bims-ciryme 2022-07-31 papers

Diabetologia. 2022 Jul 25.

Three weeks of time-restricted eating improves glucose homeostasis in adults with type 2 diabetes but does not improve insulin sensitivity: a randomised crossover trial.

Charlotte Andriessen, Ciarán E Fealy, Anna Veelen, Sten M M van Beek, Kay H M Roumans, Niels J Connell, Julian Mevenkamp, Esther Moonen-Kornips, Bas Havekes, Vera B Schrauwen-Hinderling, Joris Hoeks, Patrick Schrauwen.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Time-restricted eating (TRE) is suggested to improve metabolic health by limiting food intake to a defined time window, thereby prolonging the overnight fast. This prolonged fast is expected to lead to a more pronounced depletion of hepatic glycogen stores overnight and might improve insulin sensitivity due to an increased need to replenish nutrient storage. Previous studies showed beneficial metabolic effects of 6-8 h TRE regimens in healthy, overweight adults under controlled conditions. However, the effects of TRE on glucose homeostasis in individuals with type 2 diabetes are unclear. Here, we extensively investigated the effects of TRE on hepatic glycogen levels and insulin sensitivity in individuals with type 2 diabetes.
METHODS: Fourteen adults with type 2 diabetes (BMI 30.5±4.2 kg/m2, HbA1c 46.1±7.2 mmol/mol [6.4±0.7%]) participated in a 3 week TRE (daily food intake within 10 h) vs control (spreading food intake over ≥14 h) regimen in a randomised, crossover trial design. The study was performed at Maastricht University, the Netherlands. Eligibility criteria included diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, intermediate chronotype and absence of medical conditions that could interfere with the study execution and/or outcome. Randomisation was performed by a study-independent investigator, ensuring that an equal amount of participants started with TRE and CON. Due to the nature of the study, neither volunteers nor investigators were blinded to the study interventions. The quality of the data was checked without knowledge on intervention allocation. Hepatic glycogen levels were assessed with 13C-MRS and insulin sensitivity was assessed using a hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic two-step clamp. Furthermore, glucose homeostasis was assessed with 24 h continuous glucose monitoring devices. Secondary outcomes included 24 h energy expenditure and substrate oxidation, hepatic lipid content and skeletal muscle mitochondrial capacity.
RESULTS: Results are depicted as mean ± SEM. Hepatic glycogen content was similar between TRE and control condition (0.15±0.01 vs 0.15±0.01 AU, p=0.88). M value was not significantly affected by TRE (19.6±1.8 vs 17.7±1.8 μmol kg-1 min-1 in TRE vs control, respectively, p=0.10). Hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity also remained unaffected by TRE (p=0.67 and p=0.25, respectively). Yet, insulin-induced non-oxidative glucose disposal was increased with TRE (non-oxidative glucose disposal 4.3±1.1 vs 1.5±1.7 μmol kg-1 min-1, p=0.04). TRE increased the time spent in the normoglycaemic range (15.1±0.8 vs 12.2±1.1 h per day, p=0.01), and decreased fasting glucose (7.6±0.4 vs 8.6±0.4 mmol/l, p=0.03) and 24 h glucose levels (6.8±0.2 vs 7.6±0.3 mmol/l, p<0.01). Energy expenditure over 24 h was unaffected; nevertheless, TRE decreased 24 h glucose oxidation (260.2±7.6 vs 277.8±10.7 g/day, p=0.04). No adverse events were reported that were related to the interventions.
CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: We show that a 10 h TRE regimen is a feasible, safe and effective means to improve 24 h glucose homeostasis in free-living adults with type 2 diabetes. However, these changes were not accompanied by changes in insulin sensitivity or hepatic glycogen.
TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03992248 FUNDING: ZonMW, 459001013.

Keywords: Circadian rhythm; Glucose homeostasis; Hepatic fat; Hepatic glycogen; Insulin sensitivity; Intermittent fasting; Lifestyle intervention; Mitochondrial oxidative capacity; TRE; Type 2 diabetes

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-022-05752-z

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022 Aug 02. 119(31): e2203078119

PRD-2 mediates clock-regulated perinuclear localization of clock gene RNAs within the circadian cycle of Neurospora.

Bradley M Bartholomai, Amy S Gladfelter, Jennifer J Loros, Jay C Dunlap.

The transcription-translation negative feedback loops underlying animal and fungal circadian clocks are remarkably similar in their molecular regulatory architecture and, although much is understood about their central mechanism, little is known about the spatiotemporal dynamics of the gene products involved. A common feature of these circadian oscillators is a significant temporal delay between rhythmic accumulation of clock messenger RNAs (mRNAs) encoding negative arm proteins, for example, frq in Neurospora and Per1-3 in mammals, and the appearance of the clock protein complexes assembled from the proteins they encode. Here, we report use of single-molecule RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) to show that the fraction of nuclei actively transcribing the clock gene frq changes in a circadian manner, and that these mRNAs cycle in abundance with fewer than five transcripts per nucleus at any time. Spatial point patterning statistics reveal that frq is spatially clustered near nuclei in a time of day-dependent manner and that clustering requires an RNA-binding protein, PRD-2 (PERIOD-2), recently shown also to bind to mRNA encoding another core clock component, casein kinase 1. An intrinsically disordered protein, PRD-2 displays behavior in vivo and in vitro consistent with participation in biomolecular condensates. These data are consistent with a role for phase-separating RNA-binding proteins in spatiotemporally organizing clock mRNAs to facilitate local translation and assembly of clock protein complexes.

Keywords: Neurospora; cell biology; circadian rhythms; liquid–liquid phase separation; smFISH

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2203078119

Digit Health. 2022 Jan-Dec;8:8 20552076221114201

circadian rhythms are not captured equal: Exploring Circadian metrics extracted by differentcomputational methods from smartphone accelerometer and GPS sensors in daily life tracking.

Congyu Wu, Megan McMahon, Hagen Fritz, David M Schnyer.

Objective: To identify the differences between circadian rhythm (CR) metrics characterized by different mobile sensors and computational methods.
Methods: We used smartphone tracking and daily survey data from 225 college student participants, applied four methods (survey construct automation, cosinor regression, non-parametric method, Fourier analysis) on two types of smartphone sensor data (GPS, accelerometer) to characterize CR. We explored the inter-relations among the extracted circadian metrics as well as between the circadian metrics and participants' self-reported mood and sleep outcomes.
Results: Compared to GPS signals, smartphone accelerometer activity follows an intradaily distribution that starts earlier in the day, winds down later, reaches half cumulative activity about the same time, conforms less to a sinusoidal wave, and exhibits more intradaily fragmentation but higher CR strength and lower interdaily disruption. We found a notable negative correlation between intradaily variability and CR strength especially pronounced in GPS activity. Self-reported sleep and mood outcomes showed significant correlations with particular CR metrics.
Conclusions: We revealed significant inter-relations and discrepancies in the circadian metrics discovered from two smartphone sensors and four CR algorithms and their bearings on wellbeing indicators such as sleep quality and loneliness.

Keywords: GPS; accelerometer; circadian rhythm; cosinor; fourier; non-parametric; self-report; smartphone sensor

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076221114201

Elife. 2022 Jul 27. pii: e79405. [Epub ahead of print]11

Rewiring of liver diurnal transcriptome rhythms by triiodothyronine (T3) supplementation.

Leonardo V M de Assis, Lisbeth Harder, José Thalles Lacerda, Rex Parsons, Meike Kaehler, Ingolf Cascorbi, Inga Nagel, Oliver Rawashdeh, Jens Mittag, Henrik Oster.

Diurnal (i.e., 24-hour) physiological rhythms depend on transcriptional programs controlled by a set of circadian clock genes/proteins. Systemic factors like humoral and neuronal signals, oscillations in body temperature, and food intake align physiological circadian rhythms with external time. Thyroid hormones (THs) are major regulators of circadian clock target processes such as energy metabolism, but little is known about how fluctuations in TH levels affect the circadian coordination of tissue physiology. In this study, a high triiodothyronine (T3) state was induced in mice by supplementing T3 in the drinking water, which affected body temperature, and oxygen consumption in a time-of-day dependent manner. 24-hour transcriptome profiling of liver tissue identified 37 robustly and time independently T3 associated transcripts as potential TH state markers in the liver. Such genes participated in xenobiotic transport, lipid and xenobiotic metabolism. We also identified 10 - 15% of the liver transcriptome as rhythmic in control and T3 groups, but only 4% of the liver transcriptome (1,033 genes) were rhythmic across both conditions - amongst these several core clock genes. In-depth rhythm analyses showed that most changes in transcript rhythms were related to mesor (50%), followed by amplitude (10%), and phase (10%). Gene set enrichment analysis revealed TH state dependent reorganization of metabolic processes such as lipid and glucose metabolism. At high T3 levels, we observed weakening or loss of rhythmicity for transcripts associated with glucose and fatty acid metabolism, suggesting increased hepatic energy turnover. In sum, we provide evidence that tonic changes in T3 levels restructure the diurnal liver metabolic transcriptome independent of local molecular circadian clocks.

Keywords: computational biology; mouse; systems biology

DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.79405

Endocrinology. 2022 Jul 29. pii: bqac119. [Epub ahead of print]

The lack of Bmal1, a core clock gene, in the intestine decreases glucose absorption in mice.

Shinsuke Onuma, Saori Kinoshita, Shigeki Shimba, Keiichi Ozono, Toshimi Michigami, Masanobu Kawai.

The circadian clock network is an evolutionarily conserved system that regulates systemic metabolism, such as glucose homeostasis. Intestinal tissue is a pivotal organ for the regulation of glucose metabolism mainly via glucose absorption into the circulation; however, the significance of the intestinal circadian clock network for glucose metabolism remains largely unclear. We herein utilized a mouse model in which Bmal1, a core clock gene, was deleted in an intestine-specific manner (Bmal1Int-/- mice) and demonstrated a rhythmic expression of Sglt1 with its peak at zeitgeber time (ZT) 10.7±2.8 in control mice, whereas this was lost in Bmal1Int-/- mice. Mechanistically, a chromatin-immunoprecipitation analysis revealed a rhythmic binding of CLOCK to the E-box elements in the Sglt1 gene in control mice; however, this was absent in Bmal1Int-/- mice. Accordingly, SGLT1 protein levels were decreased during the dark phase in Bmal1Int-/- mice and this was associated with impaired glucose absorption, leading to a decline in hepatic glycogen levels at ZT4, which was restored by an ingestion of a high-sucrose water. Additionally, when mice were starved from ZT0, a greater expression of lipolysis-related gene, Pnpla2, was observed in adipose tissue of Bmal1Int-/- mice, and this was not noted when glycogen storage was restored by a high-sucrose water prior to fasting, suggesting that a higher Pnpla2 expression in Bmal1Int-/- mice was likely caused by lower glycogen storage. These results indicate that the disruption of the intestinal circadian clock system impairs glucose absorption in the intestine and affects systemic glucose homeostasis.

Keywords: BMAL1; Circadian Rhythm; Glucose Absorption; Glycogen; SGLT1

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1210/endocr/bqac119

Nat Metab. 2022 Jul;4(7): 813-825

Glial cells as integrators of peripheral and central signals in the regulation of energy homeostasis.

Sreekala Nampoothiri, Ruben Nogueiras, Markus Schwaninger, Vincent Prevot.

Communication between the periphery and the brain is key for maintaining energy homeostasis. To do so, peripheral signals from the circulation reach the brain via the circumventricular organs (CVOs), which are characterized by fenestrated vessels lacking the protective blood-brain barrier (BBB). Glial cells, by virtue of their plasticity and their ideal location at the interface of blood vessels and neurons, participate in the integration and transmission of peripheral information to neuronal networks in the brain for the neuroendocrine control of whole-body metabolism. Metabolic diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, can disrupt the brain-to-periphery communication mediated by glial cells, highlighting the relevance of these cell types in the pathophysiology of such complications. An improved understanding of how glial cells integrate and respond to metabolic and humoral signals has become a priority for the discovery of promising therapeutic strategies to treat metabolic disorders. This Review highlights the role of glial cells in the exchange of metabolic signals between the periphery and the brain that are relevant for the regulation of whole-body energy homeostasis.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s42255-022-00610-z

Nat Metab. 2022 Jul;4(7): 826-835

Hindbrain circuits in the control of eating behaviour and energy balance.

Wenwen Cheng, Desiree Gordian, Mette Q Ludwig, Tune H Pers, Randy J Seeley, Martin G Myers.

Body weight and adiposity represent biologically controlled parameters that are influenced by a combination of genetic, developmental and environmental variables. Although the hypothalamus plays a crucial role in matching caloric intake with energy expenditure to achieve a stable body weight, it is now recognized that neuronal circuits in the hindbrain not only serve to produce nausea and to terminate feeding in response to food consumption or during pathological states, but also contribute to the long-term control of body weight. Additionally, recent work has identified hindbrain neurons that are capable of suppressing food intake without producing aversive responses like those associated with nausea. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of the hindbrain neurons that control feeding, particularly those located in the area postrema and the nucleus tractus solitarius. We frame this information in the context of new atlases of hindbrain neuronal populations and develop a model of the hindbrain circuits that control food intake and energy balance, suggesting important areas for additional research.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s42255-022-00606-9