bioRxiv. 2023 Mar 21. pii: 2023.03.19.533333. [Epub ahead of print]
H Carlo Maurer,
Alvaro Curiel-Garcia,
Sam Holmstrom,
Pasquale Laise,
Carmine F Palermo,
Steven A Sastra,
Anthony Andren,
Zhang Li,
Tessa LeLarge,
Irina Sagalovskiy,
Daniel R Ross,
Vilma Rosario,
Kate Lu,
Ethan Ferraiuolo,
Nicholas Spinosa,
Winston Wong,
Kaitlin Shaw,
John A Chabot,
Jeanine Genkinger,
Hanina Hibshoosh,
Gulam A Manji,
Alina Iuga,
Roland M Schmid,
Michael A Badgley,
Kristen Johnson,
Andrea Califano,
Costas Lyssiotis,
Kenneth P Olive.
To identify novel drivers of malignancy in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), we employed regulatory network analysis, which calculates the activity of transcription factors and other regulatory proteins based on the integrated expression of their positive and negative target genes. We generated a regulatory network for the malignant epithelial cells of human PDAC using gene expression data from a set of 197 laser capture microdissected human PDAC samples and 45 low-grade precursors, for which we had matched histopathological, clinical, and epidemiological annotation. We then identified the most highly activated and repressed regulatory proteins (e.g. master regulators or MRs) associated with four malignancy phenotypes: precursors vs. PDAC (initiation), low-grade vs. high grade histopathology (progression), survival post resection, and association with KRAS activity. Integrating across these phenotypes, the top MR of PDAC malignancy was found to be BMAL2, a member of the PAS family of bHLH transcription factors. Although the canonical function of BMAL2 is linked to the circadian rhythm protein CLOCK, annotation of BMAL2 target genes highlighted a potential role in hypoxia response. We previously demonstrated that PDAC is hypovascularized and hypoperfused, and here show that PDAC from the genetically engineered KPC model exists in a state of extreme hypoxia, with a partial oxygen pressure of <1mmHg. Given the close homology of BMAL2 to HIF1β (ARNT) and its potential to heterodimerize with HIF1A and HIF2A, we investigated whether BMAL2 plays a role in the hypoxic response of PDAC. Indeed, BMAL2 controlled numerous hypoxia response genes and could be inhibited following treatment with multiple RAF, MEK, and ERK inhibitors, validating its association with RAS activity. Knockout of BMAL2 in four human PDAC cell lines led to defects in growth and invasion in the setting of hypoxia. Strikingly, BMAL2 null cells failed to induce glycolysis upon exposure to severe hypoxia and this was associated with a loss of expression of the glycolytic enzyme LDHA. Moreover, HIF1A was no longer stabilized under hypoxia in BMAL2 knockout cells. By contrast, HIF2A was hyper-stabilized under hypoxia, indicating a dysregulation of hypoxia metabolism in response to BMAL2 loss. We conclude that BMAL2 is a master regulator of hypoxic metabolism in PDAC, serving as a molecular switch between the disparate metabolic roles of HIF1A- and HIF2A-dependent hypoxia responses.Statement of Significance: There is a surprising disconnect between the genomic alterations present in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and key phenotypes of malignancy, suggesting that non-genetic factors must play a role. Here we analyze changes in regulatory state - calculated from network analysis of RNA expression data - to identify transcription factors and other regulatory proteins whose activities drive pancreatic cancer malignancy. We identified the top candidate, BMAL2, as a novel, KRAS-responsive regulator of hypoxic response in pancreatic cancer, serving as a switch between HIF1A and HIF2A expression. These data help explain how KRAS coordinates cell regulatory state to enable tumor cells to survive extreme hypoxia, and highlight the ability of regulatory network analysis to identify overlooked, key drivers of biological phenotypes.