai Siu, Li Zhang, Ti-Fei Yuan, Pragya Komal, Aimin Xu, Kwok-Fai So, Suk-Yu Yau.
      Administration of exercise mimetic drugs could be a novel therapeutic approach to combat comorbid neurodegeneration and metabolic syndromes. Adiponectin is an adipocyte-secreted hormone. In addition to its antidiabetic effect, adiponectin mediates the antidepressant effect of physical exercise associated with adult hippocampal neurogenesis. The antidiabetic effect of the adiponectin receptor agonist AdipoRon has been demonstrated, but its potential pro-cognitive and neurotrophic effects in the hippocampus under diabetic condition are still unclear. This study reported that chronic AdipoRon treatment for 2 weeks improved hippocampal-dependent spatial recognition memory in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Besides, AdipoRon treatment increased progenitor cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) of diabetic mice. Furthermore, AdipoRon treatment significantly increased dendritic complexity, spine density, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) in the dentate region, and increased BDNF levels in the DG of diabetic mice. AdipoRon treatment activated AMPK/PGC-1α signalling in the DG, whereas increases in cell proliferation and LTP were not observed when PGC-1α signalling was pharmacologically inhibited. In sum, chronic AdipoRon treatment partially mimics the benefits of physical exercise for learning and memory and hippocampal neuroplasticity in the diabetic brain. The results suggested that AdipoRon could be a potential physical exercise mimetic to improve hippocampal plasticity and hence rescue learning and memory impairment typically associated with diabetes.
    Keywords:  AdipoRon; Adiponectin; Adult neurogenesis; Cognitive impairment; Diabetes; Hippocampal plasticity; Physical exercise
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-021-02441-7
  4. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2021 Jun 22. 1-14
    Be Fit, Be Sharp, Be Well: The Case for Exercise as a Treatment for Cognitive Impairment in Late-life Depression.
    Vonetta M Dotson, Andrew M Gradone, Hannah R Bogoian, Lex R Minto, Zinat Taiwo, Zachary N Salling.
      OBJECTIVE: To lay out the argument that exercise impacts neurobiological targets common to both mood and cognitive functioning, and thus more research should be conducted on its use as an alternative or adjunctive treatment for cognitive impairment in late-life depression (LLD).METHOD: This narrative review summarizes the literature on cognitive impairment in LLD, describes the structural and functional brain changes and neurochemical changes that are linked to both cognitive impairment and mood disruption, and explains how exercise targets these same neurobiological changes and can thus provide an alternative or adjunctive treatment for cognitive impairment in LLD.
    RESULTS: Cognitive impairment is common in LLD and predicts recurrence of depression, poor response to antidepressant treatment, and overall disability. Traditional depression treatment with medication, psychotherapy, or both, is not effective in fully reversing cognitive impairment for most depressed older adults. Physical exercise is an ideal treatment candidate based on evidence that it 1) is an effective treatment for depression, 2) enhances cognitive functioning in normal aging and in other patient populations, and 3) targets many of the neurobiological mechanisms that underlie mood and cognitive functioning. Results of the limited existing clinical trials of exercise for cognitive impairment in depression are mixed but overall support this contention.
    CONCLUSIONS: Although limited, existing evidence suggests exercise may be a viable alternative or adjunctive treatment to address cognitive impairment in LLD, and thus more research in this area is warranted. Moving forward, additional research is needed in large, diverse samples to translate the growing research findings into clinical practice.
    Keywords:  Antidepressant; Brain; Cognition; Depression; Exercise; Geriatric depression; Mood; Physical activity
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617721000710
  5. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2021 Jun 20.
    Long-term high-intensity interval training increases serum neurotrophic factors in elderly overweight and obese Chinese adults.
    Xi Li, Tianyu Han, Xu Zou, Han Zhang, Wenpin Feng, Han Wang, Yulin Shen, Li Zhang, Guoliang Fang.
      PURPOSE: To compare the effects of 12-week high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and vigorous-intensity continuous training (VICT) on cognitive function, physical fitness, VO2max, serum neurotransmitters and neurotrophic factors in overweight and obese elderly individuals.METHODS: Twenty-nine physically inactive older adults (18 males and 11 females) with a mean age of 64.8 ± 3.9 years were randomly divided into a control group (CON, n = 9), an HIIT group (4 × 3 min at 90% VO2max interspersed with 3 min at 60% VO2max, n = 10) and a VICT group (25 min at 70% VO2max, n = 10) and submitted to 12 weeks of training. Cognitive function questionnaires, physical fitness, VO2max, serum neurotransmitters and neurotrophic factors were determined at baseline and post training.
    RESULTS: Twelve weeks of HIIT and VICT improved the VO2max (4.19 ± 2.21 and 1.84 ± 1.63 mL/kg/min, respectively, p = 0.005), sit-and-reach distance (8.7 ± 3.0 and 7.8 ± 3.8 cm, p = 0.033), choice reaction time (- 0.115 ± 0.15 and - 0.09 ± 0.15 s, p = 0.004) and one-leg stand time (4.4 ± 3.4 and 4.2 ± 4.0 s, p < 0.001) of the elderly participants. The serum concentrations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (375.5 ± 247.9 and 227.0 ± 137.1 pg/ml, p = 0.006), nerve growth factor (33.9 ± 16.7 and 23.3 ± 14.5 pg/ml, p = 0.037), neurotrophin-3 (24.2 ± 9.33 and 16.3 ± 5.91 pg/ml, p = 0.006) and neurotrophin-4 (10.4 ± 3.8 and 7.8 ± 5.0 pg/ml, p = 0.029) increased significantly in the HIIT and VICT groups after training. In addition, compared to VICT, HIIT significantly increased VO2max and the serum neurotrophin-3 concentration. Serum concentrations of the neurotransmitters acetylcholine, dopamine and serotonin trended upward with training. No significant change was observed in the cognitive function questionnaire scores (p > 0.05).
    CONCLUSION: HIIT is suitable for elderly adults and is more effective than VICT for improving VO2max and serum neurotrophin-3 concentrations.
    CHINESE CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NUMBER: No. ChiCTR1900022315, date of registration: 4 April 2019.
    Keywords:  Aging; Cognition; High-intensity interval training; Neurotrophin-3; VO2max
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-021-04746-w
  6. Int J Psychophysiol. 2021 Jun 18. pii: S0167-8760(21)00188-4. [Epub ahead of print]
    The effect of acute exercise for reducing cognitive alterations associated with individuals high in anxiety.
    Matthew B Pontifex, Andrew C Parks, Anthony G Delli Paoli, Hans S Schroder, Jason S Moser.
      Single bouts of exercise have been observed to exhibit therapeutic benefits for reducing affective responses associated with anxiety. However, anxiety has also been found to relate to less efficient cognitive processing as well as a greater reliance on action monitoring processes. Given the extant body of evidence demonstrating that single bouts of exercise result in cognitive enhancements; the present investigation sought to determine the extent to which exercise might be effective at reducing these anxiety-related impairments in cognition. Using a randomized within-subjects crossover design in a sample of high-anxious and low-anxious college-aged adults, measures of inhibition, attention, and action monitoring were assessed before and after 20-min of either aerobic exercise or a cognitively engaging control condition during two separate, counterbalanced sessions. Findings from this investigation revealed that both high anxious and low anxious individuals exhibited enhancements in behavioral indices of performance on an inhibitory control task with faster and more accurate responses following 20 min of moderate intensity aerobic exercise. Additionally, both high anxious and low anxious individuals demonstrated exercise induced enhancements in the allocation of attentional resources (as indexed by P3 amplitude) as well as action monitoring (as indexed by ERN amplitude). Accordingly, these findings provide evidence consistent with broad-base claims regarding the benefits of exercise, suggesting that both high and low anxious individuals appear to incur cognitive benefits.
    Keywords:  Acute exercise; Anxiety; ERN; Event-related potentials; P3
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.06.008
  7. Physiol Behav. 2021 Jun 18. pii: S0031-9384(21)00195-5. [Epub ahead of print] 113505
    Effects of High-Intensity Interval Exercise and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Exercise on Executive Function of Healthy Young Males.
    Yuxin Zhu, Fenghua Sun, Chair Professor Of Analytics Diversity Ming Ming Chiu, Agatha Yi-Sum Siu.
      PURPOSE: This study compared the executive function (EF) performance induced by moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) versus high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE), under two exercise modalities (i.e., running vs. cycling), and explore whether the changes in EF performance were related to the hemodynamics response of cerebral prefrontal area of the brain.METHODS: In a randomized cross-over design, 16 male participants completed 4 main trials, i.e., 40 minutes of moderate-intensity continuous running (MICR) or cycling (MICC) with 60% maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), 33 minutes of high-intensity interval running (HIIR) or cycling (HIIC). For HIIR or HIIC trials, the exercise intensity was 60% VO2max for the first 5 minutes, followed by four 4-minute bouts of exercise at 90% VO2max, separated by 3-minute active recovery at 60% VO2max. EF was assessed via the Eriksen Flanker task (EFT) before (Pre), immediately after (Post 0), and 10 minutes after exercise (Post 10). Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) measured oxygenated hemoglobin (O2Hb) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (HHb) concentrations in the prefrontal area. Each main trial measured the concentrations of blood glucose and lactate, heart rate, and rate of perceived exertion.
    RESULTS: (1) Compared to the reaction time in EFT during the pretest, the corresponding reaction time was shorter at Post 10 (P < 0.01) but not at Post 0 (P = 0.06). Specifically, reaction time was shorter at Post 10 than that in the pretest in HIIC (P = 0.04), MICC (P = 0.01), and HIIR (P < 0.01) but not MICR. (2) The fNIRS results revealed that O2Hb concentrations in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex area were much lower during Post 10 than during the pretest. (3) The blood lactate concentrations were not associated with EF performance regarding both accuracy and reaction time.
    CONCLUSION: Compared to the pretest, EF was greater after the 10-minute rest during recovery but not immediately after exercise. The different HIIE or MICE protocols adopted in the present study may elicit minor differences regarding their effects on EF.
    Keywords:  Brain health; Cognition; Cycling; Flanker task; Running; fNIRS
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113505
  8. Chin J Physiol. 2021 May-Jun;64(3):64(3): 129-134
    Exercise in the cold causes greater irisin release but may not be enough for adropin.
    Suleyman Ulupinar, Serhat Ozbay, Cebrail Gencoglu, Konca Altinkaynak, Engin Sebin, Burak Oymak.
      When irisin and adropin were discovered, it was popularly hoped that they would become therapies for metabolic disorders that threaten global health. However, contradictory results have been reported in the subsequent period. Irisin, induced by exercise or cold exposure, is believed to be a myokine that causes the browning of adipose tissue thus increasing energy expenditure. Adropin is thought to be beneficial for health by regulating blood flow, capillary density, and playing an active role in glucose and insulin homeostasis. However, there were no experimental studies investigating the simultaneous effect of exercise and cold exposure in humans. The purpose of this study was to investigate irisin and adropin responses in young healthy individuals performing aerobic exercise in different environmental temperatures. Twenty-seven young, healthy individuals participated in this study. Participants performed 40 min of aerobic running exercise in environmental temperatures of 0°C, 12°C, and 24°C. Venous blood samples were taken pre- and post-exercise. Irisin and adropin levels were analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The principal findings showed that while serum irisin concentrations significantly increased after aerobic exercise was performed at an environmental temperature of 0°C, there was no significant difference between pre- and post-exercise recordings for physical activity performed at 12°C and 24°C. Adropin concentrations, however, remained unchanged between pre- and post-exercise at 0°C, 12°C, and 24°C. Interestingly, the exercise at 0°C caused an increase in adropin (12.5%), but this amount was not enough to be a statistically significant result. The findings of this study suggest that aerobic exercise in a cold environment causes greater irisin release. However, the combined effect of exercise and cold exposure may not be enough to statistically increase adropin level.
    Keywords:  Adipokine; cold exposure; energy expenditure; environmental temperature; myokine
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.4103/cjp.cjp_2_21
  9. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2021 Jun 21. pii: jsep.2021-0031. [Epub ahead of print] 1-8
    Examining the Relationship Between Exercise-Related Cognitive Errors, Exercise Schema, and Implicit Associations.
    Sean R Locke, Tanya R Berry.
      To better understand exercise-related cognitive errors (ECEs) from a dual processing perspective, the purpose of this study was to examine their relationship to two automatic exercise processes. It was hypothesized that ECEs would account for more variance than automatic processes in predicting intentions, that ECEs would interact with automatic processes to predict intentions, and that exercise schema would distinguish between different levels of ECEs. Adults (N = 136, Mage = 29 years, 42.6% women) completed a cross-sectional study and responded to three survey measures (ECEs, exercise self-schema, and exercise intentions) and two computerized implicit tasks (the approach/avoid task and single-category Implicit Association Test). ECEs were not correlated with the two implicit measures; however, ECEs moderated the relationship between approach tendency toward exercise stimuli and exercise intentions. Exercise self-schema were differentiated by ECE level. This study expands our knowledge of ECEs by examining their relationship to different automatic and reflective processes.
    Keywords:  approach tendency; automatic evaluations; dual process; physical activity
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2021-0031
  10. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2021 May;pii: S0004-282X2021000500447. [Epub ahead of print]79(5): 447-456
    Physical exercise is effective for neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review.
    Dayanne Christine Borges Mendonça, Denise Rodrigues Fernandes, Salma Soleman Hernandez, Fernando Diákson Gontijo Soares, Karina de Figueiredo, Flávia Gomes de Melo Coelho.
      BACKGROUND: Neuropsychiatric symptoms are disorders frequently seen in Alzheimer's disease. These symptoms contribute to reduction of brain reserve capacity and, in addition, they present unfavorable implications, such as: poor prognosis for the disease, increased functional decline, increased burden on the caregiver and institutionalization. This scenario makes neuropsychiatric symptoms one of the biggest problems in Alzheimer's disease, and gives rise to a need for treatments focused on improving these symptoms. Sow progress in drug trials has led to interest in exploring non-pharmacological measures for improving the neuropsychiatric symptoms of Alzheimer's disease, such as physical exercise.OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the effect of exercise on the neuropsychiatric symptoms of Alzheimer's disease and its implications.
    METHODS: This was a systematic review of effective longitudinal research, conducted by searching for articles in the PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL and Scopus electronic databases, from 2009 to 2019. Studies in which the sample consisted of elderly people aged 65 years old or over with a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease were included. Initially 334 articles were identified. After exclusions, 21 articles remained to be read in full. From these, five articles fitted the eligibility criteria, and a further two articles were added through manual searches in the references of the articles found.
    RESULTS: Out of the seven articles analyzed in this review, five studies revealed that physical exercise had a positive effect on the neuropsychiatric symptoms of Alzheimer's disease.
    CONCLUSION: This systematic review indicated that physical exercise is a favorable non-pharmacological means for attenuating the neuropsychiatric symptoms of elderly people with Alzheimer's disease, with special attention to aerobic exercises.
    DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1590/0004-282X-ANP-2020-0284
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