bims-auttor 2021-03-14 papers

bims-auttor

Biomed News

on Autophagy and mTOR

Issue of 2021–03–14
thirty-two papers selected by
Viktor Korolchuk, Newcastle University

The OFD1 protein is a novel player in selective autophagy: another tile to the cilia/autophagy puzzle.
Structural basis for VPS34 kinase activation by Rab1 and Rab5 on membranes.
Snx4-assisted vacuolar targeting of transcription factors defines a new autophagy pathway for controlling ATG expression.
Cannabidiol induces autophagy via ERK1/2 activation in neural cells.
The p97-UBXN1 complex regulates aggresome formation.
Autophagy and organelle homeostasis in cancer.
Trehalose causes low-grade lysosomal stress to activate TFEB and the autophagy-lysosome biogenesis response.
The vacuole controls nucleolar dynamics and micronucleophagy via the NVJ.
Cholesterol alters mitophagy by impairing optineurin recruitment and lysosomal clearance in Alzheimer's disease.
Control of mitosis, inflammation, and cell motility by limited leakage of lysosomes.
WIPI1 promotes fission of endosomal transport carriers and formation of autophagosomes through distinct mechanisms.
mtROS-mediated Akt/AMPK/mTOR pathway was involved in Copper-induced autophagy and it attenuates Copper-induced apoptosis in RAW264.7 mouse monocytes.
TP53/p53-FBXO22-TFEB controls basal autophagy to govern hormesis.
Phosphorylation regulates the binding of autophagy receptors to FIP200 Claw domain for selective autophagy initiation.
Mild hypothermia pretreatment extenuates liver ischemia-reperfusion injury through Rab7-mediated autophagosomes-lysosomes fusion.
CMLS forum reviews: mitochondrial damage control.
Autophagy in inflammation, infection, and immunometabolism.
mTORC1 couples cyst(e)ine availability with GPX4 protein synthesis and ferroptosis regulation.
Mt-Keima detects PINK1-PRKN mitophagy in vivo with greater sensitivity than mito-QC.
Constitutively active Rheb mutants [T23M] and [E40K] drive increased production and secretion of recombinant protein in Chinese hamster ovary cells.
An updated review of autophagy in ischemic stroke: From mechanisms to therapies.
A Tauopathy-Homing and Autophagy-Activating Nanoassembly for Specific Clearance of Pathogenic Tau in Alzheimer's Disease.
Oxidation inhibits autophagy protein deconjugation from phagosomes to sustain MHC class II restricted antigen presentation.
The ERK1/2-ATG13-FIP200 signaling cascade is required for autophagy induction to protect renal cells from hypoglycemia-induced cell death.
Neurodegeneration Upon Dysfunction of Endosomal/Lysosomal CLC Chloride Transporters.
Metformin Resensitizes Sorafenib-Resistant HCC Cells Through AMPK-Dependent Autophagy Activation.
Mitochondrial associated ER membrane (MAM) compartment and its dysregulation in Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
Differential metabolic sensitivity of insulin-like-response- and TORC1-dependent overgrowth in Drosophila fat cells.
Friendly mediates membrane depolarization-induced mitophagy in Arabidopsis.
Methyltransferase-like 1 regulates lung adenocarcinoma A549 cell proliferation and autophagy via the AKT/mTORC1 signaling pathway.
Selective Autophagy Receptors in Antiviral Defense.
Transition metals and metal complexes in autophagy and diseases.

Cell Stress. 2021 Feb 17. 5(3): 33-36

The OFD1 protein is a novel player in selective autophagy: another tile to the cilia/autophagy puzzle.

Manuela Morleo, Brunella Franco.

  The autophagy-lysosomal pathway is one of the main degradative routes which cells use to balance sources of energy. A number of proteins orchestrate the formation of autophagosomes, membranous organelles instrumental in autophagy. Selective autophagy, involving the recognition and removal of specific targets, is mediated by autophagy receptors, which recognize cargos and the autophagosomal membrane protein LC3 for lysosomal degradation. Recently, bidirectional crosstalk has emerged between autophagy and primary cilia, microtubule-based sensory organelles extending from cells and anchored by the basal body, derived from the mother centriole of the centrosome. The molecular mechanisms underlying the direct role of autophagic proteins in cilia biology and, conversely, the impact of this organelle in autophagy remains elusive. Recently, we uncovered the molecular mechanism by which the centrosomal/basal body protein OFD1 controls the LC3-mediated autophagic cascade. In particular, we demonstrated that OFD1 acts as a selective autophagy receptor by regulating the turnover of unc-51-like kinase (ULK1) complex, which plays a crucial role in the initiation steps of autophagosome biogenesis. Moreover, we showed that patients with a genetic condition caused by mutations in OFD1 and associated with cilia dysfunction, display excessive autophagy and we demonstrated that autophagy inhibition significantly ameliorates the renal cystic phenotype in a conditional mouse model recapitulating the features of the disease (Morleo et al. 2020, EMBO J, doi: 10.15252/embj.2020105120). We speculate that abnormal autophagy may underlie some of the clinical manifestations observed in the disorders ascribed to cilia dysfunction.

Keywords:  Autophagy receptor; OFD1; Oral-Facial-Digital type I syndrome; Primary cilium; Renal cystic disease; Selective autophagy; ULK1 complex

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.15698/cst2021.03.244
Nat Commun. 2021 03 10. 12(1): 1564

Structural basis for VPS34 kinase activation by Rab1 and Rab5 on membranes.

Shirley Tremel, Yohei Ohashi, Dustin R Morado, Jessie Bertram, Olga Perisic, Laura T L Brandt, Marie-Kristin von Wrisberg, Zhuo A Chen, Sarah L Maslen, Oleksiy Kovtun, Mark Skehel, Juri Rappsilber, Kathrin Lang, Sean Munro, John A G Briggs, Roger L Williams.

The lipid phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI3P) is a regulator of two fundamental but distinct cellular processes, endocytosis and autophagy, so its generation needs to be under precise temporal and spatial control. PI3P is generated by two complexes that both contain the lipid kinase VPS34: complex II on endosomes (VPS34/VPS15/Beclin 1/UVRAG), and complex I on autophagosomes (VPS34/VPS15/Beclin 1/ATG14L). The endosomal GTPase Rab5 binds complex II, but the mechanism of VPS34 activation by Rab5 has remained elusive, and no GTPase is known to bind complex I. Here we show that Rab5a-GTP recruits endocytic complex II to membranes and activates it by binding between the VPS34 C2 and VPS15 WD40 domains. Electron cryotomography of complex II on Rab5a-decorated vesicles shows that the VPS34 kinase domain is released from inhibition by VPS15 and hovers over the lipid bilayer, poised for catalysis. We also show that the GTPase Rab1a, which is known to be involved in autophagy, recruits and activates the autophagy-specific complex I, but not complex II. Both Rabs bind to the same VPS34 interface but in a manner unique for each. These findings reveal how VPS34 complexes are activated on membranes by specific Rab GTPases and how they are recruited to unique cellular locations.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21695-2
Autophagy. 2021 Mar 08. 1-19

Snx4-assisted vacuolar targeting of transcription factors defines a new autophagy pathway for controlling ATG expression.

Sara E Hanley, Stephen D Willis, Katrina F Cooper.

  Autophagy, in part, is controlled by the repression and activation of autophagy-related (ATG) genes. Here, we describe a new selective autophagy pathway that targets functional transcriptional regulators to control their activity. This pathway is activated in response to nitrogen starvation and recycles transcriptional activators (Msn2 and Rim15) and a repressor (Ssn2/Med13) of ATG expression. Further analysis of Ssn2/Med13 vacuolar proteolysis revealed that this pathway utilizes the core autophagic machinery. However, it is independent of known nucleophagy mechanisms, receptor proteins, and the scaffold protein Atg11. Instead, Ssn2/Med13 exits the nucleus through the nuclear pore complex (NPC) and associates with the cytoplasmic nucleoporin Gle1, a member of the RNA remodeling complex. Dbp5 and Nup159, that act in concert with Gle1, are also required for Ssn2/Med13 clearance. Ssn2/Med13 is retrieved from the nuclear periphery and degraded by Atg17-initiated phagophores anchored to the vacuole. Efficient transfer to phagophores depends on the sorting nexin heterodimer Snx4/Atg24-Atg20, which binds to Atg17, and relocates to the perinucleus following nitrogen starvation. To conclude, this pathway defines a previously undescribed autophagy mechanism that targets select transcriptional regulators for rapid vacuolar proteolysis, utilizing the RNA remodeling complex, the sorting nexin heterodimer Snx4-Atg20, Atg17, and the core autophagic machinery. It is physiologically relevant as this Snx4-assisted vacuolar targeting pathway permits cells to fine-tune the autophagic response by controlling the turnover of both positive and negative regulators of ATG transcription.Abbreviations: AIM: Atg8 interacting motif; ATG: autophagy-related; CKM: CDK8 kinase module; IDR: intrinsically disordered region; IP6: phosphoinositide inositol hexaphosphate; NPC: nuclear pore complex; PAS: phagophore assembly site; UPS: ubiquitin-proteasomal system.

Keywords:  Atg17; Gle1; Ssn2/Med13; autophagy; selective autophagy; transcriptional regulators

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1080/15548627.2021.1877934
Sci Rep. 2021 Mar 08. 11(1): 5434

Cannabidiol induces autophagy via ERK1/2 activation in neural cells.

Talita A M Vrechi, Anderson H F F Leão, Ingrid B M Morais, Vanessa C Abílio, Antonio W Zuardi, Jaime Eduardo C Hallak, José Alexandre Crippa, Claudia Bincoletto, Rodrigo P Ureshino, Soraya S Smaili, Gustavo J S Pereira.

Autophagy is a lysosomal catabolic process essential to cell homeostasis and is related to the neuroprotection of the central nervous system. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychotropic phytocannabinoid present in Cannabis sativa. Many therapeutic actions have been linked to this compound, including autophagy activation. However, the precise underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear, and the downstream functional significance of these actions has yet to be determined. Here, we investigated CBD-evoked effects on autophagy in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y and murine astrocyte cell lines. We found that CBD-induced autophagy was substantially reduced in the presence of CB1, CB2 and TRPV1 receptor antagonists, AM 251, AM 630 and capsazepine, respectively. This result strongly indicates that the activation of these receptors mediates the autophagic flux. Additionally, we demonstrated that CBD activates autophagy through ERK1/2 activation and AKT suppression. Interestingly, CBD-mediated autophagy activation is dependent on the autophagy initiator ULK1, but mTORC1 independent. Thus, it is plausible that a non-canonical pathway is involved. Our findings collectively provide evidence that CBD stimulates autophagy signal transduction via crosstalk between the ERK1/2 and AKT kinases, which represent putative regulators of cell proliferation and survival. Furthermore, our study sheds light on potential therapeutic cannabinoid targets that could be developed for treating neurodegenerative disorders.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-84879-2
J Cell Sci. 2021 Mar 12. pii: jcs.254201. [Epub ahead of print]

The p97-UBXN1 complex regulates aggresome formation.

Sirisha Mukkavalli, Jacob Aaron Klickstein, Betty Ortiz, Peter Juo, Malavika Raman.

  The recognition and disposal of misfolded proteins is essential for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Perturbations in the pathways that promote degradation of aberrant proteins contribute to a variety of protein aggregation disorders broadly termed proteinopathies. The p97 AAA-ATPase in combination with adaptor proteins functions to identify ubiquitylated proteins and target them for degradation by the proteasome or autophagy. Mutations in p97 cause multi-system proteinopathies; however, the precise defects underlying these disorders are unclear. Here, we systematically investigate the role of p97 and its adaptors in the process of formation of aggresomes, membrane-less structures containing ubiquitylated proteins that arise upon proteasome inhibition. We demonstrate that p97 mediates aggresome formation and clearance and identify a novel role for the adaptor UBXN1 in the process of aggresome formation. UBXN1 is recruited to aggresomes and UBXN1 knockout cells are unable to form aggresomes. Loss of p97-UBXN1 results in increased Huntingtin polyQ inclusion bodies both in mammalian cells as well as in a C.elegans model of Huntington's Disease. Together our work identifies evolutionarily conserved roles for p97-UBXN1 in the disposal of protein aggregates.

Keywords:  Aggregate; Aggresome; Inclusion body; PolyQ; Proteasome; Ubiquitin

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.254201
Dev Cell. 2021 Mar 02. pii: S1534-5807(21)00121-0. [Epub ahead of print]

Autophagy and organelle homeostasis in cancer.

Dannah R Miller, Andrew Thorburn.

  Beginning with the earliest studies of autophagy in cancer, there have been indications that autophagy can both promote and inhibit cancer growth and progression; autophagy regulation of organelle homeostasis is similarly complicated. In this review we discuss pro- and antitumor effects of organelle-targeted autophagy and how this contributes to several hallmarks of cancer, such as evading cell death, genomic instability, and altered metabolism. Typically, the removal of damaged or dysfunctional organelles prevents tumor development but can also aid in proliferation or drug resistance in established tumors. By better understanding how organelle-specific autophagy takes place and can be manipulated, it may be possible to go beyond the brute-force approach of trying to manipulate all autophagy in order to improve therapeutic targeting of this process in cancer.

Keywords:  ER-phagy; autophagy; cancer; lysophagy; mitophagy

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2021.02.010
Autophagy. 2021 Mar 11. 1-13

Trehalose causes low-grade lysosomal stress to activate TFEB and the autophagy-lysosome biogenesis response.

Se-Jin Jeong, Jeremiah Stitham, Trent D Evans, Xiangyu Zhang, Astrid Rodriguez-Velez, Yu-Sheng Yeh, Joan Tao, Koki Takabatake, Slava Epelman, Irfan J Lodhi, Joel D Schilling, Brian J Debosch, Abhinav Diwan, Babak Razani.

  The autophagy-lysosome system is an important cellular degradation pathway that recycles dysfunctional organelles and cytotoxic protein aggregates. A decline in this system is pathogenic in many human diseases including neurodegenerative disorders, fatty liver disease, and atherosclerosis. Thus there is intense interest in discovering therapeutics aimed at stimulating the autophagy-lysosome system. Trehalose is a natural disaccharide composed of two glucose molecules linked by a ɑ-1,1-glycosidic bond with the unique ability to induce cellular macroautophagy/autophagy and with reported efficacy on mitigating several diseases where autophagy is dysfunctional. Interestingly, the mechanism by which trehalose induces autophagy is unknown. One suggested mechanism is its ability to activate TFEB (transcription factor EB), the master transcriptional regulator of autophagy-lysosomal biogenesis. Here we describe a potential mechanism involving direct trehalose action on the lysosome. We find trehalose is endocytically taken up by cells and accumulates within the endolysosomal system. This leads to a low-grade lysosomal stress with mild elevation of lysosomal pH, which acts as a potent stimulus for TFEB activation and nuclear translocation. This process appears to involve inactivation of MTORC1, a known negative regulator of TFEB which is sensitive to perturbations in lysosomal pH. Taken together, our data show the trehalose can act as a weak inhibitor of the lysosome which serves as a trigger for TFEB activation. Our work not only sheds light on trehalose action but suggests that mild alternation of lysosomal pH can be a novel method of inducing the autophagy-lysosome system.Abbreviations: ASO: antisense oligonucleotide; AU: arbitrary units; BMDM: bone marrow-derived macrophages; CLFs: crude lysosomal fractions; CTSD: cathepsin D; LAMP: lysosomal associated membrane protein; LIPA/LAL: lipase A, lysosomal acid type; MAP1LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; MFI: mean fluorescence intensity; MTORC1: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase complex 1; pMAC: peritoneal macrophages; SLC2A8/GLUT8: solute carrier family 2, (facilitated glucose transporter), member 8; TFEB: transcription factor EB; TMR: tetramethylrhodamine; TREH: trehalase.

Keywords:  Endocytosis; MTORC1; TFEB; lysosome; trehalose

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1080/15548627.2021.1896906
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2021 Mar 08. pii: S0006-291X(21)00368-5. [Epub ahead of print]550 158-165

The vacuole controls nucleolar dynamics and micronucleophagy via the NVJ.

Most Naoshia Tasnin, Tsuneyuki Takuma, Tasnuva Sharmin, Shamsul Morshed, Takashi Ushimaru.

  Chromosomes have their own territories and dynamically translocate in response to internal and external cues. However, whether and how territories and the relocation of chromosomes are controlled by other intracellular organelles remains unknown. Upon nutrient starvation and target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) inactivation, micronucleophagy, which preferentially degrades nucleolar proteins, occurs at the nucleus-vacuole junction (NVJ) in budding yeast. Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) is condensed and relocated against the NVJ, whereas nucleolar proteins move towards the NVJ for micronucleophagic degradation, causing dissociation of nucleolar proteins from rDNA. These findings imply that the NVJ is the critical platform in the directional movements of rDNA and nucleolar proteins. Here, we show that cells lacking the NVJ (NVJΔ cells) largely lost rDNA condensation and rDNA-nucleolar protein separation after TORC1 inactivation. The macronucleophagy receptor Atg39, an outer nuclear membrane protein, accumulated at the NVJ and was degraded by micronucleophagy. These suggested that macronucleophagy is also dependent on the presence of the NVJ. However, micronucleophagy, but not macronucleophagy, was abolished in NVJΔ cells. This study clearly demonstrated that vacuoles controls intranuclear events, nucleolar dynamics, from outside of the nucleus via the NVJ under the control of TORC1.

Keywords:  Microautophagy; Nucleolus; Nucleus–vacuole junction; Ribosomal DNA; Target of rapamycin complex 1

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.02.141
Mol Neurodegener. 2021 03 08. 16(1): 15

Cholesterol alters mitophagy by impairing optineurin recruitment and lysosomal clearance in Alzheimer's disease.

Vicente Roca-Agujetas, Elisabet Barbero-Camps, Cristina de Dios, Petar Podlesniy, Xenia Abadin, Albert Morales, Montserrat Marí, Ramon Trullàs, Anna Colell.

   BACKGROUND: Emerging evidence indicates that impaired mitophagy-mediated clearance of defective mitochondria is a critical event in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Amyloid-beta (Aβ) metabolism and the microtubule-associated protein tau have been reported to regulate key components of the mitophagy machinery. However, the mechanisms that lead to mitophagy dysfunction in AD are not fully deciphered. We have previously shown that intraneuronal cholesterol accumulation can disrupt the autophagy flux, resulting in low Aβ clearance. In this study, we examine the impact of neuronal cholesterol changes on mitochondrial removal by autophagy.
METHODS: Regulation of PINK1-parkin-mediated mitophagy was investigated in conditions of acute (in vitro) and chronic (in vivo) high cholesterol loading using cholesterol-enriched SH-SY5Y cells, cultured primary neurons from transgenic mice overexpressing active SREBF2 (sterol regulatory element binding factor 2), and mice of increasing age that express the amyloid precursor protein with the familial Alzheimer Swedish mutation (Mo/HuAPP695swe) and mutant presenilin 1 (PS1-dE9) together with active SREBF2.
RESULTS: In cholesterol-enriched SH-SY5Y cells and cultured primary neurons, high intracellular cholesterol levels stimulated mitochondrial PINK1 accumulation and mitophagosomes formation triggered by Aβ while impairing lysosomal-mediated clearance. Antioxidant recovery of cholesterol-induced mitochondrial glutathione (GSH) depletion prevented mitophagosomes formation indicating mitochondrial ROS involvement. Interestingly, when brain cholesterol accumulated chronically in aged APP-PSEN1-SREBF2 mice the mitophagy flux was affected at the early steps of the pathway, with defective recruitment of the key autophagy receptor optineurin (OPTN). Sustained cholesterol-induced alterations in APP-PSEN1-SREBF2 mice promoted an age-dependent accumulation of OPTN into HDAC6-positive aggresomes, which disappeared after in vivo treatment with GSH ethyl ester (GSHee). The analyses in post-mortem brain tissues from individuals with AD confirmed these findings, showing OPTN in aggresome-like structures that correlated with high mitochondrial cholesterol levels in late AD stages.
CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate that accumulation of intracellular cholesterol reduces the clearance of defective mitochondria and suggest recovery of the cholesterol homeostasis and the mitochondrial scavenging of ROS as potential therapeutic targets for AD.

Keywords:  APP-PSEN1 mice; Aggressomes; Glutathione; Mitochondria; Optineurin; Oxidative stress; PINK1; Parkin

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1186/s13024-021-00435-6
Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2021 Mar 05. pii: S0955-0674(21)00024-7. [Epub ahead of print]71 29-37

Control of mitosis, inflammation, and cell motility by limited leakage of lysosomes.

Jonathan Stahl-Meyer, Kamilla Stahl-Meyer, Marja Jäättelä.

  Lysosomal membrane permeabilization and subsequent leakage of lysosomal hydrolases into the cytosol are considered as the major hallmarks of evolutionarily conserved lysosome-dependent cell death. Contradicting this postulate, new sensitive methods that can detect a minimal lysosomal membrane damage have demonstrated that lysosomal leakage does not necessarily equal cell death. Notably, cells are not only able to survive minor lysosomal membrane permeabilization, but some of their normal functions actually depend on leaked lysosomal hydrolases. Here we discuss emerging data suggesting that spatially and temporally controlled lysosomal leakage delivers lysosomal hydrolases to specific subcellular sites of action and controls at least three essential cellular processes, namely mitotic chromosome segregation, inflammatory signaling, and cellular motility.

Keywords:  Adhesion; Cathepsins; Chromosome segregation; Inflammation; Lysosomal membrane permeabilization; Lysosomal storage disorders; Lysosome; Mitosis; Motility; NLRP3 inflammasome

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceb.2021.02.003
Autophagy. 2021 Mar 08. 1-27

WIPI1 promotes fission of endosomal transport carriers and formation of autophagosomes through distinct mechanisms.

Maria Giovanna De Leo, Philipp Berger, Andreas Mayer.

  Autophagosome formation requires PROPPIN/WIPI proteins and monophosphorylated phosphoinositides, such as phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PtdIns3P) or PtdIns5P. This process occurs in association with mammalian endosomes, where the PROPPIN WIPI1 has additional, undefined roles in vesicular traffic. To explore whether these functions are interconnected, we dissected routes and subreactions of endosomal trafficking requiring WIPI1. WIPI1 specifically acts in the formation and fission of tubulo-vesicular endosomal transport carriers. This activity supports the PtdIns(3,5)P2-dependent transport of endosomal cargo toward the plasma membrane, Golgi, and lysosomes, suggesting a general role of WIPI1 in endosomal protein exit. Three features differentiate the endosomal and macroautophagic/autophagic activities of WIPI1: phosphoinositide binding site II, the requirement for PtdIns(3,5)P2, and bilayer deformation through a conserved amphipathic α-helix. Their inactivation preserves autophagy but leads to a strong enlargement of endosomes, which accumulate micrometer-long endosomal membrane tubules carrying cargo proteins. WIPI1 thus supports autophagy and protein exit from endosomes by different modes of action. We propose that the type of phosphoinositides occupying its two lipid binding sites, the most unusual feature of PROPPIN/WIPI family proteins, switches between these effector functions.AbbreviationsEGF: epidermal growth factorEGFR: epidermal growth factor receptorKD: knockdownKO: knockoutPtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphatePtdIns5P: phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphatePtdIns(3,5)P2: phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphateTF: transferrinTFRC: transferrin receptorWT: wildtype.

Keywords:  Autophagy; EGF receptor; PROPPIN; WIPI proteins; autophagosome; endosomal transport carrier; endosome; lysosome; transferrin receptor; vacuole

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1080/15548627.2021.1886830
Redox Biol. 2021 Mar 01. pii: S2213-2317(21)00060-4. [Epub ahead of print]41 101912

mtROS-mediated Akt/AMPK/mTOR pathway was involved in Copper-induced autophagy and it attenuates Copper-induced apoptosis in RAW264.7 mouse monocytes.

Qin Luo, Yuzhen Son, Jingjing Kang, Yuchen Wu, Fengsun Wu, Yueqin Li, Qing Dong, Jun Wang, Chao Song, Hongrui Guo.

  Copper (Cu) is a trace element necessary in animals as well as human beings. However, excessive Cu is toxic to immunocytes, but the precise mechanism is largely unclear so far. This work was conducted aiming to examine the Cu-mediated autophagy mechanism together with its role in Cu toxicology in RAW264.7 cells. Here, we demonstrated that CuSO4 reduced the cell viability depending on its dose. CuSO4 could obviously increase autophagy in RAW264.7 cells. According to the obtained results, CuSO4 induced autophagy through Akt/AMPK/mTOR pathway which characterized by down regulation of p-Akt (Ser473)/Akt, p-mTOR/mTOR, p-ULK1(Ser757)/ULK1 and subsequent up-regulation of p-AMPKα/AMPKα and p-ULK1(Ser555)/ULK1. Furthermore, CuSO4 significantly induced the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS). In addition, CuSO4-mediated apoptosis and autophagy might be suppressed through suppressing mtROS generation by exposure to Mito-TEMPO. Intriguingly, autophagy promotion with rapamycin could decrease the apoptosis and the inhibition of autophagy with knock down Atg5 could enhance the apoptosis induced by CuSO4. Moreover, our results suggested that mtROS is the original cause in CuSO4-induced apoptosis and autophagy. Additionally, CuSO4 induced autophagy through mtROS-dependent Akt/AMPK/mTOR signalling pathwayin RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, autophagy activation might potentially generate a protection mechanism for improving CuSO4-induced RAW264.7 cell apoptosis.

Keywords:  Apoptosis; Autophagy; CuSO(4); RAW264.7 cells; mtROS

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2021.101912
Autophagy. 2021 Mar 11. 1-18

TP53/p53-FBXO22-TFEB controls basal autophagy to govern hormesis.

Narumi Suzuki, Yoshikazu Johmura, Teh-Wei Wang, Toshiro Migita, Wenwen Wu, Rei Noguchi, Kiyoshi Yamaguchi, Yoichi Furukawa, Shuhei Nakamura, Ichiro Miyoshi, Tamotsu Yoshimori, Tomohiko Ohta, Makoto Nakanishi.

  Preconditioning with a mild stressor such as fasting is a promising way to reduce severe side effects from subsequent chemo- or radiotherapy. However, the underlying mechanisms have been largely unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that the TP53/p53-FBXO22-TFEB (transcription factor EB) axis plays an essential role in this process through upregulating basal macroautophagy/autophagy. Mild stress-activated TP53 transcriptionally induced FBXO22, which in turn ubiquitinated KDM4B (lysine-specific demethylase 4B) complexed with MYC-NCOR1 suppressors for degradation, leading to transcriptional induction of TFEB. Upregulation of autophagy-related genes by increased TFEB dramatically enhanced autophagic activity and cell survival upon following a severe stressor. Mitogen-induced AKT1 activation counteracted this process through the phosphorylation of KDM4B, which inhibited FBXO22-mediated ubiquitination. Additionally, fbxo22-/- mice died within 10 h of birth, and their mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) showed a lowered basal autophagy, whereas FBXO22-overexpressing mice were resistant to chemotherapy. Taken together, these results suggest that TP53 upregulates basal autophagy through the FBXO22-TFEB axis, which governs the hormetic effect in chemotherapy.Abbreviations: BBC3/PUMA: BCL2 binding component 3; CDKN1A/p21: cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A; ChIP-seq: chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing; DDB2: damage specific DNA binding protein 2; DRAM: DNA damage regulated autophagy modulator; ESR/ER: estrogen receptor 1; FMD: fasting mimicking diet; HCQ: hydroxychloroquine; KDM4B: lysine-specific demethylase 4B; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha; MEFs: mouse embryonic fibroblasts; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NCOR1: nuclear receptor corepressor 1; SCF: SKP1-CUL-F-box protein; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; TFEB: transcription factor EB.

Keywords:  AKT1; FBXO22; KDM4B; MYC; TP53; autophagy; hormesis; ubiquitination

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1080/15548627.2021.1897961
Nat Commun. 2021 03 10. 12(1): 1570

Phosphorylation regulates the binding of autophagy receptors to FIP200 Claw domain for selective autophagy initiation.

Zixuan Zhou, Jianping Liu, Tao Fu, Ping Wu, Chao Peng, Xinyu Gong, Yingli Wang, Mingfang Zhang, Ying Li, Yaru Wang, Xiaolong Xu, Miao Li, Lifeng Pan.

The ULK complex initiates the autophagosome formation, and has recently been implicated in selective autophagy by interacting with autophagy receptors through its FIP200 subunit. However, the structural mechanism underlying the interactions of autophagy receptors with FIP200 and the relevant regulatory mechanism remain elusive. Here, we discover that the interactions of FIP200 Claw domain with autophagy receptors CCPG1 and Optineurin can be regulated by the phosphorylation in their respective FIP200-binding regions. We determine the crystal structures of FIP200 Claw in complex with the phosphorylated CCPG1 and Optineurin, and elucidate the detailed molecular mechanism governing the interactions of FIP200 Claw with CCPG1 and Optineurin as well as their potential regulations by kinase-mediated phosphorylation. In addition, we define the consensus FIP200 Claw-binding motif, and find other autophagy receptors that contain this motif within their conventional LC3-interacting regions. In all, our findings uncover a general and phosphoregulatable binding mode shared by many autophagy receptors to interact with FIP200 Claw for autophagosome biogenesis, and are valuable for further understanding the molecular mechanism of selective autophagy.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21874-1
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2021 Mar 04. pii: S0006-291X(21)00351-X. [Epub ahead of print]550 15-21

Mild hypothermia pretreatment extenuates liver ischemia-reperfusion injury through Rab7-mediated autophagosomes-lysosomes fusion.

Anxiong Liu, Wei Wang, Zhongshan Lu, Zhongzhong Liu, Wei Zhou, Zibiao Zhong, Qifa Ye.

  Liver ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is an unavoidable pathological process in transplantation, closely related to poor prognosis. To date, there has been no clear therapeutic measure. We previously reported that mild hypothermia (MH), a widely used therapy, can exert significant protective effect against liver IR injury. Among the multiple mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effect of MH, autophagy flux drew our special attention. In this study, we evaluated the role of autophagy flux in IR injury and thereby explored the relationship between MH and autophagy flux in IR injury. We developed in vivo and in vitro models for hepatic IR injury. By autophagy flux assay with Western blotting and immunofluorescence, we found that MH restricts heavy accumulation of autophagosomes (APs) during IR injury. Activation and blocking of the autophagy flux unraveled that accumulation of APs further aggravated IR injury. Further, MH reduces APs accumulation to restore autophagy flux by regulating the fusion of APs and lysosomes. Besides, MH upregulated the level of Rab7 protein expression that was seriously impaired during IR injury. Inhibition of Rab7 expression increased apoptosis of liver cells and reduced the degree of overlap between APs and lysosomes. The results were reversed upon activation of Rab7. In conclusion, MH can alleviate liver IR injury by regulating the Rab7-mediated APs-lysosomes fusion that reduces APs accumulation. This can provide a theoretical basis for the further application of MH in related clinical diseases.

Keywords:  Autophagosomes-lysosomes fusion; Autophagy flux; Ischemia-reperfusion injury; Mild hypothermia; Rab7

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.02.125
Cell Mol Life Sci. 2021 Mar 12.

CMLS forum reviews: mitochondrial damage control.

Anne Hamacher-Brady.

  Mitochondria supply cellular energy through oxidative phosphorylation and fulfill numerous additional functions that are fundamental to cellular homeostasis and stress responses. Mitochondrial malfunction, arising from inherent defects of the organelle itself, aging, or acute or chronic stress, can cause substantial damage to organismal health. For instance, mitochondrial malfunction contributes to inflammation, neurodegeneration, tumorigenesis and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, various quality control mechanisms exist that support a functional mitochondrial organelle compartment. The CMLS Forum Reviews introduced here present a collection of articles covering select topics on basic mechanisms and pathophysiological contexts of mitochondrial damage control.

Keywords:  Apoptosis; Autophagy; Mitochondria; Mitochondrial dynamics; Mitochondrial quality control; Mitochondrial retrograde response; Mitochondrial unfolded protein response; Mitophagy; Stress signaling

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-021-03804-y
Immunity. 2021 Mar 09. pii: S1074-7613(21)00041-8. [Epub ahead of print]54(3): 437-453

Autophagy in inflammation, infection, and immunometabolism.

Vojo Deretic.

Autophagy is a quality-control, metabolic, and innate immunity process. Normative autophagy affects many cell types, including hematopoietic as well as non-hematopoietic, and promotes health in model organisms and humans. When autophagy is perturbed, this has repercussions on diseases with inflammatory components, including infections, autoimmunity and cancer, metabolic disorders, neurodegeneration, and cardiovascular and liver diseases. As a cytoplasmic degradative pathway, autophagy protects from exogenous hazards, including infection, and from endogenous sources of inflammation, including molecular aggregates and damaged organelles. The focus of this review is on the role of autophagy in inflammation, including type I interferon responses and inflammasome outputs, from molecules to immune cells. A special emphasis is given to the intersections of autophagy with innate immunity, immunometabolism, and functions of organelles such as mitochondria and lysosomes that act as innate immunity and immunometabolic signaling platforms.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2021.01.018
Nat Commun. 2021 03 11. 12(1): 1589

mTORC1 couples cyst(e)ine availability with GPX4 protein synthesis and ferroptosis regulation.

Yilei Zhang, Robert V Swanda, Litong Nie, Xiaoguang Liu, Chao Wang, Hyemin Lee, Guang Lei, Chao Mao, Pranavi Koppula, Weijie Cheng, Jie Zhang, Zhenna Xiao, Li Zhuang, Bingliang Fang, Junjie Chen, Shu-Bing Qian, Boyi Gan.

Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) utilizes glutathione (GSH) to detoxify lipid peroxidation and plays an essential role in inhibiting ferroptosis. As a selenoprotein, GPX4 protein synthesis is highly inefficient and energetically costly. How cells coordinate GPX4 synthesis with nutrient availability remains unclear. In this study, we perform integrated proteomic and functional analyses to reveal that SLC7A11-mediated cystine uptake promotes not only GSH synthesis, but also GPX4 protein synthesis. Mechanistically, we find that cyst(e)ine activates mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and promotes GPX4 protein synthesis at least partly through the Rag-mTORC1-4EBP signaling axis. We show that pharmacologic inhibition of mTORC1 decreases GPX4 protein levels, sensitizes cancer cells to ferroptosis, and synergizes with ferroptosis inducers to suppress patient-derived xenograft tumor growth in vivo. Together, our results reveal a regulatory mechanism to coordinate GPX4 protein synthesis with cyst(e)ine availability and suggest using combinatorial therapy of mTORC1 inhibitors and ferroptosis inducers in cancer treatment.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21841-w
Autophagy. 2021 Mar 08. 1-10

Mt-Keima detects PINK1-PRKN mitophagy in vivo with greater sensitivity than mito-QC.

Yi-Ting Liu, Danielle A Sliter, Mario K Shammas, Xiaoping Huang, Chunxin Wang, Hannah Calvelli, Dragan S Maric, Derek P Narendra.

  PINK1 and PRKN, which cause Parkinson disease when mutated, form a quality control mitophagy pathway that is well-characterized in cultured cells. The extent to which the PINK1-PRKN pathway contributes to mitophagy in vivo, however, is controversial. This is due in large part to conflicting results from studies using one of two mitophagy reporters: mt-Keima or mito-QC. Studies using mt-Keima have generally detected PINK1-PRKN mitophagy in vivo, whereas those using mito-QC generally have not. Here, we directly compared the performance of mito-QC and mt-Keima in cell culture and in mice subjected to a PINK1-PRKN activating stress. We found that mito-QC was less sensitive than mt-Keima for mitophagy, and that this difference was more pronounced for PINK1-PRKN mitophagy. These findings suggest that mito-QC's poor sensitivity may account for conflicting reports of PINK1-PRKN mitophagy in vivo and caution against using mito-QC as a reporter for PINK1-PRKN mitophagy.

Keywords:  Autophagy; PARK2; PARKIN; Parkinson; degradation; disease; mitochondria; neurodegeneration; organelle

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1080/15548627.2021.1896924
Biotechnol Bioeng. 2021 Mar 10.

Constitutively active Rheb mutants [T23M] and [E40K] drive increased production and secretion of recombinant protein in Chinese hamster ovary cells.

Stuart P De Poi, Jianling Xie, C Mark Smales, Christopher G Proud.

  Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are high value agents used for disease therapy ('biologic drugs') or as diagnostic tools which are widely used in the health care sector. They are generally manufactured in mammalian cells, in particular Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells cultured in defined media, and are harvested from the medium. Rheb is a small GTPase which, when bound to GTP, activates mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), a protein kinase that drives anabolic processes including protein synthesis and ribosome biogenesis. Here we show that certain constitutively-active mutants of Rheb drive faster protein synthesis in CHO cells and increase the expression of proteins involved in the processing of secreted proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum, which expands in response to expression of Rheb mutants. Active Rheb mutants, in particular Rheb[T23M], drive increased cell number under serum-free conditions similar to those used in the biotechnology industry. Rheb[T23M] also enhances the expression of the reporter protein luciferase and, especially strongly, the secreted Gaussia luciferase. Moreover, Rheb[T23M] markedly (2-3 fold) enhances the amount of this luciferase and of a model immunoglobulin secreted into the medium. Our data clearly demonstrate that expressing Rheb[T23M] in CHO cells provides a simple approach to promoting their growth in defined medium and the production of secreted proteins of high commercial value. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Keywords:  Recombinant proteins; Rheb; biologic drug; defined medium; mTORC1

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.27748
Exp Neurol. 2021 Mar 04. pii: S0014-4886(21)00089-3. [Epub ahead of print] 113684

An updated review of autophagy in ischemic stroke: From mechanisms to therapies.

Xiaoyu Wang, Yuanjian Fang, Qingxia Huang, Penglei Xu, Cameron Lenahan, Jia''nan Lu, Jingwei Zheng, Xiao Dong, Anwen Shao, Jianmin Zhang.

  Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Understanding the underlying mechanisms is important for developing effective therapies for treating stroke. Autophagy is a self-eating cellular catabolic pathway, which plays a crucial homeostatic role in the regulation of cell survival. Increasing evidence shows that autophagy, observed in various cell types, plays a critical role in brain pathology after ischemic stroke. Therefore, the regulation of autophagy can be a potential target for ischemic stroke treatment. In the present review, we summarize the recent progress that research has made regarding autophagy and ischemic stroke, including common signaling pathways, the role of autophagic subtypes (e.g. mitophagy, pexophagy, aggrephagy, endoplasmic reticulum-phagy, and lipophagy) in ischemic stroke, as well as the current methods for autophagy detection and potential therapeutic strategy.

Keywords:  Autophagy; Autophagy detection; Endoplasmic reticulum -phagy; Ischemia stroke; Mitophagy; Therapies

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113684
ACS Nano. 2021 Mar 08.

A Tauopathy-Homing and Autophagy-Activating Nanoassembly for Specific Clearance of Pathogenic Tau in Alzheimer's Disease.

Heng Sun, Yan Zhong, Xiandi Zhu, Hongwei Liao, Jiyoung Lee, Ying Chen, Lijuan Ma, Jiafeng Ren, Meng Zhao, Mengjiao Tu, Fangyuan Li, Hong Zhang, Mei Tian, Daishun Ling.

  The hyperphosphorylated and aggregated tau accumulation represents a significant pathological hallmark of tauopathies including Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is highly associated with defective autophagy in neuronal cells. Autophagy-activating strategies demonstrate the therapeutic potential for AD in many studies; however, further development is limited by their low efficacy and serious side effects that result from a lack of selectivity for diseased cells. Herein, we report a tauopathy-homing nanoassembly (THN) with autophagy-activating capacity for AD treatment. Specifically, the THN can bind to hyperphosphorylated and/or aggregated tau and selectively accumulate in cells undergoing tauopathy. The THN further promotes the clearance of pathogenic tau accumulation by stimulating autophagic flux, consequently rescuing neuron viability and cognitive functions in AD rats. This study presents a promising nanotechnology-based strategy for tauopathy-homing and autophagy-mediated specific removal of pathogenic tau in AD.

Keywords:  Alzheimer’s disease; autophagy; nanoassembly; tau clearance; tauopathy homing

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.0c10690
Nat Commun. 2021 03 08. 12(1): 1508

Oxidation inhibits autophagy protein deconjugation from phagosomes to sustain MHC class II restricted antigen presentation.

Laure-Anne Ligeon, Maria Pena-Francesch, Liliana Danusia Vanoaica, Nicolás Gonzalo Núñez, Deepti Talwar, Tobias P Dick, Christian Münz.

LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) contributes to a wide range of cellular processes and notably to immunity. The stabilization of phagosomes by the macroautophagy machinery in human macrophages can maintain antigen presentation on MHC class II molecules. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the formation and maturation of the resulting LAPosomes are not completely understood. Here, we show that reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) stabilize LAPosomes by inhibiting LC3 deconjugation from the LAPosome cytosolic surface. NOX2 residing in the LAPosome membrane generates ROS to cause oxidative inactivation of the protease ATG4B, which otherwise releases LC3B from LAPosomes. An oxidation-insensitive ATG4B mutant compromises LAP and thereby impedes sustained MHC class II presentation of exogenous Candida albicans antigens. Redox regulation of ATG4B is thereby an important mechanism for maintaining LC3 decoration of LAPosomes to support antigen processing for MHC class II presentation.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21829-6
J Cell Physiol. 2021 Mar 08.

The ERK1/2-ATG13-FIP200 signaling cascade is required for autophagy induction to protect renal cells from hypoglycemia-induced cell death.

Wenjing Guo, Qian Wang, Shihua Pan, Jinbing Li, Yuanhua Wang, Yahai Shu, Jiaheng Chen, Qizheng Wang, Sheng Zhang, Xiao Zhang, Jianbo Yue.

  Autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved lysosomal degradation pathway, is known to regulate a variety of physiological and pathological processes. At present, the function and the precise mechanism of autophagy regulation in kidney and renal cells remain elusive. Here, we explored the role of ERK1 and ERK2 (referred as ERK1/2 hereafter) in autophagy regulation in renal cells in response to hypoglycemia. Glucose starvation potently and transiently activated ERK1/2 in renal cells, and this was concomitant with an increase in autophagic flux. Perturbing ERK1/2 activation by treatment with inhibitors of RAF or MEK1/2, via the expression of a dominant-negative mutant form of MEK1/2 or RAS, blocked hypoglycemia-mediated ERK1/2 activation and autophagy induction in renal cells. Glucose starvation also induced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in renal cells, which was involved in the activation of the ERK1/2 cascade and the induction of autophagy in renal cells. Interestingly, ATG13 and FIP200, the members of the ULK1 complex, contain the ERK consensus phosphorylation sites, and glucose starvation induced an association between ATG13 or FIP200 and ERK1/2. Moreover, the expression of the phospho-defective mutants of ATG13 and FIP200 in renal cells blocked glucose starvation-induced autophagy and rendered cells more susceptible to hypoglycemia-induced cell death. However, the expression of the phospho-mimic mutants of ATG13 and FIP200 induced autophagy and protected renal cells from hypoglycemia-induced cell death. Taken together, our results demonstrate that hypoglycemia activates the ERK1/2 signaling to regulate ATG13 and FIP200, thereby stimulating autophagy to protect the renal cells from hypoglycemia-induced cell death.

Keywords:  ATG13; ERK1/2; FIP200; autophagy; hypoglycemia; renal cells

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.30354
Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021 ;9 639231

Neurodegeneration Upon Dysfunction of Endosomal/Lysosomal CLC Chloride Transporters.

Shroddha Bose, Hailan He, Tobias Stauber.

  The regulation of luminal ion concentrations is critical for the function of, and transport between intracellular organelles. The importance of the acidic pH in the compartments of the endosomal-lysosomal pathway has been well-known for decades. Besides the V-ATPase, which pumps protons into their lumen, a variety of ion transporters and channels is involved in the regulation of the organelles' complex ion homeostasis. Amongst these are the intracellular members of the CLC family, ClC-3 through ClC-7. They localize to distinct but overlapping compartments of the endosomal-lysosomal pathway, partially with tissue-specific expression. Functioning as 2Cl-/H+ exchangers, they can support the vesicular acidification and accumulate luminal Cl-. Mutations in the encoding genes in patients and mouse models underlie severe phenotypes including kidney stones with CLCN5 and osteopetrosis or hypopigmentation with CLCN7. Dysfunction of those intracellular CLCs that are expressed in neurons lead to neuronal defects. Loss of endosomal ClC-3, which heteromerizes with ClC-4, results in neurodegeneration. Mutations in ClC-4 are associated with epileptic encephalopathy and intellectual disability. Mice lacking the late endosomal ClC-6 develop a lysosomal storage disease with reduced pain sensitivity. Human gene variants have been associated with epilepsy, and a gain-of-function mutation causes early-onset neurodegeneration. Dysfunction of the lysosomal ClC-7 leads to a lysosomal storage disease and neurodegeneration in mice and humans. Reduced luminal chloride, as well as altered calcium regulation, has been associated with lysosomal storage diseases in general. This review discusses the properties of endosomal and lysosomal Cl-/H+ exchange by CLCs and how various alterations of ion transport by CLCs impact organellar ion homeostasis and function in neurodegenerative disorders.

Keywords:  autophagy; chloride transport; endosome; ion homeostasis; lysosome; neurodegeneration

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2021.639231
Front Cell Dev Biol. 2020 ;8 596655

Metformin Resensitizes Sorafenib-Resistant HCC Cells Through AMPK-Dependent Autophagy Activation.

Hong-Yue Lai, Hsin-Hwa Tsai, Chia-Jui Yen, Liang-Yi Hung, Ching-Chieh Yang, Chung-Han Ho, Hsin-Yin Liang, Feng-Wei Chen, Chien-Feng Li, Ju-Ming Wang.

  Despite the activation of autophagy may enable residual cancer cells to survive and allow tumor relapse, excessive activation of autophagy may eventually lead to cell death. However, the details of the association of autophagy with primary resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain less clear. In this study, cohort analysis revealed that HCC patients receiving sorafenib with HBV had higher mortality risk. We found that high epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression and activity may be linked to HBV-induced sorafenib resistance. We further found that the resistance of EGFR-overexpressed liver cancer cells to sorafenib is associated with low activity of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein delta (CEBPD) as well as insufficient autophagic activation. In response to metformin, the AMPK/cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) pathway contributes to CEBPD activation, which promotes autophagic cell death. Moreover, treatment with metformin can increase sorafenib sensitivity through AMPK activation in EGFR-overexpressed liver cancer cells. This study suggests that AMPK/CEBPD-activated autophagy could be a potent strategy for improving the efficacy of sorafenib in HCC patients.

Keywords:  AMPK; CEBPD; autophagy; metformin; sorafenib

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2020.596655
Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2021 Mar 08. pii: S1084-9521(21)00026-4. [Epub ahead of print]

Mitochondrial associated ER membrane (MAM) compartment and its dysregulation in Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

Sonam Parakh, Julie D Atkin.

  The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria connect at multiple contact sites to form a unique cellular compartment, termed the 'mitochondria-associated ER membranes' (MAMs). MAMs are hubs for signalling pathways that regulate cellular homeostasis and survival, metabolism, and sensitivity to apoptosis. MAMs are therefore involved in vital cellular functions, but they are dysregulated in several human diseases. Whilst MAM dysfunction is increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, its role in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is poorly understood. However, in ALS both ER and mitochondrial dysfunction are well documented pathophysiological events. Moreover, alterations to lipid metabolism in neurons regulate processes linked to neurodegenerative diseases, and a link between lipid metabolism dysfunction and ALS has also been proposed. In this review we discuss the structural and functional relevance of MAMs in ALS and how targeting MAM could be therapeutically beneficial in this disorder this disoefdisorder.

Keywords:  ALS; Lipid homeostasis; MAM dysfunction

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.02.002
Genetics. 2021 Mar 03. 217(1): 1-12

Differential metabolic sensitivity of insulin-like-response- and TORC1-dependent overgrowth in Drosophila fat cells.

Maelle Devilliers, Damien Garrido, Mickael Poidevin, Thomas Rubin, Arnaud Le Rouzic, Jacques Montagne.

  Glycolysis and fatty acid (FA) synthesis directs the production of energy-carrying molecules and building blocks necessary to support cell growth, although the absolute requirement of these metabolic pathways must be deeply investigated. Here, we used Drosophila genetics and focus on the TOR (Target of Rapamycin) signaling network that controls cell growth and homeostasis. In mammals, mTOR (mechanistic-TOR) is present in two distinct complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2; the former directly responds to amino acids and energy levels, whereas the latter sustains insulin-like-peptide (Ilp) response. The TORC1 and Ilp signaling branches can be independently modulated in most Drosophila tissues. We show that TORC1 and Ilp-dependent overgrowth can operate independently in fat cells and that ubiquitous over-activation of TORC1 or Ilp signaling affects basal metabolism, supporting the use of Drosophila as a powerful model to study the link between growth and metabolism. We show that cell-autonomous restriction of glycolysis or FA synthesis in fat cells retrains overgrowth dependent on Ilp signaling but not TORC1 signaling. Additionally, the mutation of FASN (Fatty acid synthase) results in a drop in TORC1 but not Ilp signaling, whereas, at the cell-autonomous level, this mutation affects none of these signals in fat cells. These findings thus reveal differential metabolic sensitivity of TORC1- and Ilp-dependent growth and suggest that cell-autonomous metabolic defects might elicit local compensatory pathways. Conversely, enzyme knockdown in the whole organism results in animal death. Importantly, our study weakens the use of single inhibitors to fight mTOR-related diseases and strengthens the use of drug combination and selective tissue-targeting.

Keywords:  cell-autonomous effect; fatty acid synthesis; glycolysis; homeostasis

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/iyaa010
Curr Biol. 2021 Mar 05. pii: S0960-9822(21)00275-X. [Epub ahead of print]

Friendly mediates membrane depolarization-induced mitophagy in Arabidopsis.

Juncai Ma, Zizhen Liang, Jierui Zhao, Pengfei Wang, Wenlong Ma, Keith K Mai, Juan A Fernandez Andrade, Yonglun Zeng, Nenad Grujic, Liwen Jiang, Yasin Dagdas, Byung-Ho Kang.

  The oxidative environment within the mitochondria makes them particularly vulnerable to proteotoxic stress. To maintain a healthy mitochondrial network, eukaryotes have evolved multi-tiered quality control pathways. If the stress cannot be alleviated, defective mitochondria are selectively removed by autophagy via a process termed mitophagy. Despite significant advances in metazoans and yeast, in plants, the molecular underpinnings of mitophagy are largely unknown. Here, using time-lapse imaging, electron tomography, and biochemical assays, we show that uncoupler treatments cause loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and induce autophagy in Arabidopsis. The damaged mitochondria are selectively engulfed by autophagosomes that are labeled by ATG8 proteins in an ATG5-dependent manner. Friendly, a member of the clustered mitochondria protein family, is recruited to the damaged mitochondria to mediate mitophagy. In addition to the stress, mitophagy is also induced during de-etiolation, a major cellular transformation during photomorphogenesis that involves chloroplast biogenesis. De-etiolation-triggered mitophagy is involved in cotyledon greening, pointing toward an inter-organellar crosstalk mechanism. Altogether, our results demonstrate how plants employ mitophagy to recycle damaged mitochondria during stress and development.

Keywords:  Arabidopsis; autophagy; clustered mitochondria protein; de-etiolation; electron tomography; mitochondria recycling; mitophagy; time-lapse live-cell imaging; uncoupler

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.02.034
Oncol Lett. 2021 Apr;21(4): 330

Methyltransferase-like 1 regulates lung adenocarcinoma A549 cell proliferation and autophagy via the AKT/mTORC1 signaling pathway.

Chen Wang, Wei Wang, Xiaodan Han, Longxia Du, Aili Li, Guojin Huang.

  Methyltransferase-like 1 (METTL1) is a transfer RNA and microRNA modifying enzyme. However, its role in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remains unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of METTL1 in LUAD and determine the association between METTL1 expression and prognosis of patients with LUAD. The expression profile of METTL1 in LUAD tissues was downloaded from public cancer databases and analyzed using the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis database and UALCAN online software. In addition, the association between METTL1 expression and prognosis of patients with LUAD was assessed using the Kaplan-Meier Plotter software. The effect of METTL1 in the A549 cell line was determined in vitro via overexpression and knockdown experiments. The results demonstrated that METTL1 was upregulated in LUAD tissues, and its increased expression was associated with unfavorable prognosis. Furthermore, METTL1 promoted proliferation and colony formation of A549 cells, and inhibited autophagy via the AKT/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling pathway. Taken together, the results of the present study suggest that METTL1 acts as an oncogene in LUAD, thus may be a potential prognostic predictor and therapeutic target for LUAD.

Keywords:  A549 cells; autophagy; lung adenocarcinoma; methyltransferase-like 1; proliferation

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2021.12591
Trends Microbiol. 2021 Mar 04. pii: S0966-842X(21)00042-1. [Epub ahead of print]

Selective Autophagy Receptors in Antiviral Defense.

Christophe Viret, Rémi Duclaux-Loras, Stéphane Nancey, Aurore Rozières, Mathias Faure.

  Autophagy ensures the degradation of cytosolic substrates by the lysosomal pathway. Cargoes destined to be eliminated are confined within double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes, prior to fusion with endolysosomal vacuoles. Autophagy receptors selectively interact with cargoes and route them to elongating autophagic membranes, a process referred to as selective autophagy. Besides contributing to cell homeostasis, selective autophagy constitutes an important cell-autonomous defense mechanism against viruses. We review observations related to selective autophagy receptor engagement during host cell responses to virus infection. We examine the distinct roles of autophagy receptors in antiviral autophagy, consider the strategies viruses have evolved to escape or oppose such restrictions, and delineate the contributions of selective autophagy to the tailoring of antiviral innate responses. Finally, we mention some open and emerging questions in the field.

Keywords:  antiviral immunity; autophagy receptors; cell autonomous defense; selective autophagy; viral infection

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2021.02.006
J Cell Physiol. 2021 Mar 10.

Transition metals and metal complexes in autophagy and diseases.

Yuping Luo, Yuanyuan Fu, Zhiying Huang, Min Li.

  Transition metals refer to the elements in the d and ds blocks of the periodic table. Since the success of cisplatin and auranofin, transition metal-based compounds have become a prospective source for drug development, particularly in cancer treatment. In recent years, extensive studies have shown that numerous transition metal-based compounds could modulate autophagy, promising a new therapeutic strategy for metal-related diseases and the design of metal-based agents. Copper, zinc, and manganese, which are common components in physiological pathways, play important roles in the progression of cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, enrichment of copper, zinc, or manganese can regulate autophagy. Thus, we summarized the current advances in elucidating the mechanisms of some metals/metal-based compounds and their functions in autophagy regulation, which is conducive to explore the intricate roles of autophagy and exploit novel therapeutic drugs for human diseases.

Keywords:  autophagy; copper; diseases; manganese; zinc

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.30359