bims-camemi 2023-12-31 papers

bims-camemi

Biomed News

on Mitochondrial metabolism in cancer

Issue of 2023‒12‒31
23 papers selected by
Christian Frezza, Universität zu Köln

Neither too much nor too little: mitochondrial calcium concentration as a balance between physiological and pathological conditions.
Cyclin D1 extensively reprograms metabolism to support biosynthetic pathways in hepatocytes.
Dynamic IL-6R/STAT3 signaling leads to heterogeneity of metabolic phenotype in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells.
mTORC1 regulates the metabolic switch of postnatal cardiomyocytes during regeneration.
Bckdk-Mediated Branch Chain Amino Acid Metabolism Reprogramming Contributes to Muscle Atrophy during Cancer Cachexia.
Induction of Fatty Acid Oxidation Underlies DNA Damage-Induced Cell Death and Ameliorates Obesity-Driven Chemoresistance.
Interactome analysis identifies the role of BZW2 in promoting endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondrial contact and mitochondrial metabolism.
Mitochondrial regulation of GPX4 inhibition-mediated ferroptosis in acute myeloid leukemia.
The role of lysine acetylation in the function of mitochondrial ribosomal protein L12.
UBC9 stabilizes PFKFB3 to promote aerobic glycolysis and proliferation of glioblastoma cells.
Distinct lactate metabolism between hepatocytes and myotubes revealed by live cell imaging with genetically encoded indicators.
A mitophagy sensor PPTC7 controls BNIP3 and NIX degradation to regulate mitochondrial mass.
Protein N-myristoylation plays a critical role in the mitochondrial localization of human mitochondrial complex I accessory subunit NDUFB7.
Lysophagy protects against propagation of α-synuclein aggregation through ruptured lysosomal vesicles.
The role of mitochondrial dynamics in disease.
Epistemology of the Origin of Cancer II: Fibroblasts Are the First Cells to Undergo Neoplastic Transformation.
Mitochondrial electron transport chain, ceramide, and coenzyme Q are linked in a pathway that drives insulin resistance in skeletal muscle.
The Carnitine Palmitoyl-Transferase 2 Cascade Hypothesis for Alzheimer's Disease.
Cysteine and homocysteine can be exploited by GPX4 in ferroptosis inhibition independent of GSH synthesis.
Proteomic analysis identifies PFKP lactylation in SW480 colon cancer cells.
Metabolomics at the tumor microenvironment interface: Decoding cellular conversations.
Regulation of respiratory complex I assembly by FMN cofactor targeting.
Dipping contacts - a novel type of contact site at the interface between membraneless organelles and membranes.

Front Mol Biosci. 2023 ;10 1336416

Neither too much nor too little: mitochondrial calcium concentration as a balance between physiological and pathological conditions.

Donato D'Angelo, Denis Vecellio Reane, Anna Raffaello.

  Ca2+ ions serve as pleiotropic second messengers in the cell, regulating several cellular processes. Mitochondria play a fundamental role in Ca2+ homeostasis since mitochondrial Ca2+ (mitCa2+) is a key regulator of oxidative metabolism and cell death. MitCa2+ uptake is mediated by the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter complex (MCUc) localized in the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). MitCa2+ uptake stimulates the activity of three key enzymes of the Krebs cycle, thereby modulating ATP production and promoting oxidative metabolism. As Paracelsus stated, "Dosis sola facit venenum,"in pathological conditions, mitCa2+ overload triggers the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), enabling the release of apoptotic factors and ultimately leading to cell death. Excessive mitCa2+ accumulation is also associated with a pathological increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this article, we review the precise regulation and the effectors of mitCa2+ in physiopathological processes.

Keywords:  calcium; cell death; metabolism; mitochondria; mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU)

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3389/fmolb.2023.1336416
J Biol Chem. 2023 Dec;pii: S0021-9258(23)02435-3. [Epub ahead of print]299(12): 105407

Cyclin D1 extensively reprograms metabolism to support biosynthetic pathways in hepatocytes.

Heng Wu, Betsy T Kren, Andrew N Lane, Teresa A Cassel, Richard M Higashi, Teresa W M Fan, George S Scaria, Laurie L Shekels, Mark A Klein, Jeffrey H Albrecht.

  Cell proliferation requires metabolic reprogramming to accommodate biosynthesis of new cell components, and similar alterations occur in cancer cells. However, the mechanisms linking the cell cycle machinery to metabolism are not well defined. Cyclin D1, along with its main partner cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (Cdk4), is a pivotal cell cycle regulator and driver oncogene that is overexpressed in many cancers. Here, we examine hepatocyte proliferation to define novel effects of cyclin D1 on biosynthetic metabolism. Metabolomic studies reveal that cyclin D1 broadly promotes biosynthetic pathways including glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and the purine and pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis in hepatocytes. Proteomic analyses demonstrate that overexpressed cyclin D1 binds to numerous metabolic enzymes including those involved in glycolysis and pyrimidine synthesis. In the glycolysis pathway, cyclin D1 activates aldolase and GAPDH, and these proteins are phosphorylated by cyclin D1/Cdk4 in vitro. De novo pyrimidine synthesis is particularly dependent on cyclin D1. Cyclin D1/Cdk4 phosphorylates the initial enzyme of this pathway, carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 2, aspartate transcarbamylase, and dihydroorotase (CAD), and metabolomic analysis indicates that cyclin D1 depletion markedly reduces the activity of this enzyme. Pharmacologic inhibition of Cdk4 along with the downstream pyrimidine synthesis enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase synergistically inhibits proliferation and survival of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. These studies demonstrate that cyclin D1 promotes a broad network of biosynthetic pathways in hepatocytes, and this model may provide insights into potential metabolic vulnerabilities in cancer cells.

Keywords:  BAY 2402234; aldolase; anaerobic glycolysis; cell cycle; cyclin D1; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH); liver regeneration; palbociclib; pentose phosphate pathway (PPP); purine; pyrimidine

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105407
Cell Rep. 2023 Dec 22. pii: S2211-1247(23)01624-8. [Epub ahead of print]43(1): 113612

Dynamic IL-6R/STAT3 signaling leads to heterogeneity of metabolic phenotype in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells.

Wiktoria Blaszczak, Bobby White, Stefania Monterisi, Pawel Swietach.

  Malignancy is enabled by pro-growth mutations and adequate energy provision. However, global metabolic activation would be self-terminating if it depleted tumor resources. Cancer cells could avoid this by rationing resources, e.g., dynamically switching between "baseline" and "activated" metabolic states. Using single-cell metabolic phenotyping of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells, we identify MIA-PaCa-2 as having broad heterogeneity of fermentative metabolism. Sorting by a readout of lactic acid permeability separates cells by fermentative and respiratory rates. Contrasting phenotypes persist for 4 days and are unrelated to cell cycling or glycolytic/respiratory gene expression; however, transcriptomics links metabolically active cells with interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R)-STAT3 signaling. We verify this by IL-6R/STAT3 knockdowns and sorting by IL-6R status. IL-6R/STAT3 activates fermentation and transcription of its inhibitor, SOCS3, resulting in delayed negative feedback that underpins transitions between metabolic states. Among cells manifesting wide metabolic heterogeneity, dynamic IL-6R/STAT3 signaling may allow cell cohorts to take turns in progressing energy-intense processes without depleting shared resources.

Keywords:  CP: Cancer; CP: Metabolism; PDAC; SOCS; feedback; fermentation; glycolysis; heterogeneity; homeostasis; interleukin-6; microenvironment; rationing; variation

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113612
J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2023 Dec 22. pii: S0022-2828(23)00198-0. [Epub ahead of print]187 15-25

mTORC1 regulates the metabolic switch of postnatal cardiomyocytes during regeneration.

Wyatt G Paltzer, Timothy J Aballo, Jiyoung Bae, Corey G K Flynn, Kayla N Wanless, Katharine A Hubert, Dakota J Nuttall, Cassidy Perry, Raya Nahlawi, Ying Ge, Ahmed I Mahmoud.

  The metabolic switch from glycolysis to fatty acid oxidation in postnatal cardiomyocytes contributes to the loss of the cardiac regenerative potential of the mammalian heart. However, the mechanisms that regulate this metabolic switch remain unclear. The protein kinase complex mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a central signaling hub that regulates cellular metabolism and protein synthesis, yet its role during mammalian heart regeneration and postnatal metabolic maturation is undefined. Here, we use immunoblotting, rapamycin treatment, myocardial infarction, and global proteomics to define the role of mTORC1 in postnatal heart development and regeneration. Our results demonstrate that the activity of mTORC1 is dynamically regulated between the regenerating and the non-regenerating hearts. Acute inhibition of mTORC1 by rapamycin or everolimus reduces cardiomyocyte proliferation and inhibits neonatal heart regeneration following injury. Our quantitative proteomic analysis demonstrates that transient inhibition of mTORC1 during neonatal heart injury did not reduce protein synthesis, but rather shifts the cardiac proteome of the neonatal injured heart from glycolysis towards fatty acid oxidation. This indicates that mTORC1 inhibition following injury accelerates the postnatal metabolic switch, which promotes metabolic maturation and impedes cardiomyocyte proliferation and heart regeneration. Taken together, our results define an important role for mTORC1 in regulating postnatal cardiac metabolism and may represent a novel target to modulate cardiac metabolism and promote heart regeneration.

Keywords:  Cardiomyocyte proliferation; Heart regeneration; Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1; Metabolism; Proteomics

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yjmcc.2023.12.004
Mol Nutr Food Res. 2023 Dec 27. e2300577

Bckdk-Mediated Branch Chain Amino Acid Metabolism Reprogramming Contributes to Muscle Atrophy during Cancer Cachexia.

Li Chen, Hong Zhang, Mengyi Chi, Yaxian Wang, Xinting Zhu, Leng Han, Bo Xin, Run Gan, Yixin Tu, Xipeng Sun, Jin Lu, Jie Li, Jinlu Huang, Jianping Zhang, Yonglong Han, Cheng Guo, Quanjun Yang.

  SCOPE: Branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) are essential amino acids and important nutrient signals for energy and protein supplementation. The study uses muscle-specific branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase kinase (Bckdk) conditional knockout (cKO) mice to reveal the contribution of BCAA metabolic dysfunction to muscle wasting.METHOD AND RESULTS: Muscle-specific Bckdk-cKO mice are generated through crossbreeding of Bckdkf/f mice with Myf5Cre mice. Lewis lung cancer (LLC) tumor transplantation is used to establish the cancer cachexia model. The occurrence of cancer cachexia is accelerated in the muscle-specific Bckdk-cKO mice after bearing LLC tumor. Wasting skeletal muscle is characterized by increased protein ubiquitination degradation and impaired protein synthesis. The wasting muscle gastrocnemius is mechanized as a distinct BCAA metabolic dysfunction. Based on the atrophy phenotype resulting from BCAA metabolism dysfunction, the optimized BCAA supplementation improves the survival of cancer cachexia in muscle-specific Bckdk-cKO mice bearing LLC tumors, and improves the occurrence of cancer cachexia. The mechanism of BCAA supplementation on muscle mass preservation is based on the promotion of protein synthesis and the inhibition of protein ubiquitination degradation.
CONCLUSIONS: Dysfunctional BCAA metabolism contributes to the inhibition of protein synthesis and increases protein degradation in the cancer cachexia model of muscle-specific Bckdk-cKO mice bearing LLC tumors. The reprogramming of BCAA catabolism exerts therapeutic effects by stimulating protein synthesis and inhibiting protein degradation in skeletal muscle.

Keywords:  Bckdk; branch chain amino acid; cancer cachexia; metabolism; skeletal muscle

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.202300577
Adv Sci (Weinh). 2023 Dec 25. e2304702

Induction of Fatty Acid Oxidation Underlies DNA Damage-Induced Cell Death and Ameliorates Obesity-Driven Chemoresistance.

Sunsook Hwang, Seungyeon Yang, Kyungsoo Park, Byungjoo Kim, Minjoong Kim, Seungmin Shin, Ahyoung Yoo, Jiyun Ahn, Juneil Jang, Yeong Shin Yim, Rho H Seong, Seung Min Jeong.

  The DNA damage response is essential for preserving genome integrity and eliminating damaged cells. Although cellular metabolism plays a central role in cell fate decision between proliferation, survival, or death, the metabolic response to DNA damage remains largely obscure. Here, this work shows that DNA damage induces fatty acid oxidation (FAO), which is required for DNA damage-induced cell death. Mechanistically, FAO induction increases cellular acetyl-CoA levels and promotes N-alpha-acetylation of caspase-2, leading to cell death. Whereas chemotherapy increases FAO related genes through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), accelerated hypoxia-inducible factor-1α stabilization by tumor cells in obese mice impedes the upregulation of FAO, which contributes to its chemoresistance. Finally, this work finds that improving FAO by PPARα activation ameliorates obesity-driven chemoresistance and enhances the outcomes of chemotherapy in obese mice. These findings reveal the shift toward FAO induction is an important metabolic response to DNA damage and may provide effective therapeutic strategies for cancer patients with obesity.

Keywords:  DNA damage; cell death; chemoresistance; fatty acid oxidation; obesity

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202304702
Mol Cell Proteomics. 2023 Dec 26. pii: S1535-9476(23)00220-7. [Epub ahead of print] 100709

Interactome analysis identifies the role of BZW2 in promoting endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondrial contact and mitochondrial metabolism.

George Maio, Mike Smith, Ruchika Bhawal, Sheng Zhang, Jeremy M Baskin, Jenny Li, Hening Lin.

Understanding the molecular functions of less-studied proteins is an important task of life science research. Despite reports of BZW2 (Basic leucine zipper and W2 domain-containing protein 2) promoting cancer progression first emerging in 2017, little is known about its molecular function. Using a quantitative proteomic approach to identify its interacting proteins, we found that BZW2 interacts with both endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondrial proteins. We thus hypothesized that BZW2 localizes to and promotes the formation of ER-mitochondrial contact sites, and that such localization would promote calcium transport from ER to the mitochondria and promote ATP production. Indeed, we found that BZW2 localized to ER-mitochondria contact sites and that BZW2 knockdown decreased ER-mitochondrial contact, mitochondrial calcium levels, and ATP production. These findings provide key insights into molecular functions of BZW2, the potential role of BZW2 in cancer progression, and highlight the utility of interactome data in understanding the function of less-studied proteins.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100709
Leukemia. 2023 Dec 26.

Mitochondrial regulation of GPX4 inhibition-mediated ferroptosis in acute myeloid leukemia.

Hiroki Akiyama, Ran Zhao, Lauren B Ostermann, Ziyi Li, Matthew Tcheng, Samar J Yazdani, Arman Moayed, Malcolm L Pryor, Sandeep Slngh, Natalia Baran, Edward Ayoub, Yuki Nishida, Po Yee Mak, Vivian R Ruvolo, Bing Z Carter, Aaron D Schimmer, Michael Andreeff, Jo Ishizawa.

Resistance to apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells causes refractory or relapsed disease, associated with dismal clinical outcomes. Ferroptosis, a mode of non-apoptotic cell death triggered by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, has been investigated as potential therapeutic modality against therapy-resistant cancers, but our knowledge of its role in AML is limited. We investigated ferroptosis in AML cells and identified its mitochondrial regulation as a therapeutic vulnerability. GPX4 knockdown induced ferroptosis in AML cells, accompanied with characteristic mitochondrial lipid peroxidation, exerting anti-AML effects in vitro and in vivo. Electron transport chains (ETC) are primary sources of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ) recycling for its function of anti-lipid peroxidation in mitochondria. We found that the mitochondria-specific CoQ potently inhibited GPX4 inhibition-mediated ferroptosis, suggesting that mitochondrial lipid redox regulates ferroptosis in AML cells. Consistently, Rho0 cells, which lack functional ETC, were more sensitive to GPX4 inhibition-mediated mitochondrial lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis than control cells. Furthermore, degradation of ETC through hyperactivation of a mitochondrial protease, caseinolytic protease P (ClpP), synergistically enhanced the anti-AML effects of GPX4 inhibition. Collectively, our findings indicate that in AML cells, GPX4 inhibition induces ferroptosis, which is regulated by mitochondrial lipid redox and ETC.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41375-023-02117-2
Proteins. 2023 Dec 25.

The role of lysine acetylation in the function of mitochondrial ribosomal protein L12.

Katelynn V Paluch, Karlie R Platz, Emma J Rudisel, Ryan R Erdmann, Taylor R Laurin, Kristin E Dittenhafer-Reed.

  Mitochondria play a central role in energy production and cellular metabolism. Mitochondria contain their own small genome (mitochondrial DNA, mtDNA) that carries the genetic instructions for proteins required for ATP synthesis. The mitochondrial proteome, including the mitochondrial transcriptional machinery, is subject to post-translational modifications (PTMs), including acetylation and phosphorylation. We set out to determine whether PTMs of proteins associated with mtDNA may provide a potential mechanism for the regulation of mitochondrial gene expression. Here, we focus on mitochondrial ribosomal protein L12 (MRPL12), which is thought to stabilize mitochondrial RNA polymerase (POLRMT) and promote transcription. Numerous acetylation sites of MRPL12 were identified by mass spectrometry. We employed amino acid mimics of the acetylated (lysine to glutamine mutants) and deacetylated (lysine to arginine mutants) versions of MRPL12 to interrogate the role of lysine acetylation in transcription initiation in vitro and mitochondrial gene expression in HeLa cells. MRPL12 acetyl and deacetyl protein mimics were purified and assessed for their ability to impact mtDNA promoter binding of POLRMT. We analyzed mtDNA content and mitochondrial transcript levels in HeLa cells upon overexpression of acetyl and deacetyl mimics of MRPL12. Our results suggest that MRPL12 single-site acetyl mimics do not change the mtDNA promoter binding ability of POLRMT or mtDNA content in HeLa cells. Individual acetyl mimics may have modest effects on mitochondrial transcript levels. We found that the mitochondrial deacetylase, Sirtuin 3, is capable of deacetylating MRPL12 in vitro, suggesting a potential role for dynamic acetylation controlling MRPL12 function in a role outside of the regulation of gene expression.

Keywords:  acetylation; mitochondrial DNA; mitochondrial genome; mitochondrial proteins; post-translational protein modification; transcription

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1002/prot.26654
Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2023 Dec;pii: S1357-2725(23)00130-9. [Epub ahead of print]165 106491

UBC9 stabilizes PFKFB3 to promote aerobic glycolysis and proliferation of glioblastoma cells.

Zhaoyuan Meng, Xueli Bian, Leina Ma, Gang Zhang, Qingxia Ma, Qianqian Xu, Juanjuan Liu, Runze Wang, Jie Lun, Qian Lin, Gaoxiang Zhao, Hongfei Jiang, Wensheng Qiu, Jing Fang, Zhimin Lu.

  Cancer cells prefer to utilizing aerobic glycolysis to generate energy and anabolic metabolic intermediates for cell growth. However, whether the activities of glycolytic enzymes can be regulated by specific posttranslational modifications, such as SUMOylation, in response to oncogenic signallings, thereby promoting the Warburg effect, remain largely unclear. Here, we demonstrate that phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3), a key glycolytic enzyme, interacts with SUMO-conjugating enzyme UBC9 and is SUMOylated at K302 in glioblastoma cells. Expression of UBC9, which competitively prevents the binding of ubiquitin E3 ligase APC/C to PFKFB3 and subsequent PFKFB3 polyubiquitination, increases PFKFB3 stability and expression. Importantly, EGFR activation increases the interaction between UBC9 and PFKFB3, leading to increased SUMOylation and expression of PFKFB3. This increase is blocked by inhibition of EGFR-induced AKT activation whereas expression of activate AKT by itself was sufficient to recapitulate EGF-induced effect. Knockout of PFKFB3 expression decreases EGF-enhanced lactate production and GBM cell proliferation and this decrease was fully rescued by reconstituted expression of WT PFKFB3 whereas PFKFB3 K302R mutant expression abrogates EGF- and UBC9-regulated lactate production and GBM cell proliferation. These findings reveal a previously unknown mechanism underlying the regulation of the Warburg effect through the EGFR activation-induced and UBC9-mediated SUMOylation and stabilization of PFKFB3.

Keywords:  Glioma; Glycolysis; PFKFB3; SUMOylation; UBC9

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2023.106491
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2023 Dec 20. pii: S0006-291X(23)01510-3. [Epub ahead of print]694 149416

Distinct lactate metabolism between hepatocytes and myotubes revealed by live cell imaging with genetically encoded indicators.

Mina Horikoshi, Kazuki Harada, Saki Tsuno, Tetsuya Kitaguchi, Masami Yokota Hirai, Mitsuharu Matsumoto, Shin Terada, Takashi Tsuboi.

  The process of glycolysis breaks down glycogen stored in muscles, producing lactate through pyruvate to generate energy. Excess lactate is then released into the bloodstream. When lactate reaches the liver, it is converted to glucose, which muscles utilize as a substrate to generate ATP. Although the biochemical study of lactate metabolism in hepatocytes and skeletal muscle cells has been extensive, the spatial and temporal dynamics of this metabolism in live cells are still unknown. We observed the dynamics of metabolism-related molecules in primary cultured hepatocytes and a skeletal muscle cell line upon lactate overload. Our observations revealed an increase in cytoplasmic pyruvate concentration in hepatocytes, which led to glucose release. Skeletal muscle cells exhibited elevated levels of lactate and pyruvate levels in both the cytoplasm and mitochondrial matrix. However, mitochondrial ATP levels remained unaffected, indicating that the increased lactate can be converted to pyruvate but is unlikely to be utilized for ATP production. The findings suggest that excess lactate in skeletal muscle cells is taken up into mitochondria with little contribution to ATP production. Meanwhile, lactate released into the bloodstream can be converted to glucose in hepatocytes for subsequent utilization in skeletal muscle cells.

Keywords:  Cori cycle; Hepatocytes; L6 cells; Lactate metabolism; Live cell imaging

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149416
Mol Cell. 2023 Dec 21. pii: S1097-2765(23)01014-6. [Epub ahead of print]

A mitophagy sensor PPTC7 controls BNIP3 and NIX degradation to regulate mitochondrial mass.

Yuqiu Sun, Yu Cao, Huayun Wan, Adalet Memetimin, Yang Cao, Lin Li, Chongyang Wu, Meng Wang, She Chen, Qi Li, Yan Ma, Mengqiu Dong, Hui Jiang.

  Mitophagy mediated by BNIP3 and NIX critically regulates mitochondrial mass. Cellular BNIP3 and NIX levels are tightly controlled by SCFFBXL4-mediated ubiquitination to prevent excessive mitochondrial loss and lethal disease. Here, we report that knockout of PPTC7, a mitochondrial matrix protein, hyperactivates BNIP3-/NIX-mediated mitophagy and causes perinatal lethality that is rescued by NIX knockout in mice. Biochemically, the PPTC7 precursor is trapped by BNIP3 and NIX to the mitochondrial outer membrane, where PPTC7 scaffolds assembly of a substrate-PPTC7-SCFFBXL4 holocomplex to degrade BNIP3 and NIX, forming a homeostatic regulatory loop. PPTC7 possesses an unusually weak mitochondrial targeting sequence to facilitate its outer membrane retention and mitophagy control. Starvation upregulates PPPTC7 expression in mouse liver to repress mitophagy, which critically maintains hepatic mitochondrial mass, bioenergetics, and gluconeogenesis. Collectively, PPTC7 functions as a mitophagy sensor that integrates homeostatic and physiological signals to dynamically control BNIP3 and NIX degradation, thereby maintaining mitochondrial mass and cellular homeostasis.

Keywords:  Cullin; FBXL4; PPTC7; metabolism; mitochondrial mass; mitophagy receptors BNIP3 and NIX; ubiquitin

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2023.11.038
Sci Rep. 2023 12 27. 13(1): 22991

Protein N-myristoylation plays a critical role in the mitochondrial localization of human mitochondrial complex I accessory subunit NDUFB7.

Haruna Harada, Koko Moriya, Hirotsugu Kobuchi, Naotada Ishihara, Toshihiko Utsumi.

The present study examined human N-myristoylated proteins that specifically localize to mitochondria among the 1,705 human genes listed in MitoProteome, a mitochondrial protein database. We herein employed a strategy utilizing cellular metabolic labeling with a bioorthogonal myristic acid analog in transfected COS-1 cells established in our previous studies. Four proteins, DMAC1, HCCS, NDUFB7, and PLGRKT, were identified as N-myristoylated proteins that specifically localize to mitochondria. Among these proteins, DMAC1 and NDUFB7 play critical roles in the assembly of complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. DMAC1 functions as an assembly factor, and NDUFB7 is an accessory subunit of complex I. An analysis of the intracellular localization of non-myristoylatable G2A mutants revealed that protein N-myristoylation occurring on NDUFB7 was important for the mitochondrial localization of this protein. Furthermore, an analysis of the role of the CHCH domain in NDUFB7 using Cys to Ser mutants revealed that it was essential for the mitochondrial localization of NDUFB7. Therefore, the present results showed that NDUFB7, a vital component of human mitochondrial complex I, was N-myristoylated, and protein N-myrisotylation and the CHCH domain were both indispensable for the specific targeting and localization of NDUFB7 to mitochondria.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-50390-z
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2024 Jan 02. 121(1): e2312306120

Lysophagy protects against propagation of α-synuclein aggregation through ruptured lysosomal vesicles.

Keita Kakuda, Kensuke Ikenaka, Akiko Kuma, Junko Doi, César Aguirre, Nan Wang, Takahiro Ajiki, Chi-Jing Choong, Yasuyoshi Kimura, Shaymaa Mohamed Mohamed Badawy, Takayuki Shima, Shuhei Nakamura, Kousuke Baba, Seiichi Nagano, Yoshitaka Nagai, Tamotsu Yoshimori, Hideki Mochizuki.

  The neuron-to-neuron propagation of misfolded α-synuclein (αSyn) aggregates is thought to be key to the pathogenesis of synucleinopathies. Recent studies have shown that extracellular αSyn aggregates taken up by the endosomal-lysosomal system can rupture the lysosomal vesicular membrane; however, it remains unclear whether lysosomal rupture leads to the transmission of αSyn aggregation. Here, we applied cell-based αSyn propagation models to show that ruptured lysosomes are the pathway through which exogenous αSyn aggregates transmit aggregation, and furthermore, this process was prevented by lysophagy, i.e., selective autophagy of damaged lysosomes. αSyn aggregates accumulated predominantly in lysosomes, causing their rupture, and seeded the aggregation of endogenous αSyn, initially around damaged lysosomes. Exogenous αSyn aggregates induced the accumulation of LC3 on lysosomes. This LC3 accumulation was not observed in cells in which a key regulator of autophagy, RB1CC1/FIP200, was knocked out and was confirmed as lysophagy by transmission electron microscopy. Importantly, RB1CC1/FIP200-deficient cells treated with αSyn aggregates had increased numbers of ruptured lysosomes and enhanced propagation of αSyn aggregation. Furthermore, various types of lysosomal damage induced using lysosomotropic reagents, depletion of lysosomal enzymes, or more toxic species of αSyn fibrils also exacerbated the propagation of αSyn aggregation, and impaired lysophagy and lysosomal membrane damage synergistically enhanced propagation. These results indicate that lysophagy prevents exogenous αSyn aggregates from escaping the endosomal-lysosomal system and transmitting aggregation to endogenous cytosolic αSyn via ruptured lysosomal vesicles. Our findings suggest that the progression and severity of synucleinopathies are associated with damage to lysosomal membranes and impaired lysophagy.

Keywords:  lysophagy; lysosomal vesicle rupture; synucleinopathy; α-synuclein

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2312306120
MedComm (2020). 2023 Dec;4(6): e462

The role of mitochondrial dynamics in disease.

Yujuan Wang, Xinyan Dai, Hui Li, Huiling Jiang, Junfu Zhou, Shiying Zhang, Jiacheng Guo, Lidu Shen, Huantao Yang, Jie Lin, Hengxiu Yan.

  Mitochondria are multifaceted and dynamic organelles regulating various important cellular processes from signal transduction to determining cell fate. As dynamic properties of mitochondria, fusion and fission accompanied with mitophagy, undergo constant changes in number and morphology to sustain mitochondrial homeostasis in response to cell context changes. Thus, the dysregulation of mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy is unsurprisingly related with various diseases, but the unclear underlying mechanism hinders their clinical application. In this review, we summarize the recent developments in the molecular mechanism of mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy, particularly the different roles of key components in mitochondrial dynamics in different context. We also summarize the roles of mitochondrial dynamics and target treatment in diseases related to the cardiovascular system, nervous system, respiratory system, and tumor cell metabolism demanding high-energy. In these diseases, it is common that excessive mitochondrial fission is dominant and accompanied by impaired fusion and mitophagy. But there have been many conflicting findings about them recently, which are specifically highlighted in this view. We look forward that these findings will help broaden our understanding of the roles of the mitochondrial dynamics in diseases and will be beneficial to the discovery of novel selective therapeutic targets.

Keywords:  context; disease; mitochondrial dynamics; mitophagy; target treatment

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1002/mco2.462
Cell Physiol Biochem. 2023 Dec 27. 57(6): 512-537

Epistemology of the Origin of Cancer II: Fibroblasts Are the First Cells to Undergo Neoplastic Transformation.

Björn L D M Brücher, Ijaz S Jamall.

  BACKGROUND/AIMS: Many questions in cancer biology remain unanswered. Perhaps the most important issues remaining to be addressed focus on the molecular basis of carcinogenesis. Today's cancer focus lies on genetics and gene expression, which is unlikely to explain the true cause of most cancers or lead to a cure.METHODS: Earlier, we provided a plausible mechanism for this process, specifically, that most cancers develop in response to pathogenic stimuli that induce chronic inflammation, fibrosis, and remodeling of the cellular microenvironment. Collectively, these changes generate a precancerous niche (PCN) in which fibrosis and remodeling are ongoing secondary to persistent inflammation, followed by the deployment of a chronic stress escape strategy (CSES). If the CSES is unsuccessful, the cell undergoes a normal cell to cancer cell transformation (NCCT).
RESULTS: Here, we highlight the critical role of fibroblasts as the first cells to undergo neoplastic transformation to a cancerous phenotype which is based on several critical findings. First, persistent disruption of homeostatic crosstalk increases lysyl oxidase activity and lysine oxidation which leads to increased collagen stiffness and decreased elasticity. If unresolved, chronic tissue stress will lead to an escape strategy that involves the recruitment of fibroblasts and fibrocytes from the bone marrow as well as cells undergoing an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). This yields a heterogeneous pool of cells that express both epithelial and mesenchymal markers and that will ultimately differentiate into cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Finally, CAFs undergo a mesenchymalepithelial transition (MET) and express epithelial markers that facilitate their integration into the target tissue.
CONCLUSION: Here, we review the published findings that led us to this conclusion which is the most plausible answer to this critical question.

Keywords:  Biochemistry; Biology; Carcinogenesis; Fibroblast; Physiology

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.33594/000000672
Elife. 2023 Dec 27. pii: RP87340. [Epub ahead of print]12

Mitochondrial electron transport chain, ceramide, and coenzyme Q are linked in a pathway that drives insulin resistance in skeletal muscle.

Alexis Diaz-Vegas, Søren Madsen, Kristen C Cooke, Luke Carroll, Jasmine X Y Khor, Nigel Turner, Xin Y Lim, Miro A Astore, Jonathan C Morris, Anthony S Don, Amanda Garfield, Simona Zarini, Karin A Zemski Berry, Andrew P Ryan, Bryan C Bergman, Joseph T Brozinick, David E James, James G Burchfield.

  Insulin resistance (IR) is a complex metabolic disorder that underlies several human diseases, including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Despite extensive research, the precise mechanisms underlying IR development remain poorly understood. Previously we showed that deficiency of coenzyme Q (CoQ) is necessary and sufficient for IR in adipocytes and skeletal muscle (Fazakerley et al., 2018). Here, we provide new insights into the mechanistic connections between cellular alterations associated with IR, including increased ceramides, CoQ deficiency, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress. We demonstrate that elevated levels of ceramide in the mitochondria of skeletal muscle cells result in CoQ depletion and loss of mitochondrial respiratory chain components, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and IR. Further, decreasing mitochondrial ceramide levels in vitro and in animal models (mice, C57BL/6J) (under chow and high-fat diet) increased CoQ levels and was protective against IR. CoQ supplementation also rescued ceramide-associated IR. Examination of the mitochondrial proteome from human muscle biopsies revealed a strong correlation between the respirasome system and mitochondrial ceramide as key determinants of insulin sensitivity. Our findings highlight the mitochondrial ceramide-CoQ-respiratory chain nexus as a potential foundation of an IR pathway that may also play a critical role in other conditions associated with ceramide accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction, such as heart failure, cancer, and aging. These insights may have important clinical implications for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of IR and related metabolic disorders.

Keywords:  biochemistry; cell biology; ceramides; chemical biology; coenzyme Q; human; insulin resistance; mitochondria; mouse; muscle; rat

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.87340
J Alzheimers Dis. 2023 Dec 18.

The Carnitine Palmitoyl-Transferase 2 Cascade Hypothesis for Alzheimer's Disease.

Hiskias G Keizer, Ruud Brands, Ronald S Oosting, Willem Seinen.

  Despite decades of intense research, the precise etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains unclear. In this hypothesis, we present a new perspective on this matter by identifying carnitine palmitoyl transferase-2 (CPT2) as a central target in AD. CPT2 is an enzyme situated within the inner mitochondrial membrane, playing a crucial role in beta-oxidation of fatty acids. It exhibits high sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide. This sensitivity holds relevance for the etiology of AD, as all major risk factors for the disease share a commonality in producing an excess of hydrogen peroxide right at this very mitochondrial membrane. We will explain the high sensitivity of CPT2 to hydrogen peroxide and elucidate how the resulting inhibition of CPT2 can lead to the characteristic phenotype of AD, thus clarifying its central role in the disease's etiology. This insight holds promise for the development of therapies for AD which can be implemented immediately.

Keywords:  AMP-kinase pathway dependent integrated stress response; Alzheimer’s disease; CPT2; carnitine palmitoyl transferase 2; hydrogen peroxide; hypoxia; longevity; radical oxygen species

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-230991
Redox Biol. 2023 Dec 22. pii: S2213-2317(23)00400-7. [Epub ahead of print]69 102999

Cysteine and homocysteine can be exploited by GPX4 in ferroptosis inhibition independent of GSH synthesis.

Chaoyi Xia, Xiyue Xing, Wenxia Zhang, Yang Wang, Xin Jin, Yang Wang, Meihong Tian, Xueqing Ba, Fengqi Hao.

  Ferroptosis is inhibited by glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), an antioxidant enzyme that uses reduced glutathione (GSH) as a cofactor to detoxify lipid hydroperoxides. As a selenoprotein, the core function of GPX4 is the thiol-dependent redox reaction. In addition to GSH, other small molecules such as cysteine and homocysteine also contain thiols; yet, whether GPX4 can exploit cysteine and homocysteine to directly detoxify lipid hydroperoxides and inhibit ferroptosis has not been addressed. In this study, we found that cysteine and homocysteine inhibit ferroptosis in a GPX4-dependent manner. However, cysteine inhibits ferroptosis independent of GSH synthesis, and homocysteine inhibits ferroptosis through non-cysteine and non-GSH pathway. Furthermore, we used molecular docking and GPX4 activity analysis to study the binding patterns and affinity between GPX4 and GSH, cysteine, and homocysteine. We found that besides GSH, cysteine and homocysteine are also able to serve as substrates for GPX4 though the affinities of GPX4 with cysteine and homocysteine are lower than that with GSH. Importantly, GPX family and the GSH synthetase pathway might be asynchronously evolved. When GSH synthetase is absent, for example in Flexibacter, the fGPX exhibits higher affinity with cysteine and homocysteine than GSH. Taken together, the present study provided the understanding of the role of thiol-dependent redox systems in protecting cells from ferroptosis and propose that GSH might be a substitute for cysteine or homocysteine to be used as a cofactor for GPX4 during the evolution of aerobic metabolism.

Keywords:  Cysteine; Ferroptosis; GSH; Glutathione peroxidase 4; Homocysteine

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2023.102999
iScience. 2024 Jan 19. 27(1): 108645

Proteomic analysis identifies PFKP lactylation in SW480 colon cancer cells.

Zhe Cheng, Huichao Huang, Maoyu Li, Yongheng Chen.

  Aerobic glycolysis is a pivotal hallmark of cancers, including colorectal cancer. Evidence shows glycolytic enzymes are regulated by post-translational modifications (PTMs), thereby affecting the Warburg effect and reprograming cancer metabolism. Lysine lactylation is a PTM reported in 2019 in histones. In this study, we identified protein lactylation in FHC cells and SW480 colon cancer cells through mass spectrometry. Totally, 637 lysine lactylation sites in 444 proteins were identified in FHC and SW480 cells. Lactylated proteins were enriched in the glycolysis pathway, and we identified lactylation sites in phosphofructokinase, platelet (PFKP) lysine 688 and aldolase A (ALDOA) lysine 147. We also showed that PFKP lactylation directly attenuated enzyme activity. Collectively, our study presented a resource to investigate proteome-wide lactylation in SW480 cells and found PFKP lactylation led to activity inhibition, indicating that lactic acid and lactylated PFKP may form a negative feedback pathway in glycolysis and lactic acid production.

Keywords:  Cancer; Cell biology; Properties of biomolecules; Proteomics

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.108645
Med Res Rev. 2023 Dec 26.

Metabolomics at the tumor microenvironment interface: Decoding cellular conversations.

Naomi Berrell, Habib Sadeghirad, Tony Blick, Charles Bidgood, Graham R Leggatt, Ken O'Byrne, Arutha Kulasinghe.

  Cancer heterogeneity remains a significant challenge for effective cancer treatments. Altered energetics is one of the hallmarks of cancer and influences tumor growth and drug resistance. Studies have shown that heterogeneity exists within the metabolic profile of tumors, and personalized-combination therapy with relevant metabolic interventions could improve patient response. Metabolomic studies are identifying novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets that have improved treatment response. The spatial location of elements in the tumor microenvironment are becoming increasingly important for understanding disease progression. The evolution of spatial metabolomics analysis now allows scientists to deeply understand how metabolite distribution contributes to cancer biology. Recently, these techniques have spatially resolved metabolite distribution to a subcellular level. It has been proposed that metabolite mapping could improve patient outcomes by improving precision medicine, enabling earlier diagnosis and intraoperatively identifying tumor margins. This review will discuss how altered metabolic pathways contribute to cancer progression and drug resistance and will explore the current capabilities of spatial metabolomics technologies and how these could be integrated into clinical practice to improve patient outcomes.

Keywords:  cancer metabolism; glucose; immunotherapy; metabolic interventions; spatial biology

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1002/med.22010
Redox Biol. 2023 Dec 20. pii: S2213-2317(23)00402-0. [Epub ahead of print]69 103001

Regulation of respiratory complex I assembly by FMN cofactor targeting.

Andrea Curtabbi, Adela Guarás, José Luis Cabrera-Alarcón, Maribel Rivero, Enrique Calvo, Marina Rosa-Moreno, Jesús Vázquez, Milagros Medina, José Antonio Enríquez.

  Respiratory complex I plays a crucial role in the mitochondrial electron transport chain and shows promise as a therapeutic target for various human diseases. While most studies focus on inhibiting complex I at the Q-site, little is known about inhibitors targeting other sites within the complex. In this study, we demonstrate that diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), a N-site inhibitor, uniquely affects the stability of complex I by reacting with its flavin cofactor FMN. Treatment with DPI blocks the final stage of complex I assembly, leading to the complete and reversible degradation of complex I in different cellular models. Growing cells in medium lacking the FMN precursor riboflavin or knocking out the mitochondrial flavin carrier gene SLC25A32 results in a similar complex I degradation. Overall, our findings establish a direct connection between mitochondrial flavin homeostasis and complex I stability and assembly, paving the way for novel pharmacological strategies to regulate respiratory complex I.

Keywords:  DPI; FMN; OXPHOS; Respiratory complex I

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2023.103001
J Cell Sci. 2023 Dec 15. pii: jcs261413. [Epub ahead of print]136(24):

Dipping contacts - a novel type of contact site at the interface between membraneless organelles and membranes.

Christian Hoffmann, Dragomir Milovanovic.

  Liquid-liquid phase separation is a major mechanism for organizing macromolecules, particularly proteins with intrinsically disordered regions, in compartments not limited by a membrane or a scaffold. The cell can therefore be perceived as a complex emulsion containing many of these membraneless organelles, also referred to as biomolecular condensates, together with numerous membrane-bound organelles. It is currently unclear how such a complex concoction operates to allow for intracellular trafficking, signaling and metabolic processes to occur with high spatiotemporal precision. Based on experimental observations of synaptic vesicle condensates - a membraneless organelle that is in fact packed with membranes - we present here the framework of dipping contacts: a novel type of contact site between membraneless organelles and membranes. In this Hypothesis, we propose that our framework of dipping contacts can serve as a foundation to investigate the interface that couples the diffusion and material properties of condensates to biochemical processes occurring in membranes. The identity and regulation of this interface is especially critical in the case of neurodegenerative diseases, where aberrant inclusions of misfolded proteins and damaged organelles underlie cellular pathology.

Keywords:  Dipping contacts; Liquid–liquid phase separation; Membranes; Neurodegenerative diseases; Synapse

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.261413