bims-cytox1 2021-11-28 papers

bims-cytox1

Biomed News

on Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1

Issue of 2021–11–28
ten papers selected by
Gavin McStay, Staffordshire University

Monitoring checkpoints of metabolism and protein biogenesis in mitochondria by Phos-tag technology.
Clinical Characteristics of Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-Like Episodes.
Expression pattern of mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes in skeletal muscle of patients with mitochondrial myopathy associated with the homoplasmic m.14674T>C variant.
Quantitative high-confidence human mitochondrial proteome and its dynamics in cellular context.
GRP75 Regulates Mitochondrial-Supercomplex Turnover to Modulate Insulin Sensitivity.
Phenotypes and genotypes of mitochondrial diseases with mtDNA variations in Chinese children: a multi-center study.
Mutational Analysis and mtDNA Haplogroup Characterization in Three Serbian Cases of Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathies and Literature Review.
The magnetic resonance imaging of Leigh syndrome in a child.
Cryo-EM structures of intermediates suggest an alternative catalytic reaction cycle for cytochrome c oxidase.
Leigh syndrome in an infant: autopsy and histopathology findings.

J Proteomics. 2021 Nov 20. pii: S1874-3919(21)00329-8. [Epub ahead of print] 104430

Monitoring checkpoints of metabolism and protein biogenesis in mitochondria by Phos-tag technology.

Corvin Walter, Adinarayana Marada, Chris Meisinger.

  A role for reversible phosphorylation in regulation of mitochondrial proteins has been neglected for a long time. Particularly, the import machineries that mediate influx of more than 1000 different precursor proteins into the organelle were considered as predominantly constitutively active entities. Only recently, a combination of advanced phosphoproteomic approaches and Phos-tag technology enabled the discovery of several phosphorylation sites at the translocase of the outer membrane TOM and the identification of cellular signalling cascades that allow dynamic adaptation of the protein influx into mitochondria upon changing cellular demands. Here, we present a protocol that allows biochemical and semi-quantitative profiling of intra-mitochondrial protein phosphorylation. We exemplify this with the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDH), which serves as a central metabolic switch in energy metabolism that is based on reversible phosphorylation. Phos-tag technology allows rapid monitoring of the metabolic state via simultaneous detection of phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated species of the PDH core component Pda1. Our protocol can be applied for several further intra-organellar proteins like respiratory chain complexes or protein translocases of the inner membrane. SIGNIFICANCE: Our manuscript describes for the first time how Phos-tag technology can be applied to monitor phosphorylation of intramitochondrial proteins. We exemplify this with the regulation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex as central regulatory switch in energy metabolism. We show that our protocol allows a rapid monitoring of the metabolic state of the cell (phosphorylated PDH is inactive while non-phosphorylated PDH is active) and can be applied for rapid profiling of different metabolic conditions as well as for profiling phosphorylation of further intramitochondrial protein (complexes).

Keywords:  Mitochondria; Protein import; Protein translocation; Signalling; TOM complex

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104430
Life (Basel). 2021 Oct 20. pii: 1111. [Epub ahead of print]11(11):

Clinical Characteristics of Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-Like Episodes.

Hueng-Chuen Fan, Hsiu-Fen Lee, Chen-Tang Yue, Ching-Shiang Chi.

  Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) syndrome, a maternally inherited mitochondrial disorder, is characterized by its genetic, biochemical and clinical complexity. The most common mutation associated with MELAS syndrome is the mtDNA A3243G mutation in the MT-TL1 gene encoding the mitochondrial tRNA-leu(UUR), which results in impaired mitochondrial translation and protein synthesis involving the mitochondrial electron transport chain complex subunits, leading to impaired mitochondrial energy production. Angiopathy, either alone or in combination with nitric oxide (NO) deficiency, further contributes to multi-organ involvement in MELAS syndrome. Management for MELAS syndrome is amostly symptomatic multidisciplinary approach. In this article, we review the clinical presentations, pathogenic mechanisms and options for management of MELAS syndrome.

Keywords:  MELAS; genetics; mitochondrial DNA

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/life11111111
Brain Pathol. 2021 Nov 21. e13038

Expression pattern of mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymes in skeletal muscle of patients with mitochondrial myopathy associated with the homoplasmic m.14674T>C variant.

Sara Roos, Carola Hedberg-Oldfors, Kittichate Visuttijai, My Stein, Gittan Kollberg, Ólöf Elíasdóttir, Christopher Lindberg, Niklas Darin, Anders Oldfors.

  Two homoplasmic variants in tRNAGlu (m.14674T>C/G) are associated with reversible infantile respiratory chain deficiency. This study sought to further characterize the expression of the individual mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes and to describe the natural history of the disease. Seven patients from four families with mitochondrial myopathy associated with the homoplasmic m.14674T>C variant were investigated. All patients underwent skeletal muscle biopsy and mtDNA sequencing. Whole-genome sequencing was performed in one family. Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses were used to characterize the expression of the individual respiratory chain complexes. Patients presented with hypotonia and feeding difficulties within the first weeks or months of life, except for one patient who first showed symptoms at 4 years of age. Histopathological findings in muscle included lipid accumulation, numerous COX-deficient fibers, and mitochondrial proliferation. Ultrastructural abnormalities included enlarged mitochondria with concentric cristae and dense mitochondrial matrix. The m.14674T>C variant in MT-TE was identified in all patients. Immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting demonstrated pronounced deficiency of the complex I subunit NDUFB8. The expression of MTCO1, a complex IV subunit, was also decreased, but not to the same extent as NDUFB8. Longitudinal follow-up data demonstrated that not all features of the disorder are entirely transient, that the disease may be progressive, and that signs and symptoms of myopathy may develop during childhood. This study sheds new light on the involvement of complex I in reversible infantile respiratory chain deficiency, it shows that the disorder may be progressive, and that myopathy can develop without an infantile episode.

Keywords:  homoplasmic mt-tRNAGlu variant; mitochondrial myopathy; mtDNA; reversible infantile respiratory chain deficiency; whole genome sequencing

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1111/bpa.13038
Cell Metab. 2021 Nov 12. pii: S1550-4131(21)00529-5. [Epub ahead of print]

Quantitative high-confidence human mitochondrial proteome and its dynamics in cellular context.

Marcel Morgenstern, Christian D Peikert, Philipp Lübbert, Ida Suppanz, Cinzia Klemm, Oliver Alka, Conny Steiert, Nataliia Naumenko, Alexander Schendzielorz, Laura Melchionda, Wignand W D Mühlhäuser, Bettina Knapp, Jakob D Busch, Sebastian B Stiller, Stefan Dannenmaier, Caroline Lindau, Mariya Licheva, Christopher Eickhorst, Riccardo Galbusera, Ralf M Zerbes, Michael T Ryan, Claudine Kraft, Vera Kozjak-Pavlovic, Friedel Drepper, Sven Dennerlein, Silke Oeljeklaus, Nikolaus Pfanner, Nils Wiedemann, Bettina Warscheid.

  Mitochondria are key organelles for cellular energetics, metabolism, signaling, and quality control and have been linked to various diseases. Different views exist on the composition of the human mitochondrial proteome. We classified >8,000 proteins in mitochondrial preparations of human cells and defined a mitochondrial high-confidence proteome of >1,100 proteins (MitoCoP). We identified interactors of translocases, respiratory chain, and ATP synthase assembly factors. The abundance of MitoCoP proteins covers six orders of magnitude and amounts to 7% of the cellular proteome with the chaperones HSP60-HSP10 being the most abundant mitochondrial proteins. MitoCoP dynamics spans three orders of magnitudes, with half-lives from hours to months, and suggests a rapid regulation of biosynthesis and assembly processes. 460 MitoCoP genes are linked to human diseases with a strong prevalence for the central nervous system and metabolism. MitoCoP will provide a high-confidence resource for placing dynamics, functions, and dysfunctions of mitochondria into the cellular context.

Keywords:  Mitochondria; complexome; copy numbers; disease; half-lives; high-confidence proteome; human cells; protein translocation; respiratory chain; smORFs

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2021.11.001
Diabetes. 2021 Nov 22. pii: db210173. [Epub ahead of print]

GRP75 Regulates Mitochondrial-Supercomplex Turnover to Modulate Insulin Sensitivity.

Qiongya Zhao, Ting Luo, Feng Gao, Yinxu Fu, Bin Li, Xiaoli Shao, Haifeng Chen, Zhuohua Zhou, Sihan Guo, Lijun Shen, Liqin Jin, Dong Cen, Huaibin Zhou, Jianxin Lyu, Hezhi Fang.

GRP75, defined as a major component of both mitochondrial quality control system and mitochondria-associated membrane, plays a key role in mitochondrial homeostasis. In this study, we assessed the roles of GRP75, other than as a component, in insulin action in both in vitro and in vivo models with insulin resistance. We found that GRP75 was downregulated in HFD-fed mice, and induction of Grp75 in mice could prevent HFD induced obesity and insulin resistance. Mechanistically, GRP75 influenced insulin sensitivity by regulating mitochondrial function through its modulation of mitochondrial-supercomplex turnover rather than MAM communication: GRP75 was negatively associated with respiratory-chain complex activity and was essential for mitochondrial-supercomplex assembly and stabilization. Moreover, mitochondrial dysfunction in Grp75-knockdown cells might further increase mitochondrial fragmentation, thus trigger cytosolic mitochondrial DNA release and activate the cGAS/STING-dependent pro-inflammatory response. Therefore, GRP75 can serve as a potential therapeutic target of insulin resistant-related diabetes or other metabolic diseases.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2337/db21-0173
Mitochondrion. 2021 Nov 17. pii: S1567-7249(21)00166-5. [Epub ahead of print]

Phenotypes and genotypes of mitochondrial diseases with mtDNA variations in Chinese children: a multi-center study.

Yuqing Shi, Guohong Chen, Dan Sun, Chaoping Hu, Zhimei Liu, Danmin Shen, Junling Wang, Tianyu Song, Weihua Zhang, Jiuwei Li, Xiaotun Ren, Tongli Han, Changhong Ding, Yi Wang, Fang Fang.

Among the 262 patients of four children's hospitals in China, 96%-point mutations (30 alleles in 11 genes encoding tRNA, rRNA, Complex I and V) and 4%-deletions (seven of ten had not been reported before) were identified as the cause of 14 phenotypes. MILS had the highest genetic heterogeneity, while the m.3243A>G mutation was the only "hotspot" mutation with a wide range of phenotypes. The degrees of heteroplasmy in the leukocytes of MM were higher than MELAS. The heteroplasmy level of patients was higher than in mild and carrier group, while we found low-level heteroplasmy pathogenic mutations as well. Some homoplasmic variations (e.g., m.9176T>C mutation) are having high incomplete penetrance. For a suspected MELAS, m.3243A>G mutation was recommended first; while for a suspected LS, trios-WES and mtDNA genome sequencing by NGS were recommended first in both blood and urine.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mito.2021.11.006
Diagnostics (Basel). 2021 Oct 23. pii: 1969. [Epub ahead of print]11(11):

Mutational Analysis and mtDNA Haplogroup Characterization in Three Serbian Cases of Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathies and Literature Review.

Phepy G A Dawod, Jasna Jancic, Ana Marjanovic, Marija Brankovic, Milena Jankovic, Janko Samardzic, Ayman Gamil Anwar Dawod, Ivana Novakovic, Fayda I Abdel Motaleb, Vladimir Radlovic, Vladimir S Kostic, Dejan Nikolic.

  Mitochondrial encephalomyopathies (MEMP) are heterogeneous multisystem disorders frequently associated with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations. Clinical presentation varies considerably in age of onset, course, and severity up to death in early childhood. In this study, we performed molecular genetic analysis for mtDNA pathogenic mutation detection in Serbian children, preliminary diagnosed clinically, biochemically and by brain imaging for mitochondrial encephalomyopathies disorders. Sanger sequencing analysis in three Serbian probands revealed two known pathogenic mutations. Two probands had a heteroplasmic point mutation m.3243A>G in the MT-TL1 gene, which confirmed mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episode syndrome (MELAS), while a single case clinically manifested for Leigh syndrome had an almost homoplasmic (close to 100%) m.8993T>G mutation in the MT-ATP6 gene. After full mtDNA MITOMASTER analysis and PhyloTree build 17, we report MELAS' association with haplogroups U and H (U2e and H15 subclades); likewise, the mtDNA-associated Leigh syndrome proband shows a preference for haplogroup H (H34 subclade). Based on clinical-genetic correlation, we suggest that haplogroup H may contribute to the mitochondrial encephalomyopathies' phenotypic variability of the patients in our study. We conclude that genetic studies for the distinctive mitochondrial encephalomyopathies should be well-considered for realizing clinical severity and possible outcomes.

Keywords:  MELAS; haplogroups; leigh syndrome; mtDNA; mutations; sanger sequencing

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11111969
Clin Ter. 2021 Nov 22. 172(6): 500-503

The magnetic resonance imaging of Leigh syndrome in a child.

N Thanh Hai, V Kim Ngan, N Quynh Giang, V Huy Hoang, Le Anh Viet, N Truong Duc, T T Thu Hien, D V He, N Minh Duc.

   Abstract: Leigh syndrome is a rare progressive neurodegenerative disease with variable clinical presentations associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. However, the most common presentations are motor and intellectual developmental delays, with signs and symptoms of brainstem and basal ganglia involvement. We describe a 6-year-old boy with a history of delayed developmental milestones who presen-ted to our hospital due to unconscious status and respiratory distress syndrome. The patient underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and multiple subacute necrotic lesions were identified at the bilateral basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebral peduncles, brainstem, and cortical regions. DNA analysis was performed, which revealed muta-tions in SURF1. The patient experienced several relapses and died of respiratory failure and hospital-acquired infections, 3 years after the diagnosis of Leigh syndrome. Leigh syndrome should be considered in children with neurological problems and bilateral basal ganglia or brainstem abnormalities. Neurological MRI can be useful for guiding clinicians in ordering the most appropriate enzymatic and genetic analyses for further diagnosis.

Keywords:  Leigh syndrome; mitochondrial diseases; subacute necrotizing encephalopathy

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.7417/CT.2021.2364
Nat Commun. 2021 Nov 25. 12(1): 6903

Cryo-EM structures of intermediates suggest an alternative catalytic reaction cycle for cytochrome c oxidase.

F Kolbe, S Safarian, Ż Piórek, S Welsch, H Müller, H Michel.

Cytochrome c oxidases are among the most important and fundamental enzymes of life. Integrated into membranes they use four electrons from cytochrome c molecules to reduce molecular oxygen (dioxygen) to water. Their catalytic cycle has been considered to start with the oxidized form. Subsequent electron transfers lead to the E-state, the R-state (which binds oxygen), the P-state (with an already split dioxygen bond), the F-state and the O-state again. Here, we determined structures of up to 1.9 Å resolution of these intermediates by single particle cryo-EM. Our results suggest that in the O-state the active site contains a peroxide dianion and in the P-state possibly an intact dioxygen molecule, the F-state may contain a superoxide anion. Thus, the enzyme's catalytic cycle may have to be turned by 180 degrees.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27174-y
Autops Case Rep. 2021 ;11 e2021334

Leigh syndrome in an infant: autopsy and histopathology findings.

Arushi Gahlot Saini, Debjyoti Chatterjee, Chandana Bhagwat, Sameer Vyas, Savita Verma Attri.

  Leigh syndrome is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder of infancy that typically manifests between 3 and 12 months of age. The common neurological manifestations are developmental delay or regression, progressive cognitive decline, dystonia, ataxia, brainstem dysfunction, epileptic seizures, and respiratory dysfunction. Although the disorder is clinically and genetically heterogeneous, the histopathological and radiological features characteristically show focal and bilaterally symmetrical, necrotic lesions in the basal ganglia and brainstem. The syndrome has a characteristic histopathological signature that helps in clinching the diagnosis. We discuss these unique findings on autopsy and radiology in a young infant who succumbed to a subacute, progressive neurological illness suggestive of Leigh syndrome. Our case highlights that Leigh syndrome should be considered in the differential diagnosis of infantile-onset, subacute neuroregression with dystonia and seizures, a high anion gap metabolic acidosis, normal ketones, elevated lactates in blood, brain, and urine, and bilateral basal ganglia involvement.

Keywords:  Basal Ganglia; Brain Damage, Chronic; Leigh Disease; Mitochondrial Diseases

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.4322/acr.2021.334