bims-mikwok 2022-12-18 papers

bims-mikwok

Biomed News

on Mitochondrial quality control

Issue of 2022‒12‒18
eight papers selected by
Avinash N. Mukkala
University of Toronto

Diversity of mitophagy pathways at a glance.
NDP52 acts as a redox sensor in PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy.
The mitochondrial UPR regulator ATF5 promotes intestinal barrier function via control of the satiety response.
Investigating mitochondrial fission, fusion, and autophagy in retinal pigment epithelium from donors with age-related macular degeneration.
Prominent Mitochondrial Injury as an Early Event in Heme Protein-Induced Acute Kidney Injury.
Opa1 and Drp1 reciprocally regulate cristae morphology, ETC function, and NAD+ regeneration in KRas-mutant lung adenocarcinoma.
Oxidative stress in the mitochondrial matrix underlies ischemia/reperfusion-induced mitochondrial instability.
Mesenchymal stromal cells donate mitochondria to articular chondrocytes exposed to mitochondrial, environmental, and mechanical stress.

J Cell Sci. 2022 Dec 01. pii: jcs259748. [Epub ahead of print]135(23):

Diversity of mitophagy pathways at a glance.

Ian G Ganley, Anne Simonsen.

  Mitochondria are crucial organelles that play a central role in various cell signaling and metabolic pathways. A healthy mitochondrial population is maintained through a series of quality control pathways and requires a fine-tuned balance between mitochondrial biogenesis and degradation. Defective targeting of dysfunctional mitochondria to lysosomes through mitophagy has been linked to several diseases, but the underlying mechanisms and the relative importance of distinct mitophagy pathways in vivo are largely unknown. In this Cell Science at a Glance and the accompanying poster, we describe our current understanding of how parts of, or whole, mitochondria are recognized by the autophagic machinery and targeted to lysosomes for degradation. We also discuss how this might be regulated under different physiological conditions to maintain mitochondrial and cellular health.

Keywords:  BNIP3; HIF1; Mitochondria; Mitophagy; NIX; PINK1; Parkin; SLR; Selective autophagy

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.259748
EMBO J. 2022 Dec 14. e111372

NDP52 acts as a redox sensor in PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy.

Tetsushi Kataura, Elsje G Otten, Yoana Rabanal-Ruiz, Elias Adriaenssens, Francesca Urselli, Filippo Scialo, Lanyu Fan, Graham R Smith, William M Dawson, Xingxiang Chen, Wyatt W Yue, Agnieszka K Bronowska, Bernadette Carroll, Sascha Martens, Michael Lazarou, Viktor I Korolchuk.

  Mitophagy, the elimination of mitochondria via the autophagy-lysosome pathway, is essential for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. The best characterised mitophagy pathway is mediated by stabilisation of the protein kinase PINK1 and recruitment of the ubiquitin ligase Parkin to damaged mitochondria. Ubiquitinated mitochondrial surface proteins are recognised by autophagy receptors including NDP52 which initiate the formation of an autophagic vesicle around the mitochondria. Damaged mitochondria also generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) which have been proposed to act as a signal for mitophagy, however the mechanism of ROS sensing is unknown. Here we found that oxidation of NDP52 is essential for the efficient PINK1/Parkin-dependent mitophagy. We identified redox-sensitive cysteine residues involved in disulphide bond formation and oligomerisation of NDP52 on damaged mitochondria. Oligomerisation of NDP52 facilitates the recruitment of autophagy machinery for rapid mitochondrial degradation. We propose that redox sensing by NDP52 allows mitophagy to function as a mechanism of oxidative stress response.

Keywords:  NDP52; autophagy; mitophagy; p62; redox

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.15252/embj.2022111372
Cell Rep. 2022 Dec 13. pii: S2211-1247(22)01677-1. [Epub ahead of print]41(11): 111789

The mitochondrial UPR regulator ATF5 promotes intestinal barrier function via control of the satiety response.

Douja Chamseddine, Siraje A Mahmud, Aundrea K Westfall, Todd A Castoe, Rance E Berg, Mark W Pellegrino.

  Organisms use several strategies to mitigate mitochondrial stress, including the activation of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt). The UPRmt in Caenorhabditis elegans, regulated by the transcription factor ATFS-1, expands on this recovery program by inducing an antimicrobial response against pathogens that target mitochondrial function. Here, we show that the mammalian ortholog of ATFS-1, ATF5, protects the host during infection with enteric pathogens but, unexpectedly, by maintaining the integrity of the intestinal barrier. Intriguingly, ATF5 supports intestinal barrier function by promoting a satiety response that prevents obesity and associated hyperglycemia. This consequently averts dysregulated glucose metabolism that is detrimental to barrier function. Mechanistically, we show that intestinal ATF5 stimulates the satiety response by transcriptionally regulating the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin, which promotes the secretion of the hormone leptin. We propose that ATF5 protects the host from enteric pathogens by promoting intestinal barrier function through a satiety-response-mediated metabolic control mechanism.

Keywords:  ATF5; CP: Metabolism; CP: Molecular biology; UPR(mt); cholecystokinin; colitis; epithelial barrier; host-pathogen interaction; hyperglycemia; leptin; mitochondria; satiety

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111789
Sci Rep. 2022 Dec 16. 12(1): 21725

Investigating mitochondrial fission, fusion, and autophagy in retinal pigment epithelium from donors with age-related macular degeneration.

Cody R Fisher, Adam A Shaaeli, Mara C Ebeling, Sandra R Montezuma, Deborah A Ferrington.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in developed countries, characterized by the death of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells and photoreceptors. Previous studies report an accumulation of damaged and dysfunctional mitochondria in RPE of human donors with AMD. Understanding how damaged mitochondria accumulate in AMD is an important step in discovering disease mechanisms and identifying therapeutic targets. In this report, we assessed mitochondrial fission and fusion by quantifying proteins and measured mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy) via protein analysis and advanced imaging techniques using mitochondrial targeted mKeima in primary human RPE from donors with or without AMD. We report disease-specific differences in mitochondrial proteins that regulate fission, fusion, and mitophagy that were present at baseline and with treatments to stimulate these pathways. Data suggest AMD RPE utilize receptor-mediated mitophagy as a compensatory mechanism for deficits in the ubiquitin-mediated mitophagy pathway. These changes in mitochondrial homeostasis could lead to the buildup of damaged and dysfunctional mitochondria observed in the RPE of AMD donors.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-26012-5
Kidney360. 2022 Oct 27. 3(10): 1672-1682

Prominent Mitochondrial Injury as an Early Event in Heme Protein-Induced Acute Kidney Injury.

Raman Deep Singh, Anthony J Croatt, Allan W Ackerman, Joseph P Grande, Eugenia Trushina, Jeffrey L Salisbury, Trace A Christensen, Christopher M Adams, Tamara Tchkonia, James L Kirkland, Karl A Nath.

  Background: Mitochondrial injury occurs in and underlies acute kidney injury (AKI) caused by ischemia-reperfusion and other forms of renal injury. However, to date, a comprehensive analysis of this issue has not been undertaken in heme protein-induced AKI (HP-AKI). We examined key aspects of mitochondrial function, expression of proteins relevant to mitochondrial quality control, and mitochondrial ultrastructure in HP-AKI, along with responses to heme in renal proximal tubule epithelial cells.Methods: The long-established murine glycerol model of HP-AKI was examined at 8 and 24 hours after HP-AKI. Indices of mitochondrial function (ATP and NAD+), expression of proteins relevant to mitochondrial dynamics, mitochondrial ultrastructure, and relevant gene/protein expression in heme-exposed renal proximal tubule epithelial cells in vitro were examined.
Results: ATP and NAD+ content and the NAD+/NADH ratio were all reduced in HP-AKI. Expression of relevant proteins indicate that mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC-1α, NRF1, and TFAM) and fusion (MFN2) were impaired, as was expression of key proteins involved in the integrity of outer and inner mitochondrial membranes (VDAC, Tom20, and Tim23). Conversely, marked upregulation of proteins involved in mitochondrial fission (DRP1) occurred. Ultrastructural studies, including novel 3D imaging, indicate profound changes in mitochondrial structure, including mitochondrial fragmentation, mitochondrial swelling, and misshapen mitochondrial cristae; mitophagy was also observed. Exposure of renal proximal tubule epithelial cells to heme in vitro recapitulated suppression of PGC-1α (mitochondrial biogenesis) and upregulation of p-DRP1 (mitochondrial fission).
Conclusions: Modern concepts pertaining to AKI apply to HP-AKI. This study validates the investigation of novel, clinically relevant therapies such as NAD+-boosting agents and mitoprotective agents in HP-AKI.

Keywords:  HP-AKI; NAD; acute kidney injury and ICU nephrology; basic science; hemeproteins; mitochondria; mitochondrial dynamics; murine model; organelle biogenesis

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.34067/KID.0004832022
Cell Rep. 2022 Dec 13. pii: S2211-1247(22)01710-7. [Epub ahead of print]41(11): 111818

Opa1 and Drp1 reciprocally regulate cristae morphology, ETC function, and NAD+ regeneration in KRas-mutant lung adenocarcinoma.

Dane T Sessions, Kee-Beom Kim, Jennifer A Kashatus, Nikolas Churchill, Kwon-Sik Park, Marty W Mayo, Hiromi Sesaki, David F Kashatus.

  Oncogenic KRas activates mitochondrial fission through Erk-mediated phosphorylation of the mitochondrial fission GTPase Drp1. Drp1 deletion inhibits tumorigenesis of KRas-driven pancreatic cancer, but the role of mitochondrial dynamics in other Ras-driven malignancies is poorly defined. Here we show that in vitro and in vivo growth of KRas-driven lung adenocarcinoma is unaffected by deletion of Drp1 but is inhibited by deletion of Opa1, the GTPase that regulates inner membrane fusion and proper cristae morphology. Mechanistically, Opa1 knockout disrupts cristae morphology and inhibits electron transport chain (ETC) assembly and activity, which inhibits tumor cell proliferation through loss of NAD+ regeneration. Simultaneous inactivation of Drp1 and Opa1 restores cristae morphology, ETC activity, and cell proliferation indicating that mitochondrial fission activity drives ETC dysfunction induced by Opa1 knockout. Our results support a model in which mitochondrial fission events disrupt cristae structure, and tumor cells with hyperactive fission activity require Opa1 activity to maintain ETC function.

Keywords:  CP: Cancer; Drp1; ETC; KRas; NAD; Opa1; cancer; cristae; fission; fusion; mitochondria

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111818
J Biol Chem. 2022 Dec 07. pii: S0021-9258(22)01223-6. [Epub ahead of print] 102780

Oxidative stress in the mitochondrial matrix underlies ischemia/reperfusion-induced mitochondrial instability.

Soroosh Solhjoo, Ting Liu, Agnieszka Sidor, Dong I Lee, Brian O'Rourke, Charles Steenbergen.

  Ischemia and reperfusion affect multiple elements of cardiomyocyte electrophysiology, especially within the mitochondria. We previously showed that in cardiac monolayers, upon reperfusion after coverslip-induced ischemia, mitochondrial inner membrane potential (ΔΨ) unstably oscillates between polarized and depolarized states, and ΔΨ instability corresponds with arrhythmias. Here, through confocal microscopy of compartment-specific molecular probes, we investigate the mechanisms underlying the post-ischemic ΔΨ oscillations, focusing on the role of Ca2+ and oxidative stress. During reperfusion, transient ΔΨ depolarizations occurred concurrently with periods of increased mitochondrial oxidative stress (5.07 ± 1.71 oscillations/15 min, N = 100). Supplementing the antioxidant system with glutathione monoethyl ester suppressed ΔΨ oscillations (1.84 ± 1.07 oscillations/15 min, N = 119, t-test P = 0.027) with 37% of mitochondrial clusters showing no ΔΨ oscillations (vs. 4% in control, odds ratio = 14.08, Fisher's exact test P < 0.001). We found that limiting the production of reactive oxygen species using cyanide inhibited post-ischemic ΔΨ oscillations (N = 15, t-test P < 10-5). Furthermore, ΔΨ oscillations were not associated with any discernable pattern in cell-wide oxidative stress, nor with the changes in cytosolic or mitochondrial Ca2+. Sustained ΔΨ depolarization followed cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca2+ increase and was associated with increased cell-wide oxidative stress. Collectively, these findings suggest that transient bouts of increased mitochondrial oxidative stress underlie post-ischemic ΔΨ oscillations, regardless of Ca2+ dynamics.

Keywords:  calcium imaging; cardiac monolayers; coverslip-induced ischemia; glutathione redox potential; inner membrane potential oscillations; neonatal rat ventricular myocytes; optical mapping; reactive oxygen species (ROS); reentry arrhythmias; reperfusion

DOI:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102780
Sci Rep. 2022 Dec 13. 12(1): 21525

Mesenchymal stromal cells donate mitochondria to articular chondrocytes exposed to mitochondrial, environmental, and mechanical stress.

Megan Fahey, Maureen Bennett, Matthew Thomas, Kaylee Montney, Irene Vivancos-Koopman, Brenna Pugliese, Lindsay Browning, Lawrence J Bonassar, Michelle Delco.

Articular cartilage has limited healing capacity and no drugs are available that can prevent or slow the development of osteoarthritis (OA) after joint injury. Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-based regenerative therapies for OA are increasingly common, but questions regarding their mechanisms of action remain. Our group recently reported that although cartilage is avascular and relatively metabolically quiescent, injury induces chondrocyte mitochondrial dysfunction, driving cartilage degradation and OA. MSCs are known to rescue injured cells and improve healing by donating healthy mitochondria in highly metabolic tissues, but mitochondrial transfer has not been investigated in cartilage. Here, we demonstrate that MSCs transfer mitochondria to stressed chondrocytes in cell culture and in injured cartilage tissue. Conditions known to induce chondrocyte mitochondrial dysfunction, including stimulation with rotenone/antimycin and hyperoxia, increased transfer. MSC-chondrocyte mitochondrial transfer was blocked by non-specific and specific (connexin-43) gap-junction inhibition. When exposed to mechanically injured cartilage, MSCs localized to areas of matrix damage and extended cellular processes deep into microcracks, delivering mitochondria to chondrocytes. This work provides insights into the chemical, environmental, and mechanical conditions that can elicit MSC-chondrocyte mitochondrial transfer in vitro and in situ, and our findings suggest a new potential role for MSC-based therapeutics after cartilage injury.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-25844-5